TED's secret to great public speaking | Chris Anderson | TED

Translator: Carme Paz Reviewer: Andrea Garcia

Some people think that there's a TED Talk formula:

Algunhas persoas pensan que hai unha fórmula para as charlas TED:

"Give a talk on a round, red rug."

"Dar unha charla nunha alfombra vermella."

"Share a childhood story."

"Contar unha historia da infancia."

"Divulge a personal secret."

"Divulgar un segredo persoal."

"End with an inspiring call to action."

"Rematar cunha inspiradora chamada á acción."

No.

Non.

That's not how to think of a TED Talk.

Non é así como hai que pensar dunha TED.

In fact, if you overuse those devices,

De feito, se empregades demasiado estes mecanismos,

you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.

pareceredes un clixé ou un manipulador emocional.

But there is one thing that all great TED Talks have in common,

Pero hai unha cousa que todas as grandes charlas TED teñen en común,

and I would like to share that thing with you,

e gustaríame compartila con vós, porque

because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat,

nos últimos 12 anos, tiven un asento privilexiado,

listening to many hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these.

escoitando varios centos de fantásticos relatores TED, como estes.

I've helped them prepare their talks for prime time,

Axudeinos coas súas charlas de máxima audiencia,

and learned directly from them

e aprendín directamente deles

their secrets of what makes for a great talk.

os segredos dunha gran charla.

And even though these speakers and their topics all seem

E aínda que estes relatores e os seus temas parecen

completely different,

completamente diferentes,

they actually do have one key common ingredient.

todos teñen un ingrediente común.

And it's this:

E é este:

Your number one task as a speaker

A principal tarefa como relator

is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift --

é transferir á mente de quen vos escoita un regalo extraordinario,

a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.

un estraño e fermoso obxecto que chamamos idea.

Let me show you what I mean.

Deixádeme explicárvolo.

Here's Haley.

Aquí está Haley.

She is about to give a TED Talk

Está a punto de dar unha charla TED

and frankly, she's terrified.

e, francamente, está aterrada.

(Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck!

(Vídeo) Presentador: Haley Van Dyck!

(Applause)

(Aplausos)

Over the course of 18 minutes,

Durante 18 minutos,

1,200 people, many of whom have never seen each other before,

1 200 persoas, moitas das cales nunca se viran antes

are finding that their brains are starting to sync with Haley's brain

senten que os seus cerebros se sincronizan co cerebro de Haley

and with each other.

e entre si.

They're literally beginning to exhibit the same brain-wave patterns.

Están literalmente comezando a exhibir os mesmos padróns cerebrais.

And I don't just mean they're feeling the same emotions.

E non só quero dicir que están sentindo as mesmas emocións.

Ocorre algo aínda máis asombroso.

There's something even more startling happening.

Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment.

Imos botarlle un ollo ao cerebro de Haley un momento.

There are billions of interconnected neurons in an impossible tangle.

Hai millóns de neuronas interconectadas nunha enleada.

But look here, right here --

Pero mirade aquí, xusto aquí:

a few million of them are linked to each other

uns poucos millóns están conectados entre si

in a way which represents a single idea.

dun xeito que representa unha simple idea.

And incredibly, this exact pattern is being recreated in real time

E, incriblemente, este padrón exacto estase reconstruíndo en tempo real

inside the minds of everyone listening.

dentro das mentes de toda a audiencia.

That's right; in just a few minutes,

É así; só nun par de minutos,

a pattern involving millions of neurons

un padrón que implica millóns de neuronas

is being teleported into 1,200 minds,

teletranspórtase a 1 200 mentes,

just by people listening to a voice and watching a face.

só con que as persoas escoiten unha voz e miren unha cara.

But wait -- what is an idea anyway?

Pero agardade, que é unha idea?

Well, you can think of it as a pattern of information

Ben, podedes imaxinala como un padrón de información

that helps you understand and navigate the world.

que axuda a entender e a navegar o mundo.

Ideas come in all shapes and sizes,

As ideas veñen de moitas formas e tamaños,

from the complex and analytical

desde as complexas e analíticas

to the simple and aesthetic.

ás simples e estéticas.

Here are just a few examples shared from the TED stage.

Aquí hai un par de exemplos compartidos desde o escenario TED.

Sir Ken Robinson -- creativity is key to our kids' future.

Sir Ken Robinson -A creatividade é a chave do futuro dos nosos nenos.

