How economic inequality harms societies | Richard Wilkinson

1,167,757 views ・ 2011-10-24

TED


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Prevoditelj: Hrvoje Štaba Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:15
You all know the truth of what I'm going to say.
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Svi vi znate istinu o onome što ću reći.
00:18
I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive
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Mislim da je intuicija kako je nejednakost razdvajajuća i društveno korozivna
00:22
has been around since before the French Revolution.
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bila tu još otprije Francuske revolucije.
00:26
What's changed
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Ono što se promijenilo
00:28
is we now can look at the evidence,
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je da sada možemo promotriti dokaze,
00:30
we can compare societies, more and less equal societies,
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možemo usporediti društva, više ili manje jednaka društva,
00:33
and see what inequality does.
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i vidjeti što nejednakost čini.
00:36
I'm going to take you through that data
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Provest ću vas kroz te podatke
00:39
and then explain why
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i onda objasniti zašto
00:41
the links I'm going to be showing you exist.
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poveznice koje ću vam pokazivati postoje.
00:45
But first, see what a miserable lot we are.
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No prvo, pogledajte kako smo jadna gomila.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:50
I want to start though
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Želio bih započeti
00:52
with a paradox.
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s paradoksom.
00:55
This shows you life expectancy
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Ovo pokazuje očekivani životni vijek
00:57
against gross national income --
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u usporedbi sa bruto nacionalnim dohotkom --
00:59
how rich countries are on average.
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koliko su zemlje u prosjeku bogate.
01:01
And you see the countries on the right,
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I možete vidjeti da su zemlje na desnoj strani,
01:03
like Norway and the USA,
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poput Norveške ili Amerike,
01:05
are twice as rich as Israel, Greece, Portugal on the left.
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dvostruko bogatije od Izraela, Grčke, Portugala na lijevoj strani.
01:10
And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all.
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I to ne čini ikakvu razliku u njihovom očekivanom životnom vijeku.
01:14
There's no suggestion of a relationship there.
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Tu nema sugestija o povezanosti.
01:16
But if we look within our societies,
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No ukoliko pogledamo unutar naših društava,
01:19
there are extraordinary social gradients in health
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postoje izvanredni društveni gradijenti u zdravlju
01:22
running right across society.
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preko cijelog društva.
01:24
This, again, is life expectancy.
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Ovo je, opet, očekivani životni vijek.
01:26
These are small areas of England and Wales --
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Ovdje su prikazana mala područja Engleske i Walesa --
01:28
the poorest on the right, the richest on the left.
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najsiromašnija su na desnoj strani, a najbogatija na lijevoj.
01:32
A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us.
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Velika je razlika između siromašnih i nas ostalih.
01:35
Even the people just below the top
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Čak i ljudi odmah ispod vrha
01:37
have less good health
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imaju lošije zdravlje
01:39
than the people at the top.
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od ljudi na vrhu.
01:41
So income means something very important
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Stoga dohodak predstavlja nešto jako bitno
01:43
within our societies,
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unutar naših društava,
01:45
and nothing between them.
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i ništa između njih.
01:48
The explanation of that paradox
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Objašnjenje toga paradoksa
01:51
is that, within our societies,
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je da, unutar naših društava,
01:53
we're looking at relative income
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gledamo u relativni dohodak
01:55
or social position, social status --
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ili socijalnu poziciju, socijalni status --
01:58
where we are in relation to each other
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gdje smo u povezanosti s ostalima
02:01
and the size of the gaps between us.
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i veličinu jaza između nas.
02:04
And as soon as you've got that idea,
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I čim shvatite tu ideju,
02:06
you should immediately wonder:
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trebate se odmah zapitati:
02:08
what happens if we widen the differences,
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što se događa ako proširimo razlike,
02:11
or compress them,
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ili ih smanjimo,
02:13
make the income differences bigger or smaller?
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učinimo razlike u dohocima veće ili manje?
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you.
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I to je ono što ću vam pokazati.
