Jean-Baptiste Michel: The mathematics of history

93,323 views ・ 2012-05-15

TED


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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Vedrana Čemerin Recezent: Suzana Baric
00:15
So it turns out that mathematics is a very powerful language.
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Ispostavilo se da je matematika vrlo moćan jezik.
00:18
It has generated considerable insight in physics,
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Ostvarila je značajan uvid u fiziku,
00:21
in biology and economics,
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biologiju i ekonomiju,
00:23
but not that much in the humanities and in history.
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no baš i ne prevelik u humanističke znanosti i povijest.
00:26
I think there's a belief that it's just impossible,
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Mislim da postoji uvjerenje da je to naprosto nemoguće,
00:28
that you cannot quantify the doings of mankind,
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da ne možete kvantificirati ljudska djela,
00:31
that you cannot measure history.
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da ne možete mjeriti povijest.
00:33
But I don't think that's right.
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No ja ne mislim da je to točno.
00:35
I want to show you a couple of examples why.
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Želim vam pokazati nekoliko primjera zašto.
00:37
So my collaborator Erez and I were considering the following fact:
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Dakle, moj suradnik Erez i ja razmatrali smo sljedeću činjenicu:
00:40
that two kings separated by centuries
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dva će kralja razdvojena stoljećima
00:42
will speak a very different language.
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govoriti vrlo različitim jezikom.
00:44
That's a powerful historical force.
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To je snažna povijesna sila.
00:46
So the king of England, Alfred the Great,
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Tako će kralj Engleske Alfred Veliki
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will use a vocabulary and grammar
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koristiti vokabular i gramatiku
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that is quite different from the king of hip hop, Jay-Z.
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koji se prilično razlikuju od onih kralja hip hopa, Jay-Z-ja.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:55
Now it's just the way it is.
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To je naprosto tako.
00:57
Language changes over time, and it's a powerful force.
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Jezik se mijenja s vremenom i to je snažna sila.
01:00
So Erez and I wanted to know more about that.
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Erez i ja smo željeli saznati više o tome.
01:02
So we paid attention to a particular grammatical rule, past-tense conjugation.
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Pa smo obratili pozornost na posebno gramatičko pravilo, konjugaciju prošlog vremena.
01:06
So you just add "ed" to a verb at the end to signify the past.
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Znači, samo na kraj glagola dodate "ed" kako biste označili prošlost.
01:09
"Today I walk. Yesterday I walked."
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"Danas hodam. Jučer sam hodao."
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But some verbs are irregular.
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No neki su glagoli nepravilni.
01:12
"Yesterday I thought."
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"Jučer sam mislio."
01:14
Now what's interesting about that
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Kod toga je zanimljivo
01:15
is irregular verbs between Alfred and Jay-Z have become more regular.
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to da su nepravilni glagoli između Alfreda i Jay-Z-a postali pravilniji.
01:19
Like the verb "to wed" that you see here has become regular.
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Tako je glagol "vjenčati" koji ovdje vidite postao pravilan.
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So Erez and I followed the fate of over 100 irregular verbs
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Stoga smo Erez i ja pratili sudbinu više od 100 nepravilnih glagola
01:26
through 12 centuries of English language,
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tijekom 12 stoljeća postojanja engleskog jezika
01:28
and we saw that there's actually a very simple mathematical pattern
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i uvidjeli smo da postoji zapravo vrlo jednostavan matematički uzorak
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that captures this complex historical change,
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koji obuhvaća tu složenu povijesnu promjenu,
01:33
namely, if a verb is 100 times more frequent than another,
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to jest, ako je neki glagol 100 puta učestaliji od drugih,
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it regularizes 10 times slower.
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on postaje pravilan 10 puta sporije.
01:40
That's a piece of history, but it comes in a mathematical wrapping.
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To je djelić povijesti, no umotan u matematiku.
01:43
Now in some cases math can even help explain,
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U nekim slučajevima matematika može čak pomoći objasniti
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or propose explanations for, historical forces.
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ili predložiti objašnjenja nekih povijesnih sila.
01:50
So here Steve Pinker and I
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Stoga smo Steve Pinker i ja
01:52
were considering the magnitude of wars during the last two centuries.
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razmatrali opseg ratova tijekom posljednja dva stoljeća.
01:56
There's actually a well-known regularity to them
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Zapravo, za njih postoji poznata pravilnost
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where the number of wars that are 100 times deadlier
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gdje je broj ratova koji su 100 puta smrtonosniji
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is 10 times smaller.
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10 puta manji.
02:04
So there are 30 wars that are about as deadly as the Six Days War,
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Dakle, postoji 30 ratova koji su jednako smrtonosni poput Šestodnevnog rata,
02:07
but there's only four wars that are 100 times deadlier --
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no samo četiri su rata 100 puta smrtonosnija -
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like World War I.
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poput Prvog svjetskog rata.
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So what kind of historical mechanism can produce that?
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Kakav povijesni mehanizam može to proizvesti?