(Video) Sir Ken Robinson: My contention is that creativity now

(Vídeo) Sir Ken Robinson: O que sosteño é que a creatividade agora

é tan importante en educación como a alfabetización

is as important in education as literacy,

and we should treat it with the same status.

e debemos tratala co mesmo status.

Chris Anderson: Elora Hardy -- building from bamboo is beautiful.

Chris Anderson: Elora Hardy -Construír con bambú é fermoso.

(Video) Elora Hardy: It is growing all around us,

(Vídeo) Elora Hardy: Medra ao redor de nós,

it's strong, it's elegant, it's earthquake-resistant.

é forte, é elegante, resiste os terremotos.

CA: Chimamanda Adichie -- people are more than a single identity.

CA: Chimamanda Adichie -A xente é máis que unha simple identidade.

(Video) Chimamanda Adichie: The single story creates stereotypes,

Vídeo) Chimamanda Adichie: A simple historia crea estereotipos,

and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue,

e o problema cos estereotipos non é que sexan falsos,

but that they are incomplete.

é que son incompletos.

CA: Your mind is teeming with ideas,

CA: A vosa mente reborda ideas,

and not just randomly.

e non o fai aleatoriamente.

They're carefully linked together.

Están coidadosamente conectadas.

Collectively they form an amazingly complex structure

Colectivamente, forman unha incrible estrutura complexa

that is your personal worldview.

que é a vosa persoal visión do mundo.

It's your brain's operating system.

É o sistema operativo do voso cerebro.

It's how you navigate the world.

É como navegades polo mundo.

And it is built up out of millions of individual ideas.

E componse de millóns de ideas individuais.

So, for example, if one little component of your worldview

Se, por exemplo, un pequeno compoñente da vosa visión do mundo

is the idea that kittens are adorable,

é a idea de que os gatiños son adorables,

then when you see this,

entón, ao verdes isto,

you'll react like this.

reaccionaredes así.

But if another component of your worldview

Pero se outro compoñente da vosa visión do mundo

is the idea that leopards are dangerous,

é a idea de que os leopardos son perigosos,

then when you see this,

entón, ao verdes isto,

you'll react a little bit differently.

reaccionaredes de forma un pouco distinta.

So, it's pretty obvious

Así que é bastante obvio

why the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial.

que as ideas que forman a vosa visión do mundo son cruciais.

You need them to be as reliable as possible -- a guide,

Necesitades que sexan o máis fiables que sexa posible, unha guía

to the scary but wonderful real world out there.

para o temible pero marabilloso mundo real de aí fóra.

Now, different people's worldviews can be dramatically different.

Agora ben, as diferentes visións do mundo da xente poden ser moi diferentes.

For example,

Por exemplo,

how does your worldview react when you see this image:

como reacciona a vosa visión do mundo cando vedes esta imaxe:

(Video) Dalia Mogahed: What do you think when you look at me?

(Vídeo) Dalia Mogahed: Que pensades cando me vedes?

"A woman of faith," "an expert," maybe even "a sister"?

"Unha muller de fe", "unha experta", mesmo ata "unha irmá"?

Or "oppressed," "brainwashed,"

Ou "oprimida", "co cerebro lavado"

"a terrorist"?

"unha terrorista"?

CA: Whatever your answer,

CA: Sexa cal for a resposta,

there are millions of people out there who would react very differently.

hai millóns de persoas aí fóra que reaccionarían de forma moi distinta.

So that's why ideas really matter.

É por iso que as ideas importan.

If communicated properly, they're capable of changing, forever,

Se se comunican de forma axeitada, son capaces de cambiar, para sempre,

how someone thinks about the world,

a forma en que alguén ve o mundo

and shaping their actions both now and well into the future.

e transformar as súas accións tanto agora coma no futuro.

Ideas are the most powerful force shaping human culture.

As ideas son a forza máis poderosa que conforma a cultura humana.

So if you accept

Así que se aceptades

that your number one task as a speaker is to build an idea

que a vosa tarefa principal como relatores é construír unha idea

inside the minds of your audience,

nas mentes da vosa audiencia,

here are four guidelines for how you should go about that task:

aquí van catro pautas para abordar esa tarefa:

One, limit your talk to just one major idea.

Primeiro, limitade a vosa charla a unha única idea.

Ideas are complex things;

As ideas son cousas complexas;

you need to slash back your content so that you can focus

necesitades reducir o contido para poder centrarvos

on the single idea you're most passionate about,

na idea simple que máis vos apaixona,

and give yourself a chance to explain that one thing properly.

e ter a oportunidade de explicala ben.