02:18
I'm not using any hypothetical data.
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Ne koristim hipotetske podatke.
02:20
I'm taking data from the U.N. --
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Uzeo sam podatke od Ujedinjenih Naroda --
02:22
it's the same as the World Bank has --
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isti su kao i oni koje ima Svjetska banka --
02:24
on the scale of income differences
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na ljestvici razlike u dohocima
02:26
in these rich developed market democracies.
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u ovim bogatim, razvijenim tržišnim demokracijama.
02:29
The measure we've used,
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Mjera koju smo koristili,
02:31
because it's easy to understand and you can download it,
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pošto je jednostavna za razumjeti i može se "downloadati",
02:33
is how much richer the top 20 percent
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je koliko su bogatiji prvih 20%
02:35
than the bottom 20 percent in each country.
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od posljednjih 20% u svakoj zemlji.
02:38
And you see in the more equal countries on the left --
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I vidite da u zemljama s većom jednakosti na lijevoj strani,
02:41
Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden --
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Japan, Finska, Norveška, Švedska,
02:43
the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich
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prvih 20% su oko 3.5, 4 puta bogatiji
02:45
as the bottom 20 percent.
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od posljednjih 20%.
02:48
But on the more unequal end --
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Ali na kraju s većom nejednakosti --
02:50
U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore --
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Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Portugal, Amerika, Singapur,
02:52
the differences are twice as big.
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razlike su dvostruko veće.
02:55
On that measure, we are twice as unequal
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Po toj mjeri, mi smo dvostruko više nejednaki
02:58
as some of the other successful market democracies.
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od nekih drugih uspješnih tržišnih demokracija.
03:02
Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies.
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Sada ću vam pokazati što to čini našem društvu.
03:06
We collected data on problems with social gradients,
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Skupili smo podatke o problemima sa društvenim gradijentima,
03:09
the kind of problems that are more common
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vrstama problema koji su češći
03:11
at the bottom of the social ladder.
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na dnu društvene ljestvice.
03:13
Internationally comparable data on life expectancy,
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Internacionalno usporedivi podaci o životnom vijeku,
03:16
on kids' maths and literacy scores,
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o rezultatima iz matematike i pismenosti djece,
03:19
on infant mortality rates, homicide rates,
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o mortalitetu djece, broju ubojstava,
03:22
proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates,
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proporciji populacije u zatvoru, tinejdžerske trudnoće,
03:25
levels of trust,
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razini povjerenja,
03:27
obesity, mental illness --
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pretilosti, mentalnim bolestima,
03:29
which in standard diagnostic classification
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koje u standardnim klasifikacijama dijagnoza
03:32
includes drug and alcohol addiction --
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uključuju ovisnost o drogi i alkoholu
03:34
and social mobility.
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i socijalnu mobilnost.
03:36
We put them all in one index.
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Stavili smo ih sve u jedan pokazatelj.
03:39
They're all weighted equally.
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Svi su jednako težili.
03:41
Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things.
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Položaj zemlje je vrsta prosječnog rezultata u ovim stvarima.
03:44
And there, you see it
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I tu, vidite
03:46
in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you,
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u odnosu na mjeru nejednakosti koju sam vam upravo pokazao,
03:49
which I shall use over and over again in the data.
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i koju ću iznova koristiti u podacima.
03:52
The more unequal countries
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Zemljama s većom nejednakosti
03:54
are doing worse
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ide lošije
03:56
on all these kinds of social problems.
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u svim ovim socijalnim problemima.
03:58
It's an extraordinarily close correlation.
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To je izvanredno bliska korelacija.
04:01
But if you look at that same index
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Ali ukoliko pogledate u taj isti pokazatelj
04:03
of health and social problems
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zdravstvenih i socijalnih problema
04:05
in relation to GNP per capita,
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u odnosu s BNP-om po glavi stanovnika,
04:07
gross national income,
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bruto domaćim proizvodom,
04:09
there's nothing there,
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nema ništa,
04:11
no correlation anymore.