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What's the origin of this?
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Koje je porijeklo toga?
02:17
So Steve and I, through mathematical analysis,
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Tako da smo Steve i ja, putem matematičke analize,
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propose that there's actually a very simple phenomenon at the root of this,
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predložili da je u korijenu toga zapravo vrlo jednostavan fenomen,
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which lies in our brains.
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koji leži u našim mozgovima.
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This is a very well-known feature
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To je poznata značajka
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in which we perceive quantities in relative ways --
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prema kojoj spoznajemo količine na relativne načine -
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quantities like the intensity of light or the loudness of a sound.
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količine poput jačine svjetlosti ili glasnoće zvuka.
02:33
For instance, committing 10,000 soldiers to the next battle sounds like a lot.
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Na primjer, poslati 10.000 vojnika u sljedeću bitku zvuči mnogo.
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It's relatively enormous if you've already committed 1,000 soldiers previously.
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Relativno je ogromno ako ste već poslali 1000 vojnika.
02:42
But it doesn't sound so much,
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No to ne zvuči tako puno,
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it's not relatively enough, it won't make a difference
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nije relativno dovoljno, neće ništa značiti
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if you've already committed 100,000 soldiers previously.
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ako ste već poslali 100.000 vojnika.
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So you see that because of the way we perceive quantities,
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Tako da vidite da zbog načina na koji doživljavamo količine,
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as the war drags on,
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kako se rat oteže,
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the number of soldiers committed to it and the casualties
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broj vojnika poslanih u njega i žrtava
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will increase not linearly --
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neće se povećavati linearno -
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like 10,000, 11,000, 12,000 --
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kao na primjer 10.000, 11.000, 12.000 -
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but exponentially -- 10,000, later 20,000, later 40,000.
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nego eksponencijalno - 10.000, kasnije 20.000, zatim 40.000.
03:06
And so that explains this pattern that we've seen before.
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To objašnjava uzorak koji smo ranije vidjeli.
03:09
So here mathematics is able to link a well-known feature of the individual mind
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Tako matematika može povezati poznatu značajku pojedinog uma
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with a long-term historical pattern
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s dugotrajnim povijesnim uzorkom
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that unfolds over centuries and across continents.
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koji se odvija tijekom stoljeća i diljem kontinenata.
03:21
So these types of examples, today there are just a few of them,
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To su te vrste primjera, danas ih je samo nekolicina,
03:25
but I think in the next decade they will become commonplace.
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no mislim da će u sljedećem desetljeću postati uobičajeni.
03:27
The reason for that is that the historical record
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Razlog je tome to što povijesni zapisi
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is becoming digitized at a very fast pace.
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postaju vrlo brzo digitalizirani.
03:32
So there's about 130 million books
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Postoji oko 130 milijuna knjiga
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that have been written since the dawn of time.
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napisanih od prapočela vremena.
03:37
Companies like Google have digitized many of them --
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Tvrtke poput Googlea digitalizirale su mnoge od njih
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above 20 million actually.
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zapravo, oko 20 milijuna.
03:41
And when the stuff of history is available in digital form,
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A kad je povijesna građa dostupna u digitalnom formatu,
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it makes it possible for a mathematical analysis
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postaje moguće matematičkom analizom
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to very quickly and very conveniently
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vrlo brzo i jednostavno
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review trends in our history and our culture.
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pregledati trendove unutar naše povijesti i kulture.
03:52
So I think in the next decade,
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Mislim da će se u sljedećem desetljeću
03:55
the sciences and the humanities will come closer together
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prirodne i humanističke znanosti približiti jedne drugima
03:58
to be able to answer deep questions about mankind.
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kako bi mogle dati odgovore na značajna pitanja o čovječanstvu.
04:01
And I think that mathematics will be a very powerful language to do that.
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Mislim i da će matematika biti vrlo moćan jezik kojim će se to činiti.
04:05
It will be able to reveal new trends in our history,
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Moći će otkriti nove trendove unutar naše povijesti,
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sometimes to explain them,
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katkad da bi ih objasnila,
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and maybe even in the future to predict what's going to happen.
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možda čak i u budućnosti predvidjela što će se dogoditi.
04:13
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
04:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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