You have to give context, share examples, make it vivid.

Tedes que dar contexto, compartir exemplos, facelo real.

So pick one idea,

Así que collede unha idea

and make it the through-line running through your entire talk,

e facede que sexa un fío que percorra toda a vosa charla,

so that everything you say links back to it in some way.

para que todo o que digades conecte dalgunha maneira.

Two, give your listeners a reason to care.

Segundo, dádelle a quen vos escoita unha razón para que lle interese.

Before you can start building things inside the minds of your audience,

Antes de comezar a construír cousas nas mentes da vosa audiencia,

you have to get their permission to welcome you in.

tedes que ter o seu permiso para entrar.

And the main tool to achieve that?

E cal é a ferramenta para conseguilo?

Curiosity.

A curiosidade.

Stir your audience's curiosity.

Remexede a curiosidade da vosa audiencia.

Use intriguing, provocative questions

Usade preguntas intrigantes, provocativas

to identify why something doesn't make sense and needs explaining.

para identificar por que algo non ten sentido e precisa explicación.

If you can reveal a disconnection in someone's worldview,

Se podedes revelar unha desconexión na visión do mundo de alguén,

they'll feel the need to bridge that knowledge gap.

sentirán a necesidade de cubrir ese oco de coñecemento.

And once you've sparked that desire,

E cando estala ese desexo

it will be so much easier to start building your idea.

é moito máis sinxelo comezar a construír a idea.

Three, build your idea, piece by piece,

Terceiro, constrúe a túa idea, peza a peza

out of concepts that your audience already understands.

desde conceptos que a vosa audiencia coñece.

You use the power of language

Usade o poder da linguaxe

to weave together concepts that already exist

para tecer xuntos conceptos que xa existen

in your listeners' minds --

na mente de quen vos escoita

but not your language, their language.

pero non na vosa linguaxe, na súa linguaxe.

You start where they are.

Comezade onde están eles.

The speakers often forget that many of the terms and concepts they live with

Os relatores a miúdo esquecen que moitos termos e conceptos cos que conviven

are completely unfamiliar to their audiences.

son completamente estraños para a súa audiencia.

Now, metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together,

Ben, as metáforas xogan un rol crucial para mostrar como encaixan as pezas,

because they reveal the desired shape of the pattern,

porque revelan a forma desexada do padrón,

based on an idea that the listener already understands.

baseándose nunha idea que quen escoita entende.

For example, when Jennifer Kahn

Por exemplo, cando Jennifer Kahn

wanted to explain the incredible new biotechnology called CRISPR,

quixo explicar a incrible nova biotecnoloxía chamada CRISPR,

she said, "It's as if, for the first time,

dixo: "É coma se, por primeira vez,

you had a word processor to edit DNA.

tiverades un procesador de texto para editar ADN.

CRISPR allows you to cut and paste genetic information really easily."

O CRISPS permite cortar e pegar información xenética moi facilmente."

Now, a vivid explanation like that delivers a satisfying aha moment

Ben, unha explicación gráfica como esta ofrece un gran momento de clarificación

as it snaps into place in our minds.

mentres encaixa na nosa mente.

It's important, therefore, to test your talk on trusted friends,

É importante, polo tanto, probar a charla con amigos de confianza,

and find out which parts they get confused by.

e ver que partes atopan máis confusas.

Four, here's the final tip:

Cuarto. Aquí vai o consello final:

Make your idea worth sharing.

Fai que as túas ideas merezan ser compartidas.

By that I mean, ask yourself the question:

Con isto quero dicir que te fagas esta pregunta:

"Who does this idea benefit?"

"A quen beneficia esta idea?"

And I need you to be honest with the answer.

E preciso que sexades honestos coa resposta.

If the idea only serves you or your organization,

Se a idea só vos beneficia a vós e á vosa organización,

then, I'm sorry to say, it's probably not worth sharing.

entón, sinto dicilo, probablemente non mereza a pena ser compartida.

The audience will see right through you.

A audiencia verá a través de vós.

But if you believe that the idea has the potential

Pero se credes que a idea ten o potencial

to brighten up someone else's day

de iluminarlle o día a alguén

or change someone else's perspective for the better

ou de cambiar a perspectiva de alguén para mellor

or inspire someone to do something differently,

ou de inspirar alguén para facer as cousas doutro xeito,

then you have the core ingredient to a truly great talk,

entón tedes o ingrediente esencial para unha charla boa de verdade,

one that can be a gift to them and to all of us.

unha que pode ser un regalo para eles e para todos nós.