How economic inequality harms societies | Richard Wilkinson

Translator: Alvaro Moya Reviewer: Begoña Laka

You all know the truth of what I'm going to say.

Jadanik ezagutzen duzue nik esango dudanaren egia.

I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive

Nik uste dut gizartean ezberdintasuna zatitzailea eta garratza den ideia

has been around since before the French Revolution.

Frantziako Iraultza baino aurrekoa dela.

What's changed

Aldatu egin dena da

is we now can look at the evidence,

orain ebidentziak ikus ditzakegula,

we can compare societies, more and less equal societies,

antzeko gizarteak parekatu

and see what inequality does.

eta ezberdintasunak zer egiten duen ikusi.

I'm going to take you through that data

Informazio hori erakutsiko dizuet

and then explain why

eta gero, azalduko dizuet zergatik

the links I'm going to be showing you exist.

existitzen diren erakutsiko ditudan loturak.

But first, see what a miserable lot we are.

Baina lehenenik ikusiko dugu ze talde goibel garen.

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

I want to start though

Haatik, hasi nahi dut

with a paradox.

paradoxa batekin.

This shows you life expectancy

Honek bizi itxaropena erakusten du

against gross national income --

BPGrekin konparatuta,

how rich countries are on average.

herrien batezbesteko aberastasuna.

And you see the countries on the right,

Eskuineko herriak,

like Norway and the USA,

Norvegia eta Estatu Batuak,

are twice as rich as Israel, Greece, Portugal on the left.

ezkerreko Israel, Grezia eta Portugal baino bi aldiz aberatsagoak dira.

And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all.

Eta horrek ez du euren bizi itxaropenean inolako eraginik.

There's no suggestion of a relationship there.

Ez dago korrelazio aztarnarik.

But if we look within our societies,

Baina gure gizarteetan begiratzen badugu,

there are extraordinary social gradients in health

osasunean gizarte-gradiente ugari dago

running right across society.

gizarte osoaren zehar.

This, again, is life expectancy.

Hemen, berriro, bizi itxaropena.

These are small areas of England and Wales --

Hauek Ingalaterra eta Galesko eskualde txiki batzuk dira,

the poorest on the right, the richest on the left.

txiroenak eskuinean, aberatsenak ezkerrean.

A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us.

Desberdintasun handia txiroen eta gure artean.

Even the people just below the top

Baita gainaldearen azpian daudenak

have less good health

osasun gutxiago daukate

than the people at the top.

goian daudenekin konparatuta.

So income means something very important

Orduan, diru-sarrera benetan garrantzi handikoa da

within our societies,

gure gizarteetan,

and nothing between them.

baina ezer ez haien artean.

The explanation of that paradox

Paradoxa horren azalpena da

is that, within our societies,

gure gizarteetan

we're looking at relative income

diru-sarrera erlatiboa aztertzen dugula

or social position, social status --

edo maila soziala, estatus soziala,

where we are in relation to each other

non elkarrekiko erlazioa daukagun

and the size of the gaps between us.

eta gure arteko tartearen tamaina.

And as soon as you've got that idea,

Eta ideia hori ulertu bezain pronto

you should immediately wonder:

gure buruari galdetu beharko genioke:

what happens if we widen the differences,

Zer gertatuko litzateke tarte horiek handituko bagenitu,

or compress them,

edo gutxitu,

make the income differences bigger or smaller?

diru-sarreren ezberdintasunak aldatuko bagenitu?

And that's what I'm going to show you.

Eta hori da erakutsiko dizuedana.

I'm not using any hypothetical data.

Ez dut balizko informazioa erabiliko.

I'm taking data from the U.N. --

Nazio Batuen informazioa erabiliko dut,

it's the same as the World Bank has --

Munduko Bankuak daukan berbera,

on the scale of income differences

diru-sarreren desberdintasun-eskalari buruzkoa

in these rich developed market democracies.

garatutako merkatu aberats eta demokratiko hauetan.

The measure we've used,

Erabili dugun neurria izan da,

because it's easy to understand and you can download it,

-- erraza eta deskarga ahal delako --

is how much richer the top 20 percent

zein den aldea goiko %20ren

than the bottom 20 percent in each country.

eta beheko %20ren artean herri bakoitzean.

