TED's secret to great public speaking | Chris Anderson | TED

譯者: Helen Chang 審譯者: Harry Chen

Some people think that there's a TED Talk formula:

有些人認為 TED 演講有一套公式：

"Give a talk on a round, red rug."

在圓形的紅地毯上頭演講、

"Share a childhood story."

分享童年往事、

"Divulge a personal secret."

透露私人的秘辛、

"End with an inspiring call to action."

結尾要能激發人有所行動。

No.

並非如此。

That's not how to think of a TED Talk.

不該這樣來看待 TED 演講，

In fact, if you overuse those devices,

其實如果過度倚賴這些小把戲，

you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.

你只會給人老調重彈 或是操弄情緒的印象。

But there is one thing that all great TED Talks have in common,

但是所有精彩的 TED 演講 確實都有個共通點，

and I would like to share that thing with you,

我想要來分享給大家，

because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat,

因為過去 12 年來我都坐在場邊，

listening to many hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these.

聽過上百場如同這些的精彩演講。

I've helped them prepare their talks for prime time,

我幫助他們準備壓軸的演講，

and learned directly from them

並且直接從他們身上學到 造就精彩演講的秘密。

their secrets of what makes for a great talk.

And even though these speakers and their topics all seem

雖然這些講者及其議題 看起來南轅北轍，

completely different,

they actually do have one key common ingredient.

他們其實都有著 一項重要的相同要素，

And it's this:

也就是這個：

Your number one task as a speaker

身為演講者的首要任務，

is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift --

是在聽眾的心裡 獻上一份別出心裁之禮，

a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.

一項少見且美妙的東西： 我們稱之為「理念」。

Let me show you what I mean.

給大家看看我說的意思。

Here's Haley.

這是海莉。

She is about to give a TED Talk

她即將帶來一場 TED 演講，

and frankly, she's terrified.

很顯然此時她舉足無措。

(Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck!

（影片） 演講人：海莉．凡．戴克！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Over the course of 18 minutes,

在長達 18 分鐘的時間裡，

1,200 people, many of whom have never seen each other before,

1200 名諸多原先互不相識的觀眾，

are finding that their brains are starting to sync with Haley's brain

發現到他們的思路開始 與海莉還有彼此的腦袋同步。

and with each other.

They're literally beginning to exhibit the same brain-wave patterns.

他們真的開始呈現出相同的腦波樣貌。

And I don't just mean they're feeling the same emotions.

我說的不僅是相同情緒的感受，

There's something even more startling happening.

還發生了更叫人吃驚的事情。

Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment.

讓我們稍來一窺海莉的腦袋。

There are billions of interconnected neurons in an impossible tangle.

幾十億個錯綜複雜的 神經元交互連結，

But look here, right here --

但是看這邊...

a few million of them are linked to each other

數百萬個神經元交互 連結而成一個觀念想法，

in a way which represents a single idea.

And incredibly, this exact pattern is being recreated in real time

且神奇地這個樣態正被同步 重現於聽眾的腦海裡。

inside the minds of everyone listening.

That's right; in just a few minutes,

沒錯！只消幾分鐘的時間，

a pattern involving millions of neurons

涉及數百萬個神經元的連結排列

is being teleported into 1,200 minds,

被隔空傳達到 1200 名聽眾的腦海；

just by people listening to a voice and watching a face.

單單透過眾人聽著聲音、看著一張臉。

But wait -- what is an idea anyway?

但是等等... 到底什麼是「理念」呢？

Well, you can think of it as a pattern of information

你可以將其視為一種資訊的樣貌，

that helps you understand and navigate the world.

能幫助你認識以及遊走這個世界。

Ideas come in all shapes and sizes,

理念可以有各種樣子和大小，

from the complex and analytical

打從複雜、需要理性分析的，

to the simple and aesthetic.

至乎簡單、關於感性之美的。

Here are just a few examples shared from the TED stage.

這裡有幾個在 TED 講台上 分享理念的例子：

Sir Ken Robinson -- creativity is key to our kids' future.