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nikakve korelacije.
04:14
We were a little bit worried
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Bili smo pomalo zabrinuti
04:16
that people might think
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da bi ljudi mogli misliti
04:18
we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument
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da smo birali probleme koji bi zadovoljavali naše argumente
04:20
and just manufactured this evidence,
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i samo proizveli dokaze,
04:23
so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal
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pa smo stoga napravili rad u Britanskom Medicinskom Dnevniku
04:26
on the UNICEF index of child well-being.
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o UNICEF-ovom pokazatelju o dobrobiti djece.
04:30
It has 40 different components
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Ima 40 različitih komponenata
04:32
put together by other people.
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sastavljenih zajedno od strane drugih ljudi.
04:34
It contains whether kids can talk to their parents,
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Sadrži mogu li djeca razgovarati sa svojim roditeljima,
04:37
whether they have books at home,
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imaju li knjige kod kuće,
04:39
what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school.
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kolike su stope imunizacije, jesu li izložena nasilju u školi.
04:42
Everything goes into it.
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Sve ide u taj pokazatelj.
04:44
Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality.
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Ovdje je u odnosu s tim istim pokazateljem nejednakosti.
04:48
Kids do worse in the more unequal societies.
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Djeci ide lošije u društvima s većom nejednakosti.
04:51
Highly significant relationship.
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Vrlo važna veza.
04:54
But once again,
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Ali opet,
04:56
if you look at that measure of child well-being,
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pogledate li tu mjeru o dobrobiti djece,
04:59
in relation to national income per person,
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u povezanosti s nacionalnim dohotkom po glavi stanovnika,
05:01
there's no relationship,
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nema povezanosti,
05:03
no suggestion of a relationship.
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nema sugestije o povezanosti.
05:06
What all the data I've shown you so far says
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Ono što svi podaci koje sam vam do sada pokazao govore
05:09
is the same thing.
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je ista stvar.
05:11
The average well-being of our societies
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Prosječno blagostanje naših društava
05:13
is not dependent any longer
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više ne ovisi
05:16
on national income and economic growth.
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o nacionalnom dohotku i ekonomskom rastu.
05:19
That's very important in poorer countries,
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To je vrlo važno u siromašnijim zemljama,
05:21
but not in the rich developed world.
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ali ne u bogatom, razvijenom svijetu.
05:24
But the differences between us
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No razlike između nas,
05:26
and where we are in relation to each other
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i gdje smo u odnosu jedni s drugima,
05:28
now matter very much.
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su sada vrlo bitne.
05:31
I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index.
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Pokazat ću vam neke odvojene dijelove našeg pokazatelja.
05:34
Here, for instance, is trust.
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Ovdje, na primjer, je povjerenje.
05:36
It's simply the proportion of the population
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To je jednostavno proporcija populacije
05:38
who agree most people can be trusted.
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koja se slaže da se većini ljudi može vjerovati.
05:40
It comes from the World Values Survey.
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Dolazi iz Svjetske ankete o vrijednostima.
05:42
You see, at the more unequal end,
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Možete vidjeti da je, na strani s većom nejednakosti,
05:44
it's about 15 percent of the population
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oko 15% populacije
05:47
who feel they can trust others.
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koji osjećaju da mogu vjerovati drugima.
05:49
But in the more equal societies,
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No u društvima s većom jednakosti,
05:51
it rises to 60 or 65 percent.
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broj se povećava na 60 do 65%.
05:55
And if you look at measures of involvement in community life
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Ukoliko pogledate mjere uključenosti u život zajednice,
05:58
or social capital,
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ili socijalni kapital,
06:00
very similar relationships
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vrlo slični odnosi
06:02
closely related to inequality.
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su blisko povezani s nejednakošću.
06:05
I may say, we did all this work twice.
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Mogu reći, cijeli ovaj posao smo odradili dva puta.