And you see in the more equal countries on the left --

Eta argi ikusten da ezkerreko herrietan, berdintasun gehiago dutenak,

Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden --

Japonia, Finlandia, Norvegia, Suedia,

the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich

goiko %20a hiru edo lau aldiz aberatsagoa dela

as the bottom 20 percent.

beheko %20a baino.

But on the more unequal end --

Baina berdintasun urrikoen aldean,

U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore --

Erresuma Batua, Portugal, Estatu Batuak, Singapur,

the differences are twice as big.

ezberdintasunak bi aldiz handiagoak dira.

On that measure, we are twice as unequal

Honela, gure ezberdintasunak bikoizten du

as some of the other successful market democracies.

beste merkatu demokratiko arrakastatsuena.

Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies.

Orain, gure gizarteetan dituen ondorioak erakutsiko dizkizuet.

We collected data on problems with social gradients,

Hartu genituen datuak gradiente soziala duten arazoei buruz

the kind of problems that are more common

gizarte maila baxuetan

at the bottom of the social ladder.

arruntenak diren arazoei buruz.

Internationally comparable data on life expectancy,

Nazioarteko informazio alderagarria bizi-itxaropenari buruz,

on kids' maths and literacy scores,

umeen matematikako emaitzei eta alfabetatzeari buruz,

on infant mortality rates, homicide rates,

umeen heriotza-tasari, erailketa-tasari buruz,

proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates,

espetxeratutakoen ehunekoari, nerabeen haurdunaldiei buruz,

levels of trust,

konfiantza-mailei buruz,

obesity, mental illness --

loditasunari, buru-gaixotasunei buruz --

which in standard diagnostic classification

diagnosi estandarreko sailkapenean

includes drug and alcohol addiction --

drogen eta alkoholen menpetasuna hartzen dituena --

and social mobility.

eta gizarte-mailen mugikortasunari buruz.

We put them all in one index.

Hau guztia indize bakar batean jarri genuen.

They're all weighted equally.

Guzti-guztiak garrantzi berekoak.

Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things.

Datuon batezbestekoa egin eta herri bakoitza kokatu dugu.

And there, you see it

Eta han, hori ikusten da

in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you,

lehen erakutsitako ezberdintasun-mailari lotuta,

which I shall use over and over again in the data.

behin eta berriro erabiliko dudana datuetan.

The more unequal countries

Ezberdintasun handiko herriak

are doing worse

okerrago dabiltza

on all these kinds of social problems.

arazo sozial mota horietan.

It's an extraordinarily close correlation.

Oso korrelazio estua da.

But if you look at that same index

Baina indize bera ikusten badugu,

of health and social problems

arazo sozialena eta osasunarena,

in relation to GNP per capita,

pertsona bakoitzeko BPGri lotuta,

gross national income,

barne-produktu gordinari lotuta,

there's nothing there,

ez dago ezer han,

no correlation anymore.

ez dago korrelaziorik.

We were a little bit worried

Pixka bat kezkatuta geunden

that people might think

jendeak pentsa lezakelako

we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument

komeni zitzaigun arazoak aukeratu

and just manufactured this evidence,

eta ebidentzia hau fabrikatu genuela.

so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal

Beraz, British Medical Journal aldizkarian ere argitaratu genuen

on the UNICEF index of child well-being.

umeen ongizatearen UNICEFeko indizeari buruzko artikulua.

It has 40 different components

40 osagai desberdin ditu,

put together by other people.

beste pertsona batzuek elkarrekin ipini dituztenak.

It contains whether kids can talk to their parents,

Horrek zehazten du ea umeek gurasoekin solasaldiak dituzten,

whether they have books at home,

ea etxean liburuak dituzten,

what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school.

zein den immunizazio-tasa, eskola-jazarpena dagoen ala ez.

Everything goes into it.

Dena sartzen da.

Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality.

Hemen dago erlazionatuta ezberdintasun-neurri berarekin.

Kids do worse in the more unequal societies.

