Jean-Baptiste Michel: The mathematics of history

93,354 views ・ 2012-05-15

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Prevoditelj: Vedrana Čemerin Recezent: Suzana Baric
00:15
So it turns out that mathematics is a very powerful language.
1
15260
3671
Ispostavilo se da je matematika vrlo moćan jezik.
00:18
It has generated considerable insight in physics,
2
18931
2312
Ostvarila je značajan uvid u fiziku,
00:21
in biology and economics,
3
21243
2100
biologiju i ekonomiju,
00:23
but not that much in the humanities and in history.
4
23343
2817
no baš i ne prevelik u humanističke znanosti i povijest.
00:26
I think there's a belief that it's just impossible,
5
26160
2283
Mislim da postoji uvjerenje da je to naprosto nemoguće,
00:28
that you cannot quantify the doings of mankind,
6
28443
2646
da ne možete kvantificirati ljudska djela,
00:31
that you cannot measure history.
7
31089
2519
da ne možete mjeriti povijest.
00:33
But I don't think that's right.
8
33608
1527
No ja ne mislim da je to točno.
00:35
I want to show you a couple of examples why.
9
35135
2042
Želim vam pokazati nekoliko primjera zašto.
00:37
So my collaborator Erez and I were considering the following fact:
10
37177
2958
Dakle, moj suradnik Erez i ja razmatrali smo sljedeću činjenicu:
00:40
that two kings separated by centuries
11
40135
2729
dva će kralja razdvojena stoljećima
00:42
will speak a very different language.
12
42864
1767
govoriti vrlo različitim jezikom.
00:44
That's a powerful historical force.
13
44631
2304
To je snažna povijesna sila.
00:46
So the king of England, Alfred the Great,
14
46935
1773
Tako će kralj Engleske Alfred Veliki
00:48
will use a vocabulary and grammar
15
48708
1640
koristiti vokabular i gramatiku
00:50
that is quite different from the king of hip hop, Jay-Z.
16
50348
3700
koji se prilično razlikuju od onih kralja hip hopa, Jay-Z-ja.
00:54
(Laughter)
17
54048
1666
(Smijeh)
00:55
Now it's just the way it is.
18
55714
2171
To je naprosto tako.
00:57
Language changes over time, and it's a powerful force.
19
57885
2292
Jezik se mijenja s vremenom i to je snažna sila.
01:00
So Erez and I wanted to know more about that.
20
60177
2287
Erez i ja smo željeli saznati više o tome.
01:02
So we paid attention to a particular grammatical rule, past-tense conjugation.
21
62464
3657
Pa smo obratili pozornost na posebno gramatičko pravilo, konjugaciju prošlog vremena.
01:06
So you just add "ed" to a verb at the end to signify the past.
22
66121
3264
Znači, samo na kraj glagola dodate "ed" kako biste označili prošlost.
01:09
"Today I walk. Yesterday I walked."
23
69385
1927
"Danas hodam. Jučer sam hodao."
01:11
But some verbs are irregular.
24
71312
1344
No neki su glagoli nepravilni.
01:12
"Yesterday I thought."
25
72656
1396
"Jučer sam mislio."
01:14
Now what's interesting about that
26
74052
1666
Kod toga je zanimljivo
01:15
is irregular verbs between Alfred and Jay-Z have become more regular.
27
75718
3830
to da su nepravilni glagoli između Alfreda i Jay-Z-a postali pravilniji.
01:19
Like the verb "to wed" that you see here has become regular.
28
79548
2735
Tako je glagol "vjenčati" koji ovdje vidite postao pravilan.
01:22
So Erez and I followed the fate of over 100 irregular verbs
29
82283
4022
Stoga smo Erez i ja pratili sudbinu više od 100 nepravilnih glagola
01:26
through 12 centuries of English language,
30
86305
1919
tijekom 12 stoljeća postojanja engleskog jezika
01:28
and we saw that there's actually a very simple mathematical pattern
31
88224
2911
i uvidjeli smo da postoji zapravo vrlo jednostavan matematički uzorak
01:31
that captures this complex historical change,
32
91135
2542
koji obuhvaća tu složenu povijesnu promjenu,
01:33
namely, if a verb is 100 times more frequent than another,
33
93677
3660
to jest, ako je neki glagol 100 puta učestaliji od drugih,
01:37
it regularizes 10 times slower.
34
97337
2665
on postaje pravilan 10 puta sporije.
01:40
That's a piece of history, but it comes in a mathematical wrapping.
35
100002
3935
To je djelić povijesti, no umotan u matematiku.
01:43
Now in some cases math can even help explain,
36
103937
3654
U nekim slučajevima matematika može čak pomoći objasniti
01:47
or propose explanations for, historical forces.
37
107591
2879
ili predložiti objašnjenja nekih povijesnih sila.
01:50
So here Steve Pinker and I
38
110470
1832
Stoga smo Steve Pinker i ja
01:52
were considering the magnitude of wars during the last two centuries.
39
112302
3852
razmatrali opseg ratova tijekom posljednja dva stoljeća.
01:56
There's actually a well-known regularity to them
40
116154
2495
Zapravo, za njih postoji poznata pravilnost
01:58
where the number of wars that are 100 times deadlier
41
118649
3422
gdje je broj ratova koji su 100 puta smrtonosniji
02:02
is 10 times smaller.
42
122071
1952
10 puta manji.