06:08
We did it first on these rich, developed countries,
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Prvo smo ga izveli na ovim bogatim, razvijenim zemljama,
06:11
and then as a separate test bed,
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potom kao poseban test,
06:13
we repeated it all on the 50 American states --
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ponovili smo ga na svih 50 američkih država,
06:16
asking just the same question:
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pitajući jedno te isto pitanje :
06:18
do the more unequal states
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ide li državama s većom nejednakosti
06:20
do worse on all these kinds of measures?
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lošije po ovim mjerama?
06:22
So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government
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Dakle,ovdje je povjerenje iz opće društvene ankete o saveznoj vladi
06:26
related to inequality.
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povezano s nejednakošću.
06:28
Very similar scatter
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Vrlo slična raspršenost
06:30
over a similar range of levels of trust.
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preko sličnog raspona razina povjerenja.
06:32
Same thing is going on.
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Ista stvar se događa.
06:34
Basically we found
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Općenito, pronašli smo
06:36
that almost anything that's related to trust internationally
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kako je gotovo sve što je povezano s povjerenjem međunarodno
06:39
is related to trust amongst the 50 states
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je povezano s povjerenjem među 50 država
06:41
in that separate test bed.
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u tom posebnom testu.
06:43
We're not just talking about a fluke.
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Ovdje ne govorimo o slučajnosti.
06:45
This is mental illness.
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Ovo je mentalna bolest.
06:47
WHO put together figures
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Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija sastavila je podatke
06:49
using the same diagnostic interviews
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koristeći iste dijagnostičke intervjue
06:51
on random samples of the population
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na nasumičnim uzorcima populacije
06:53
to allow us to compare rates of mental illness
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kako bi nam omogućili da usporedimo razine mentalnih oboljenja
06:56
in each society.
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u svakom društvu.
06:58
This is the percent of the population
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Ovo je postotak populacije
07:00
with any mental illness in the preceding year.
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s bilo kojom mentalnom bolešću u protekloj godini.
07:03
And it goes from about eight percent
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I kreće se od oko 8%
07:06
up to three times that --
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do tri puta toliko --
07:08
whole societies
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cijela društva
07:10
with three times the level of mental illness of others.
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s tri puta višom razinom mentalnih oboljenja od drugih.
07:13
And again, closely related to inequality.
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I opet, blisko povezano s nejednakošću.
07:17
This is violence.
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Ovo je nasilje.
07:19
These red dots are American states,
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Ove crvene točke su američke države,
07:21
and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.
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a plavi trokuti su kanadske provincije.
07:25
But look at the scale of the differences.
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No pogledajte omjer razlika.
07:28
It goes from 15 homicides per million
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Kreće se od 15 ubojstava na milijun ljudi
07:31
up to 150.
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pa sve do 150.
07:34
This is the proportion of the population in prison.
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Ovo je proporcija populacije u zatvoru.
07:37
There's a about a tenfold difference there,
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Tu je otprilike deseterostruka razlika,
07:40
log scale up the side.
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logaritamska ljestvica je sa strane.
07:42
But it goes from about 40 to 400
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No ide od oko 40 do 400
07:44
people in prison.
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ljudi u zatvoru.
07:47
That relationship
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Taj odnos
07:49
is not mainly driven by more crime.
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nije nužno potaknut većim brojem zločina.
07:51
In some places, that's part of it.
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U nekim mjestima, to je dio njega.
07:54
But most of it is about more punitive sentencing,
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Ali većina toga je zbog više kaznenih presuda,
07:56
harsher sentencing.
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oštrijeg kažnjavanja.
07:58
And the more unequal societies
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I društva s većom nejednakosti
08:00
are more likely also to retain the death penalty.
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imaju veću vjerojatnost zadržavanja smrtne kazne.
08:04
Here we have children dropping out of high school.
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Ovdje imamo djecu koja se ispisuju iz srednje škole.
08:09
Again, quite big differences.
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Opet, velike razlike.
08:11
Extraordinarily damaging,
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Izvanredno oštećujuće,
08:13
if you're talking about using the talents of the population.
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ukoliko govorimo o korištenju talenata populacije.