Umeak okerrago daude berdintasunik gabeko gizarteetan.

Highly significant relationship.

Oso harreman adierazgarria.

But once again,

Baina berriro,

if you look at that measure of child well-being,

umeen ongizatearen neurria ikusten bada

in relation to national income per person,

pertsona eta urte bakoitzeko diru-sarrerarekin erlazionatuta,

there's no relationship,

ez dago erlaziorik,

no suggestion of a relationship.

ezta erlazio-aztarnarik ere.

What all the data I've shown you so far says

Erakutsitako informazioak esaten duena

is the same thing.

berdina da.

The average well-being of our societies

Gure gizarteetako batezbesteko ongizatea

is not dependent any longer

ez dago jada

on national income and economic growth.

hazkunde ekonomikoaren edo herri bateko diru-sarreren menpe.

That's very important in poorer countries,

Hau garrantzi handikoa da herri txiroetan,

but not in the rich developed world.

baina ez mundu aberats garatuan.

But the differences between us

Haatik, gure arteko desberdintasunak

and where we are in relation to each other

eta elkarrekiko dugun egoera

now matter very much.

garrantzi handikoak dira gaur.

I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index.

Gure indizearen zati batzuk erakutsiko dizkizuet.

Here, for instance, is trust.

Hemen, adibidez, konfiantza dago.

It's simply the proportion of the population

Hots, populazioaren ehunekoak

who agree most people can be trusted.

uste duena posible dela pertsonengan konfiantza izatea.

It comes from the World Values Survey.

World Values Survey-en inkestetatik ateratakoa.

You see, at the more unequal end,

Ezberdintasun handiko muturrean,

it's about 15 percent of the population

populazioaren %15ak, gutxi gorabehera,

who feel they can trust others.

besteengan konfiantza izan dezaketela uste du.

But in the more equal societies,

Baina berdintasun handiko gizarteetan,

it rises to 60 or 65 percent.

ehunekoa %60koa edo %65ekoa da.

And if you look at measures of involvement in community life

Eta komunitate-bizitzan parte hartzearen neurria ikusten bada

or social capital,

edo kapital soziala,

very similar relationships

oso antzeko erlazioak daude

closely related to inequality.

ezberdintasunarekin erlazio estua dutenak.

I may say, we did all this work twice.

Lan guzti hau bitan egin genuen.

We did it first on these rich, developed countries,

Lehenengo egin genuen herri aberats eta garatuetan

and then as a separate test bed,

eta gero saiakuntza-bankua bezala banaka,

we repeated it all on the 50 American states --

Estatu Batuetako 50 estatuetan errepikatu genuen --

asking just the same question:

galdera bera eginez:

do the more unequal states

ezberdintasun handiagoko estatuak

do worse on all these kinds of measures?

neurri mota guzti hauetan okerrago dabiltza?

So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government

Hau da konfiantza-maila gobernu federalaren inkesta baten arabera

related to inequality.

ezberdintasunarekin erlazionatuta.

Very similar scatter

Oso antzeko diagrama

over a similar range of levels of trust.

konfiantzaren antzeko mailak.

Same thing is going on.

Gauza bera gertatzen da.

Basically we found

Funtsean zera aurkitzen dugu,

that almost anything that's related to trust internationally

nazioartean, konfiantzarekin zerikusia duen edozer

is related to trust amongst the 50 states

50 estatuen arteko konfiantzarekin erlazionatzen dela

in that separate test bed.

saiakuntza-banku horretan.

We're not just talking about a fluke.

Hau ez da kasualitate hutsa.

This is mental illness.

Hauexek dira buru-gaixotasunak.

WHO put together figures

OMEk indizeak egiten ditu

using the same diagnostic interviews

diagnosi-elkarrizketa berberak erabiliz

on random samples of the population

populazioaren ausazko lagiekin.

to allow us to compare rates of mental illness

Haiei esker buru-gaixotasunen tasak konpara ditzakegu

in each society.

gizarte bakoitzean.

This is the percent of the population

Hau da populazioaren ehunekoa

with any mental illness in the preceding year.

azkenengo urtean buru-gaixotasunen bat izan duena.