肯．羅賓森爵士帶來 「創意是孩子們前途的關鍵！」

(Video) Sir Ken Robinson: My contention is that creativity now

（影片）羅賓森爵士：我主張現今教育 創意的重要性不亞於讀寫能力，

is as important in education as literacy,

and we should treat it with the same status.

我們應當同等重視。

Chris Anderson: Elora Hardy -- building from bamboo is beautiful.

安德森：依蘿拉．哈蒂帶來 「竹材建築是美觀的」。

(Video) Elora Hardy: It is growing all around us,

（影片）哈蒂：它就生長於我們的周遭，

it's strong, it's elegant, it's earthquake-resistant.

它很堅韌、優雅，而且抗震。

CA: Chimamanda Adichie -- people are more than a single identity.

安德森：琪瑪曼達．阿蒂奇說 世上所有人不僅有單一個身分。

(Video) Chimamanda Adichie: The single story creates stereotypes,

（影片）阿蒂奇：單一故事產生刻板印象，

and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue,

刻板印象的問題並非它們不正確，

but that they are incomplete.

而是它們有失周全。

CA: Your mind is teeming with ideas,

安德森：你的內心充滿諸多理念，

and not just randomly.

而且並非只是隨機獨立，

They're carefully linked together.

而是細膩地連結在一起，

Collectively they form an amazingly complex structure

集結起來組成出奇複雜的結構，

that is your personal worldview.

那就是你個人的世界觀，

It's your brain's operating system.

是你大腦的作業系統，

It's how you navigate the world.

是你在這個世界找到方向的方式，

And it is built up out of millions of individual ideas.

它是由上百萬個 不相干的理念所打造出來的。

So, for example, if one little component of your worldview

舉例來說，你的世界觀要是有一小部份

is the idea that kittens are adorable,

覺得貓咪很可愛，

then when you see this,

那麼當你看到這個畫面，

you'll react like this.

你將會做這樣的反應。

But if another component of your worldview

但是如果你的世界觀 另一個部份認為

is the idea that leopards are dangerous,

獵豹很危險，

then when you see this,

那你看到這畫面的時候，

you'll react a little bit differently.

你的反應就會稍有不同了。

So, it's pretty obvious

因此很明顯的，

why the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial.

為什麼構成你世界觀的 諸多理念舉足輕重。

You need them to be as reliable as possible -- a guide,

它們必須盡量靠得住，

指引我們在外頭嚇人 又美好的現實世界中找方向。

to the scary but wonderful real world out there.

Now, different people's worldviews can be dramatically different.

每個人的世界觀可能截然不同，

For example,

例如：

how does your worldview react when you see this image:

你的世界觀看到這畫面會作何反應？

(Video) Dalia Mogahed: What do you think when you look at me?

（影片） 達莉亞．摩珂赫德： 你看著我時會想到什麼？

"A woman of faith," "an expert," maybe even "a sister"?

虔誠的婦女？專家？甚或是修女？

Or "oppressed," "brainwashed,"

或是受迫害、被洗腦過的人、

"a terrorist"?

恐怖分子？

CA: Whatever your answer,

安德森：不論你回答什麼，

there are millions of people out there who would react very differently.

數百萬人的反應可能截然不同。

So that's why ideas really matter.

這就是為什麼理念十分重要。

If communicated properly, they're capable of changing, forever,

若溝通宣導得宜，

它們就足以永久改變 某個人看待世界的方式，

how someone thinks about the world,

and shaping their actions both now and well into the future.

並且影響到他們現在以及將來的作為。

Ideas are the most powerful force shaping human culture.

理念是形塑人類文化最強大的力量。

So if you accept

如果你相信身為演講者的首要任務

that your number one task as a speaker is to build an idea

就是在聽眾的腦海裡建構理念，

inside the minds of your audience,

here are four guidelines for how you should go about that task:

那我提供大家達成這任務的四大要點：

One, limit your talk to just one major idea.

第一、限制你的演講 只提一個主要的理念！

Ideas are complex things;

理念是很複雜的東西；

you need to slash back your content so that you can focus

你必須回去刪減演講內容，

這樣一來你就可以全神投注 在你最熱衷的單一個理念，

on the single idea you're most passionate about,

and give yourself a chance to explain that one thing properly.