08:16
This is social mobility.
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Ovo je socijalna mobilnost.
08:19
It's actually a measure of mobility
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Ona je zapravo mjera pokretljivosti
08:21
based on income.
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utemeljena na dohotku.
08:23
Basically, it's asking:
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U osnovi, ona pita :
08:25
do rich fathers have rich sons
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imaju li bogati očevi bogate sinove,
08:27
and poor fathers have poor sons,
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a siromašni očevi siromašne sinove,
08:29
or is there no relationship between the two?
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ili ne postoji veza između njih?
08:32
And at the more unequal end,
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Na kraju s većom nejednakosti,
08:34
fathers' income is much more important --
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očev dohodak je mnogo važniji --
08:37
in the U.K., USA.
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u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, SAD-u.
08:40
And in Scandinavian countries,
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A u skandinavskim zemljama
08:42
fathers' income is much less important.
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očev prihod je mnogo manje važan.
08:44
There's more social mobility.
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Postoji veća socijalna mobilnost.
08:47
And as we like to say --
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I, kako mi volimo to reći --
08:49
and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here --
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a znam da je ovdje u publici mnogo Amerikanaca,
08:52
if Americans want to live the American dream,
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ako Amerikanci žele živjeti Američki san,
08:55
they should go to Denmark.
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trebali bi otići u Dansku.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:03
I've shown you just a few things in italics here.
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Pokazao sam vam ovdje samo par stvari u kurzivu.
09:06
I could have shown a number of other problems.
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Mogao sam pokazati i brojne druge probleme.
09:08
They're all problems that tend to be more common
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Sve su to problemi koji su uobičajeniji
09:10
at the bottom of the social gradient.
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na dnu društvenog gradijenta.
09:12
But there are endless problems with social gradients
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No postoje beskonačni problemi s društvenim gradijentima
09:17
that are worse in more unequal countries --
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koji su gori u zemljama s većom nejednakosti --
09:19
not just a little bit worse,
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ne samo malo gori,
09:21
but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common.
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već od dva do 10 puta češći.
09:24
Think of the expense,
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Pomislite na trošak,
09:26
the human cost of that.
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na ljudsku cijenu toga.
09:29
I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier
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No želim se vratiti na ovaj graf koji sam vam ranije pokazao
09:31
where we put it all together
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gdje smo ih sve spojili
09:33
to make two points.
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kako bi ukazali na dvije poante.
09:35
One is that, in graph after graph,
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Jedna je da, u grafu za grafom,
09:38
we find the countries that do worse,
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nalazimo da zemlje kojima lošije ide,
09:40
whatever the outcome,
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bez obzira na ishod,
09:42
seem to be the more unequal ones,
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su one s više nejednakosti,
09:44
and the ones that do well
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a one kojima ide dobro
09:46
seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan.
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su Nordijske zemlje i Japan.
09:49
So what we're looking at
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Dakle, ono što vidimo
09:51
is general social disfunction related to inequality.
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je opća društvena disfunkcija povezana s nejednakosti.
09:54
It's not just one or two things that go wrong,
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Nije da samo jedna ili dvije stvari pođu krivo,
09:56
it's most things.
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već većina njih.
09:58
The other really important point I want to make on this graph
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Druga vrlo važna poanta na koju bih htio ukazati na ovom grafu
10:01
is that, if you look at the bottom,
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je da, ako pogledate na dno,
10:03
Sweden and Japan,
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Švedska i Japan,
10:06
they're very different countries in all sorts of ways.
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one su vrlo različite zemlje u mnogim pogledima.
10:09
The position of women,
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Položaj žena,
10:11
how closely they keep to the nuclear family,
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koliko se blizu drže jezgri obitelji,
10:13
are on opposite ends of the poles
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su na potpuno suprotnim krajevima
10:15
in terms of the rich developed world.
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u uvjetima bogatog, razvijenog svijeta.
10:17
But another really important difference
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No još jedna vrlo važna razlika
10:19
is how they get their greater equality.