And it goes from about eight percent

Eta %8tik

up to three times that --

hiru aldiz biderkatzen da.

whole societies

Gizarte osoak,

with three times the level of mental illness of others.

hiru bider buru-gaixotasun gehiago dutenak.

And again, closely related to inequality.

Eta berriro, ezberdintasunari lotuta.

This is violence.

Hau da bortizkeria.

These red dots are American states,

Puntu gorri horiek Estatu Batuetako estatu batzuk dira

and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.

eta hiruki urdinak, Kanadako probintziak.

But look at the scale of the differences.

Baina ikus ezazue ezberdintasun-eskala.

It goes from 15 homicides per million

Milioiko 15 erailketatik hasi eta

up to 150.

150era igotzen da.

This is the proportion of the population in prison.

Hau da espetxean dagoen populazioaren ehunekoa.

There's a about a tenfold difference there,

Hemen 10 aldiko ezberdintasuna dago,

log scale up the side.

alde hauetako eskalan islatuta.

But it goes from about 40 to 400

Baina 40 presotik

people in prison.

400era igotzen da.

That relationship

Erlazio hau

is not mainly driven by more crime.

ez da krimen gehiagoren ondorioa.

In some places, that's part of it.

Kasu batzuetan, badu zerikusirik horrekin.

But most of it is about more punitive sentencing,

Baina gehienetan zigor-sententziak dira,

harsher sentencing.

zigor gogorragoak.

And the more unequal societies

Eta gizarte ezberdintsuagoek

are more likely also to retain the death penalty.

heriotza-zigorra mantentzeko joera daukate.

Here we have children dropping out of high school.

Hemen dauzkagu Bigarren Hezkuntzako ikasketak utzi zituzten gazteak.

Again, quite big differences.

Berriro, ezberdintasun handiak.

Extraordinarily damaging,

Benetan kaltegarriak,

if you're talking about using the talents of the population.

populazioaren gaitasuna erabiltzeaz ari bagara.

This is social mobility.

Hau da gizarte-mugikortasuna.

It's actually a measure of mobility

Gizarte-mugikortasunaren neurria da

based on income.

diru-sarreretan oinarrituta.

Basically, it's asking:

Beste era batean esanda:

do rich fathers have rich sons

guraso aberatsek seme-alaba aberatsak al dauzkate

and poor fathers have poor sons,

eta guraso txiroek seme-alaba txiroak?

or is there no relationship between the two?

Edo agian ez dago bi horien arteko erlaziorik?

And at the more unequal end,

Eta ezberdintsuenen muturrean,

fathers' income is much more important --

gurasoen diru-sarrera askoz inportanteagoa da

in the U.K., USA.

Erresuma Batuan, Estatu Batuetan.

And in Scandinavian countries,

Eskandinaviako herrietan,

fathers' income is much less important.

gurasoen diru-sarrerak garrantzi gutxiago du.

There's more social mobility.

Gizarte-mugikortasun handiagoa dago.

And as we like to say --

Esaten duguna da:

and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here --

-- eta badakit amerikar asko dagoela publikoan gaur --

if Americans want to live the American dream,

amerikarrek "amets amerikarra" bizi nahi badute,

they should go to Denmark.

Danimarkara joan beharko dira.

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

(Applause)

(Txaloak)

I've shown you just a few things in italics here.

Bakarrik erakutsi dizkizuet gauza batzuk letra etzanean hemen.

I could have shown a number of other problems.

Beste arazo-mota batzuk erakuts niezazkizueke.

They're all problems that tend to be more common

Arazo guzti horiek maizago gertatzen dira

at the bottom of the social gradient.

gradiente sozialaren beheko zatian.

But there are endless problems with social gradients

Baina hamaika arazo dago, gradiente sozialduna,

that are worse in more unequal countries --

ezberdintasun gehien duten herrietan txarragoak direnak,

not just a little bit worse,

eta ez pixka bat txarragoak,

but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common.

baizik bi edo 10 aldiz txarragoak normalean.

Think of the expense,

Pentsa ezazue gastuan,

the human cost of that.

egoera horren giza-kostua.