02:04
So there are 30 wars that are about as deadly as the Six Days War,
43
124023
3344
Dakle, postoji 30 ratova koji su jednako smrtonosni poput Šestodnevnog rata,
02:07
but there's only four wars that are 100 times deadlier --
44
127367
2820
no samo četiri su rata 100 puta smrtonosnija -
02:10
like World War I.
45
130187
1977
poput Prvog svjetskog rata.
02:12
So what kind of historical mechanism can produce that?
46
132164
2923
Kakav povijesni mehanizam može to proizvesti?
02:15
What's the origin of this?
47
135087
2000
Koje je porijeklo toga?
02:17
So Steve and I, through mathematical analysis,
48
137087
2265
Tako da smo Steve i ja, putem matematičke analize,
02:19
propose that there's actually a very simple phenomenon at the root of this,
49
139352
4241
predložili da je u korijenu toga zapravo vrlo jednostavan fenomen,
02:23
which lies in our brains.
50
143593
1690
koji leži u našim mozgovima.
02:25
This is a very well-known feature
51
145283
2019
To je poznata značajka
02:27
in which we perceive quantities in relative ways --
52
147302
2975
prema kojoj spoznajemo količine na relativne načine -
02:30
quantities like the intensity of light or the loudness of a sound.
53
150277
3716
količine poput jačine svjetlosti ili glasnoće zvuka.
02:33
For instance, committing 10,000 soldiers to the next battle sounds like a lot.
54
153993
5309
Na primjer, poslati 10.000 vojnika u sljedeću bitku zvuči mnogo.
02:39
It's relatively enormous if you've already committed 1,000 soldiers previously.
55
159302
3444
Relativno je ogromno ako ste već poslali 1000 vojnika.
02:42
But it doesn't sound so much,
56
162746
1827
No to ne zvuči tako puno,
02:44
it's not relatively enough, it won't make a difference
57
164573
3020
nije relativno dovoljno, neće ništa značiti
02:47
if you've already committed 100,000 soldiers previously.
58
167593
2952
ako ste već poslali 100.000 vojnika.
02:50
So you see that because of the way we perceive quantities,
59
170545
3613
Tako da vidite da zbog načina na koji doživljavamo količine,
02:54
as the war drags on,
60
174158
1767
kako se rat oteže,
02:55
the number of soldiers committed to it and the casualties
61
175925
3085
broj vojnika poslanih u njega i žrtava
02:59
will increase not linearly --
62
179010
1683
neće se povećavati linearno -
03:00
like 10,000, 11,000, 12,000 --
63
180693
1888
kao na primjer 10.000, 11.000, 12.000 -
03:02
but exponentially -- 10,000, later 20,000, later 40,000.
64
182581
4275
nego eksponencijalno - 10.000, kasnije 20.000, zatim 40.000.
03:06
And so that explains this pattern that we've seen before.
65
186856
3085
To objašnjava uzorak koji smo ranije vidjeli.
03:09
So here mathematics is able to link a well-known feature of the individual mind
66
189941
5498
Tako matematika može povezati poznatu značajku pojedinog uma
03:15
with a long-term historical pattern
67
195439
2989
s dugotrajnim povijesnim uzorkom
03:18
that unfolds over centuries and across continents.
68
198428
2857
koji se odvija tijekom stoljeća i diljem kontinenata.
03:21
So these types of examples, today there are just a few of them,
69
201285
4017
To su te vrste primjera, danas ih je samo nekolicina,
03:25
but I think in the next decade they will become commonplace.
70
205302
2689
no mislim da će u sljedećem desetljeću postati uobičajeni.
03:27
The reason for that is that the historical record
71
207991
2392
Razlog je tome to što povijesni zapisi
03:30
is becoming digitized at a very fast pace.
72
210383
2460
postaju vrlo brzo digitalizirani.
03:32
So there's about 130 million books
73
212843
2610
Postoji oko 130 milijuna knjiga
03:35
that have been written since the dawn of time.
74
215453
2311
napisanih od prapočela vremena.
03:37
Companies like Google have digitized many of them --
75
217764
2454
Tvrtke poput Googlea digitalizirale su mnoge od njih
03:40
above 20 million actually.
76
220218
1584
zapravo, oko 20 milijuna.
03:41
And when the stuff of history is available in digital form,
77
221802
3578
A kad je povijesna građa dostupna u digitalnom formatu,
03:45
it makes it possible for a mathematical analysis
78
225380
2380
postaje moguće matematičkom analizom
03:47
to very quickly and very conveniently
79
227760
2375
vrlo brzo i jednostavno
03:50
review trends in our history and our culture.
80
230135
2725
pregledati trendove unutar naše povijesti i kulture.
03:52
So I think in the next decade,
81
232860
2721
Mislim da će se u sljedećem desetljeću
03:55
the sciences and the humanities will come closer together
82
235581
2750
prirodne i humanističke znanosti približiti jedne drugima
03:58
to be able to answer deep questions about mankind.
83
238331
3329
kako bi mogle dati odgovore na značajna pitanja o čovječanstvu.
04:01
And I think that mathematics will be a very powerful language to do that.
84
241660
4121
Mislim i da će matematika biti vrlo moćan jezik kojim će se to činiti.
04:05
It will be able to reveal new trends in our history,
85
245781
3146
Moći će otkriti nove trendove unutar naše povijesti,
04:08
sometimes to explain them,
86
248927
1750
katkad da bi ih objasnila,
04:10
and maybe even in the future to predict what's going to happen.
87
250677
3306
možda čak i u budućnosti predvidjela što će se dogoditi.
04:13
Thank you very much.
88
253983
1491
Puno vam hvala.
04:15
(Applause)
89
255474
3678
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7