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je kako postižu svoju veliku jednakost.
10:22
Sweden has huge differences in earnings,
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Švedska ima ogromne razlike u zaradama,
10:25
and it narrows the gap through taxation,
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i smanjuje jaz putem poreza,
10:27
general welfare state,
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opće države blagostanja,
10:29
generous benefits and so on.
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velikodušnih povlastica i tako dalje.
10:32
Japan is rather different though.
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Japan je prilično drugačiji.
10:34
It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax.
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Počinje s mnogo manjim razlikama u zaradama prije poreza.
10:37
It has lower taxes.
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Ima niže poreze.
10:39
It has a smaller welfare state.
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Ima manju socijalnu državu.
10:41
And in our analysis of the American states,
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I u našoj analizi američkih država,
10:43
we find rather the same contrast.
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pronalazimo gotovo isti kontrast.
10:45
There are some states that do well through redistribution,
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Neke države postižu dobre rezultate kroz redistribuciju,
10:48
some states that do well
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nekim državama ide dobro
10:50
because they have smaller income differences before tax.
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zato što imaju manje razlike u dohotku prije poreza.
10:53
So we conclude
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Zato zaključujemo
10:55
that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality,
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da nije previše važno kako postignete veću jednakost,
10:58
as long as you get there somehow.
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sve dok do nje nekako dođete.
11:00
I am not talking about perfect equality,
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Ne govorim o savršenoj jednakosti,
11:02
I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies.
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govorim o onome što postoji u bogatim, razvijenim, tržišnim demokracijama.
11:08
Another really surprising part of this picture
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Drugi, vrlo iznenađujuć dio ove slike
11:13
is that it's not just the poor
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je da nisu samo siromašni
11:15
who are affected by inequality.
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oni na koje utječe nejednakost.
11:18
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's
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Čini se da ima nešto istine u John Donneovom
11:20
"No man is an island."
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"Nijedan čovjek nije otok."
11:23
And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare
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I u više studija, moguće je usporediti
11:26
how people do in more and less equal countries
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kako ide ljudima u državama s većom i manjom jednakosti
11:29
at each level in the social hierarchy.
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na svakoj razini društvene ljestvice.
11:32
This is just one example.
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Ovo je samo jedan primjer.
11:35
It's infant mortality.
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Ovo je smrtnost dojenčadi.
11:37
Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths
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Neki Šveđani su vrlo ljubazno klasificirali mnoge smrti dojenčadi
11:40
according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification.
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prema Britanskom registru opće socioekonomske klasifikacije.
11:45
And so it's anachronistically
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I to je anakronistično
11:48
a classification by fathers' occupations,
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klasifikacija prema profesiji očeva,
11:50
so single parents go on their own.
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stoga samohrani roditelji idu zasebno.
11:52
But then where it says "low social class,"
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No tamo gdje piše "niža društvena klasa,"
11:55
that's unskilled manual occupations.
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to su nekvalificirani manuelni radnici.
11:58
It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle,
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Ide prema kvalificiranim manuelnim radnicima u sredini,
12:02
then the junior non-manual,
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pa nižim ne-manuelnim,
12:04
going up high to the professional occupations --
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idući više prema stručnim zanimanjima --
12:07
doctors, lawyers,
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liječnici, odvjetnici,
12:09
directors of larger companies.
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direktori velikih tvrtki.
12:11
You see there that Sweden does better than Britain
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Vidite ovdje da Švedskoj ide bolje nego Britaniji
12:14
all the way across the social hierarchy.
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po cijeloj društvenoj ljestvici.
12:19
The biggest differences are at the bottom of society.
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Najveće razlike su na dnu društva.
12:21
But even at the top,
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No čak i na vrhu,
12:23
there seems to be a small benefit
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čini se da postoji neka mala korist
12:25
to being in a more equal society.
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od života u društvu s većom jednakosti.