I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier

Lehengo grafikora bueltatu nahi dut

where we put it all together

non informazioa biltzen dugun

to make two points.

bi gauza erakusteko.

One is that, in graph after graph,

Bat da, grafikoen poderioz

we find the countries that do worse,

aurkitzen dugula txarto doazen herriak,

whatever the outcome,

edozein emaitzetan,

seem to be the more unequal ones,

ezberdintasun gehiagoko herriak direla,

and the ones that do well

eta ondo doazen herriak

seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan.

Japonia eta iparraldeko herriak direla.

So what we're looking at

Beraz, ikusten duguna da

is general social disfunction related to inequality.

ezberdintasunari lotutako disfuntzio sozial orokorra.

It's not just one or two things that go wrong,

Eta arazoa ez da gauza bat edo bi doazela txarto,

it's most things.

gauza gehienak daude txarto.

The other really important point I want to make on this graph

Grafikoan azpimarratu nahi dudan beste arazo garrantzitsua hau da.

is that, if you look at the bottom,

Beheko zatia ikusten badugu,

Sweden and Japan,

Suedia eta Japonia,

they're very different countries in all sorts of ways.

esparru askotan oso herri ezberdinak dira.

The position of women,

Emakumearen posizioa,

how closely they keep to the nuclear family,

zein hurbil mantentzen diren familia-nukleotik,

are on opposite ends of the poles

zeharo ezberdinak dira

in terms of the rich developed world.

mundu aberatsen eta garatuen terminoetan.

But another really important difference

Baina beste garrantzi handiko ezberdintasuna da

is how they get their greater equality.

nola lortzen duten euren berdintasun handiagoa.

Sweden has huge differences in earnings,

Suediak diru-sarreran ezberdintasun handiak ditu,

and it narrows the gap through taxation,

eta zergen bidez tarte hori murrizten du,

general welfare state,

orokorreko gizarte-laguntzaren bidez,

generous benefits and so on.

onura handien bidez, eta abar.

Japan is rather different though.

Haatik, Japonia zerbait ezberdina da.

It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax.

Zergak ordaindu aurreko diru-sarrerak berdintsuagoak dira.

It has lower taxes.

Zerga baxuagoak ditu.

It has a smaller welfare state.

Gizarte-laguntza gutxiago.

And in our analysis of the American states,

Eta Estatu Batuetako estatuen analisian,

we find rather the same contrast.

antzerako kontrastea aurkitzen dugu.

There are some states that do well through redistribution,

Estatu batzuei ondo doakie birbanaketari esker,

some states that do well

beste estatu batzuek arrakasta daukate

because they have smaller income differences before tax.

zergak ordaindu aurreko diru-sarrerak berdintsuak direlako.

So we conclude

Orduan ondorioztatzen dugu

that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality,

ez dela garrantzi handikoa nola heldu berdintasunera,

as long as you get there somehow.

nolabait hara heltzen zaren bitartean.

I am not talking about perfect equality,

Ez naiz ari berdintasun perfektuari buruz,

I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies.

merkatu demokratiko aberats eta garatuetan existitzen denari buruz ari naiz.

Another really surprising part of this picture

Irudi honen beste alde harrigarri bat da

is that it's not just the poor

ezberdintasunak ez diela

who are affected by inequality.

txiroei bakarrik eragiten.

There seems to be some truth in John Donne's

John Donnek esandakoak egia gordetzen du

"No man is an island."

"Inor ere ez da uhartea".

And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare

Eta hainbat ikerketetan konpara daiteke

how people do in more and less equal countries

nola dagoen jendea ezberdintasunaren arabera

at each level in the social hierarchy.

gizarte-hierarkiaren maila bakoitzean.

This is just one example.

Hau adibide bat da.

It's infant mortality.

Umeen heriotza-tasa da.

Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths

Suediar batzuek umeen heriotzak sailkatu zituzten

according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification.

sailkapen sozio-ekonomiko orokorraren britainiar erregistroaren arabera.