給你自己機會完善地闡釋。

You have to give context, share examples, make it vivid.

你要言之有物、分享例子、 讓它活靈活現；

So pick one idea,

所以挑出一個理念來，

and make it the through-line running through your entire talk,

做為連貫整場演講的主軸，

so that everything you say links back to it in some way.

這麼一來你提到的每一點 都能夠回溯到該主軸。

Two, give your listeners a reason to care.

第二、給聽眾一個去關心的理由。

Before you can start building things inside the minds of your audience,

在你開始在聽眾的腦海裡 建立些東西之前，

you have to get their permission to welcome you in.

你必須讓觀眾的腦袋 願意歡迎接納你。

And the main tool to achieve that?

達成此事的主要工具是什麼呢？

Curiosity.

好奇心。

Stir your audience's curiosity.

激起聽眾的好奇心，

Use intriguing, provocative questions

運用扣人心弦、發人省思的問題，

to identify why something doesn't make sense and needs explaining.

來點明為什麼有些事情 不合理以及需要說明；

If you can reveal a disconnection in someone's worldview,

如果你可以點出 某人世界觀裡的一處斷點，

they'll feel the need to bridge that knowledge gap.

他們將會感到 有橋接知識斷層的必要。

And once you've sparked that desire,

一旦你點燃了這種慾望，

it will be so much easier to start building your idea.

要開始建構你的理念 將會更加容易得多。

Three, build your idea, piece by piece,

第三、按部就班建構出你的理念，

out of concepts that your audience already understands.

在聽眾原本就懂得的概念之上，

You use the power of language

運用語言的力量

to weave together concepts that already exist

把早已存於聽眾內心的諸多概念 交織羅列在一塊兒，

in your listeners' minds --

but not your language, their language.

但不是用你的語彙， 而是要用他們的語彙，

You start where they are.

以觀眾的感受作為出發點，

The speakers often forget that many of the terms and concepts they live with

講者常忘記他們習以為常的 諸多術語或概念

are completely unfamiliar to their audiences.

對聽眾而言是完全不熟稔的。

Now, metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together,

這時候，運用譬喻 在銜接內容上就極為重要了，

because they reveal the desired shape of the pattern,

以觀眾已理解的概念為基礎來隱喻

based on an idea that the listener already understands.

能更清楚展現出你想要呈現的樣貌。

For example, when Jennifer Kahn

例如當珍妮佛．卡恩

wanted to explain the incredible new biotechnology called CRISPR,

想要說明前所未見的 生物科技 CRISPR 時，

she said, "It's as if, for the first time,

她說：「這就好像第一次

you had a word processor to edit DNA.

你有了文字處理器來編寫 DNA，

CRISPR allows you to cut and paste genetic information really easily."

CRISPR 讓你可以輕易地 剪下、貼上基因資料。」

Now, a vivid explanation like that delivers a satisfying aha moment

這時候像這樣活靈活現的解說 產生令人滿意的茅塞頓開時刻，

as it snaps into place in our minds.

讓人一點就懂。

It's important, therefore, to test your talk on trusted friends,

因此找信任的朋友排練內容，

and find out which parts they get confused by.

並找出讓他們困惑的部份很重要。

Four, here's the final tip:

最後，第四點、

Make your idea worth sharing.

讓你的理念值得分享。

By that I mean, ask yourself the question:

也就是問你自己：

"Who does this idea benefit?"

「這個理念造福到什麼人？」

And I need you to be honest with the answer.

我希望你們誠實以對。

If the idea only serves you or your organization,

如果該理念只受用於你或你的組織，

then, I'm sorry to say, it's probably not worth sharing.

那麼我很抱歉，它大概不值得分享，

The audience will see right through you.

聽眾很快就會看透你。

But if you believe that the idea has the potential

但如果你相信這個理念有潛力，

to brighten up someone else's day

可以點亮他人的一天，

or change someone else's perspective for the better

或是改善他人的觀念，

or inspire someone to do something differently,

又或者激發他人改變作法，

then you have the core ingredient to a truly great talk,

然後你就有了精采演講的核心要素，

one that can be a gift to them and to all of us.

可以帶給觀眾以及所有人一些收穫。