12:27
We show that on about five different sets of data
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Pokazujemo to na otprilike pet različitih skupina podataka
12:30
covering educational outcomes
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koje pokrivaju obrazovne ishode
12:32
and health in the United States and internationally.
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i zdravlje u Sjedinjenim Državama i internacionalno.
12:35
And that seems to be the general picture --
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I izgleda da je to opća slika --
12:38
that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom,
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da veća jednakost čini najveću razliku na dnu,
12:41
but has some benefits even at the top.
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no nosi neke beneficije čak i na vrhu.
12:44
But I should say a few words about what's going on.
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No trebao bih reći par riječi o tome što se događa.
12:48
I think I'm looking and talking
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Mislim da gledam i govorim
12:50
about the psychosocial effects of inequality.
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o psihosocijalnim učincima nejednakosti.
12:53
More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority,
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VIše imaju veze s osjećajima superiornosti i inferiornosti,
12:56
of being valued and devalued,
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o osjećaju cijenjenosti i podcijenjenosti,
12:58
respected and disrespected.
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bivanju poštovanim ili nepoštovanim.
13:01
And of course, those feelings
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I dakako, ti osjećaji
13:03
of the status competition that comes out of that
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statusnog natjecanja koji proizlaze iz toga
13:06
drives the consumerism in our society.
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pogone konzumerizam u našem društvu.
13:09
It also leads to status insecurity.
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To također vodi i do statusne nesigurnosti.
13:12
We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others,
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Brinemo se više o tome kako o nama sude te kako nas vide drugi,
13:16
whether we're regarded as attractive, clever,
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smatraju li nas atraktivnima, pametnima,
13:19
all that kind of thing.
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i slično.
13:22
The social-evaluative judgments increase,
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Društveno-evaluativni sudovi povećavaju
13:25
the fear of those social-evaluative judgments.
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strah od tih društveno-evaluativnih sudova.
13:29
Interestingly,
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Zanimljivo,
13:31
some parallel work going on in social psychology:
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nešto paralelnog rada se odvija u društvenoj psihologiji:
13:35
some people reviewed 208 different studies
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neki ljudi su recenzirali 208 različitih studija
13:38
in which volunteers had been invited
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u kojima su volonteri pozvani
13:41
into a psychological laboratory
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u psihološki laboratorij
13:43
and had their stress hormones,
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i njihovi hormoni stresa,
13:45
their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured.
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njihove reakcije na obavljanje stresnih zadataka su izmjerene.
13:49
And in the review,
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I u recenziji,
13:51
what they were interested in seeing
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ono za što su bili zainteresirani
13:53
is what kind of stresses
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je koje vrste stresa
13:55
most reliably raise levels of cortisol,
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najpouzdanije podižu razine kortizola,
13:58
the central stress hormone.
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središnjeg hormona stresa.
14:00
And the conclusion was
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I zaključak je bio
14:02
it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat --
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da su to bili zadaci koji uključuju društveno-evaluativne prijetnje --
14:05
threats to self-esteem or social status
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prijetnje samopoštovanju ili društvenom statusu
14:08
in which others can negatively judge your performance.
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u kojima drugi mogu negativno ocijeniti vašu izvedbu.
14:11
Those kind of stresses
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Te vrste stresa
14:13
have a very particular effect
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imaju vrlo osobit učinak
14:16
on the physiology of stress.
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na fiziologiju stresa.
14:20
Now we have been criticized.
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Sad, bili smo kritizirani.
14:22
Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff
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Naravno, postoje ljudi kojima se ovakve stvari ne sviđaju
14:25
and people who find it very surprising.
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i ljudi kojima se čine vrlo iznenađujućima.
14:28
I should tell you though
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No trebao bih vam reći
14:30
that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data,
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da kada nas ljudi kritiziraju zbog izabiranja podataka,
14:33
we never pick and choose data.
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mi nikad ne izabiremo podatke.
14:35
We have an absolute rule
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Imamo jedno apsolutno pravilo
14:37
that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at,
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da ako naš izvor podataka ima podatke za jednu od zemalja koje promatramo,
14:40
it goes into the analysis.