And so it's anachronistically

Beraz, oso anakronikoa dena,

a classification by fathers' occupations,

aiten lanbideen araberako sailkapena da,

so single parents go on their own.

eta aita-ama ezkongabeak aparte agertzen dira.

But then where it says "low social class,"

Baina "gizarte-maila baxua" aipatzen denean,

that's unskilled manual occupations.

espezializatu gabeko eskuzko lanaz ari da.

It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle,

gero doa erdi-mailako eskuzko lan espezializatuetara,

then the junior non-manual,

gero eskuzkoak ez diren menpeko lanak

going up high to the professional occupations --

lanbide liberaletara heldu arte --:

doctors, lawyers,

medikuak, abokatuak,

directors of larger companies.

enpresa handien zuzendariak.

You see there that Sweden does better than Britain

Suediaren egoera Britainia Handikoa baino hobeagoa da

all the way across the social hierarchy.

gizarte-hierarkia guztietan.

The biggest differences are at the bottom of society.

Ezberdintasun handienak gizarte-maila baxuetan daude.

But even at the top,

Baina goian ere,

there seems to be a small benefit

badago abantaila txiki bat

to being in a more equal society.

berdintasun gehiagoko gizarte batean biziz gero.

We show that on about five different sets of data

Bost talde ezberdinetan erakusten dugu hau,

covering educational outcomes

hezkuntza-emaitzak kontuan hartuta

and health in the United States and internationally.

eta osasunekoak ere Estatu Batuetan eta munduan.

And that seems to be the general picture --

Hau dirudi egoera orokorra.

that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom,

Berdintasun handiak ezberdintasun handiagoa sortzen du behean,

but has some benefits even at the top.

baina abantailak goiko partean.

But I should say a few words about what's going on.

Zer gertatzen den azaldu beharko nuke.

I think I'm looking and talking

Uste dut hitz egiten ari naizela

about the psychosocial effects of inequality.

ezberdintasunaren ondorio psiko-sozialei buruz.

More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority,

Nagusitasun edo gutxiagotasunaren emozioekin lotuago daudenak.

of being valued and devalued,

Aintzat hartuta izatea ala ez,

respected and disrespected.

begirunea jasotzea ala ez.

And of course, those feelings

Eta, noski, emozio hauek

of the status competition that comes out of that

estatusaren lehiarenak

drives the consumerism in our society.

kontsumismoa sortzen dute gure gizartean.

It also leads to status insecurity.

Estatusaren segurtasun eza dakar ere.

We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others,

Biziki kezkatzen gaitu besteen iritziak,

whether we're regarded as attractive, clever,

erakargarritzat edo inteligentetzat hartzen gaituzten,

all that kind of thing.

antzerako gauza horiek.

The social-evaluative judgments increase,

Gizarte-balioztatzearen iritziak,

the fear of those social-evaluative judgments.

iritzi horiei buruzko beldurra.

Interestingly,

Benetan bitxia da,

some parallel work going on in social psychology:

badaude ikasketa paralelo batzuk gizarte-psikologian.

some people reviewed 208 different studies

Batzuek 208 ikerketa berraztertu zituzten.

in which volunteers had been invited

Horietan boluntarioak gonbidatu zituzten

into a psychological laboratory

laborategi psiko-sozial baten parte hartzera

and had their stress hormones,

eta estresen hormonak neurtu zizkieten,

their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured.

lan estresagarriak egitean euren erreakzioak neurtu ziren.

And in the review,

Ikerketa horretan

what they were interested in seeing

ikusi nahi zutena zen

is what kind of stresses

zer estres-motek

most reliably raise levels of cortisol,

igotzen dituzten kortisol-mailak,

the central stress hormone.

estresaren hormona nagusia.

And the conclusion was

Emaitza izan zen

it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat --

ebaluazio soziala jasotzeko arriskua zuten zereginak zirela,

threats to self-esteem or social status

autoestimua edo estatusa arriskuan jartzen zutenak,

in which others can negatively judge your performance.

norbaitek gure errendimendua txartzat jo ahal zuen zereginak.

Those kind of stresses

Estres mota horiek

have a very particular effect

oso ondorio berezia dute

on the physiology of stress.

estresaren fisiologian.