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oni idu u analizu.
14:42
Our data source decides
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Naš izvor podataka odlučuje
14:44
whether it's reliable data,
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jesu li podaci pouzdani,
14:46
we don't.
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ne mi.
14:48
Otherwise that would introduce bias.
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Inače bi to uvelo pristranost.
14:50
What about other countries?
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A što je s drugim zemljama?
14:52
There are 200 studies
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Ima 200 studija
14:55
of health in relation to income and equality
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zdravlja u odnosu na dohodak i jednakost
14:58
in the academic peer-reviewed journals.
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u akademskim recenziranim časopisima.
15:01
This isn't confined to these countries here,
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Ovo nije ograničeno na ove zemlje ovdje,
15:04
hiding a very simple demonstration.
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krijući vrlo jednostavnu demonstraciju.
15:06
The same countries,
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Iste zemlje,
15:08
the same measure of inequality,
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ista mjera nejednakosti.
15:10
one problem after another.
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jedan problem za drugim.
15:14
Why don't we control for other factors?
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Zašto ne koristimo kontrolu i za druge faktore?
15:16
Well we've shown you that GNP per capita
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Pa, pokazali smo vam da BNP po glavi
15:18
doesn't make any difference.
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ne čini ikakvu razliku.
15:20
And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature
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I naravno, drugi koji su koristili sofisticiranije metode u literaturi
15:24
have controlled for poverty and education
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su koristili kontrole za siromaštvo i obrazovanje
15:26
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
15:30
What about causality?
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Što je s kauzalitetom?
15:32
Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality.
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Korelacija sama po sebi ne dokazuje kauzalitet.
15:35
We spend a good bit of time.
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Trošimo značajnu količinu vremena.
15:37
And indeed, people know the causal links quite well
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I doista, ljudi znaju uzročne veze prilično dobro
15:39
in some of these outcomes.
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u nekim od ovih ishoda.
15:41
The big change in our understanding
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Velika promjena u našem razumijevanju
15:43
of drivers of chronic health
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pokretača kroničnog zdravlja
15:45
in the rich developed world
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u bogatom, razvijenom svijetu
15:47
is how important chronic stress from social sources
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je koliko važan kronični stres iz društvenih izvora
15:51
is affecting the immune system,
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utječe na imunosni sustav,
15:53
the cardiovascular system.
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kardiovaskularni sustav.
15:56
Or for instance, the reason why violence
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Ili na primjer, razlog zbog kojeg nasilje
15:58
becomes more common in more unequal societies
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postaje češće u društvima s većom nejednakosti
16:01
is because people are sensitive to being looked down on.
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je taj što su ljudi osjetljivi na to da ih se promatra s visoka.
16:06
I should say that to deal with this,
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Trebao bih reći da kako bi se pozabavili s tim,
16:09
we've got to deal with the post-tax things
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moramo se pozabaviti s poslije-poreznim stvarima
16:11
and the pre-tax things.
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i prije-poreznim stvarima.
16:13
We've got to constrain income,
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Moramo ograničiti dohotke,
16:16
the bonus culture incomes at the top.
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dohotke bonusne kulture na vrhu.
16:18
I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees
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Mislim da moramo učiniti naše šefove odgovornima njihovim zaposlenicima
16:21
in any way we can.
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na koji god način možemo.
16:24
I think the take-home message though
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No mislim da je poruka koju trebate ponijeti kući,
16:27
is that we can improve the real quality of human life
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da možemo unaprijediti stvarnu kvalitetu ljudskog života
16:31
by reducing the differences in incomes between us.
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smanjujući razliku u dohotcima između nas.
16:34
Suddenly we have a handle
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Odjednom razumijemo
16:36
on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies,
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psihosocijalnu dobrobit cijelih društava,
16:38
and that's exciting.
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i to je uzbudljivo.
16:40
Thank you.
383
1000260
2000
Hvala.
16:42
(Applause)
384
1002260
6000
(Pljesak)
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