Now we have been criticized.

Gogor kritikatu gaituzte.

Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff

Hau gustatzen ez zaien pertsonak daude,

and people who find it very surprising.

baita harritzen direnak ere.

I should tell you though

Baina esan behar dizuet

that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data,

datuak aukeratu eta iragazteagatik kritikatzen gaituztenean

we never pick and choose data.

ez ditugula inoiz datuak aukeratzen edo iragazten.

We have an absolute rule

Erabateko araua jarraitzen dugu,

that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at,

iturri batek baditu aztertutako herri baten datuak,

it goes into the analysis.

analisian sartzen dira.

Our data source decides

Gure informazio-iturria da erabakitzen duena

whether it's reliable data,

informazio hori fidagarria denentz,

we don't.

ez gu geu.

Otherwise that would introduce bias.

Bestela alderdikeria legoke.

What about other countries?

Zer gertatzen da gainontzeko herriekin?

There are 200 studies

Berrehun ikerketa daude

of health in relation to income and equality

diru-sarrerak eta berdintasuna osasunarekin lotzen dituztenak

in the academic peer-reviewed journals.

adituek aztertzen dituzten aldizkari akademikoetan.

This isn't confined to these countries here,

Hau ez da hemengo herrietara mugatzen,

hiding a very simple demonstration.

lagin oso sinple bat ezkutatuz.

The same countries,

Herrialde berak,

the same measure of inequality,

ezberdintasun-mailaren neurtze bera,

one problem after another.

arazo bat bestearen atzean.

Why don't we control for other factors?

Zergatik ez ditugu kontrolatzen beste faktore batzuk?

Well we've shown you that GNP per capita

Erakutsi dizuegu pertsona bakoitzeko BPGak

doesn't make any difference.

ez duela ezer aldatzen.

And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature

Eta, beste batzuek, metodo sofistikatuagoak erabiliz,

have controlled for poverty and education

txirotasuna eta hezkuntza neurtu dituzte

and so on.

eta abar.

What about causality?

Zer gertatzen da kausalitatearekin?

Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality.

Korrelazioak berez ez du kausalitaterik erakusten.

We spend a good bit of time.

Denbora dezente eman dugu.

And indeed, people know the causal links quite well

Ezaguna da emaitza hauetako batzuen arteko

in some of these outcomes.

kausalitate harremana.

The big change in our understanding

Herri aberats eta garatuetan

of drivers of chronic health

osasun kronikoaren eragileak ulertzerakoan

in the rich developed world

izan dugun aldaketa nabaria hau da:

is how important chronic stress from social sources

jatorri sozialeko estres kroniko handiak

is affecting the immune system,

immune-sisteman duen eragina,

the cardiovascular system.

kardiobaskular-sisteman.

Or for instance, the reason why violence

Adibidez, berdintasun gutxiko herrietan

becomes more common in more unequal societies

bortizkeria arrunt bihurtzen da

is because people are sensitive to being looked down on.

jendeak okerrago onartzen duelako mespretxua jasotzea.

I should say that to deal with this,

Esan beharko nuke arazo honi aurre egiteko

we've got to deal with the post-tax things

zergen-ondorengoa landu beharko dugula

and the pre-tax things.

eta zergen-aurrekoa.

We've got to constrain income,

Diru-sarrerak murriztu beharko genituzke,

the bonus culture incomes at the top.

goiko kultur-sarrera estrak.

I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees

Buruzagiek langileen ardura hartzera behartu beharko ditugu

in any way we can.

ahal dugun bide guztiak erabiliz.

I think the take-home message though

Gorde beharreko mezua da

is that we can improve the real quality of human life

giza-bizitzaren benetako kalitatea hobetu dezakegula

by reducing the differences in incomes between us.

gure arteko diru-sarreren ezberdintasuna murriztuz.

Suddenly we have a handle

Horrela maneia liteke

on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies,

gizarte osoen ongizate psiko-soziala,

and that's exciting.

eta hori hunkigarria da.

Thank you.

Mila esker.

(Applause)

(Txaloak)