How economic inequality harms societies | Richard Wilkinson

1,167,863 views ใƒป 2011-10-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
You all know the truth of what I'm going to say.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื•ืžืจ.
00:18
I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
00:22
has been around since before the French Revolution.
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
00:26
What's changed
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”
00:28
is we now can look at the evidence,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:30
we can compare societies, more and less equal societies,
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ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:33
and see what inequality does.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”.
00:36
I'm going to take you through that data
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
00:39
and then explain why
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ื•ืื– ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื”
00:41
the links I'm going to be showing you exist.
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืจืื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
00:45
But first, see what a miserable lot we are.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื, ืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:50
I want to start though
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:52
with a paradox.
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ืขื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
00:55
This shows you life expectancy
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ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
00:57
against gross national income --
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ -
00:59
how rich countries are on average.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
01:01
And you see the countries on the right,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
01:03
like Norway and the USA,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘,
01:05
are twice as rich as Israel, Greece, Portugal on the left.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ืžืฉืžืืœ.
01:10
And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:14
There's no suggestion of a relationship there.
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืจืžื– ืœืงืฉืจ.
01:16
But if we look within our societies,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:19
there are extraordinary social gradients in health
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
01:22
running right across society.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:24
This, again, is life expectancy.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื• ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:26
These are small areas of England and Wales --
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ืืœื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก -
01:28
the poorest on the right, the richest on the left.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ.
01:32
A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us.
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ.
01:35
Even the people just below the top
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื™ื
01:37
have less good health
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
01:39
than the people at the top.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื.
01:41
So income means something very important
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ืื– ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”
01:43
within our societies,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:45
and nothing between them.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:48
The explanation of that paradox
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ื”
01:51
is that, within our societies,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:53
we're looking at relative income
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
01:55
or social position, social status --
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ืื• ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ -
01:58
where we are in relation to each other
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
02:01
and the size of the gaps between us.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
02:04
And as soon as you've got that idea,
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ื•ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:06
you should immediately wonder:
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ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”:
02:08
what happens if we widen the differences,
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื,
02:11
or compress them,
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ืื• ื ืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื,
02:13
make the income differences bigger or smaller?
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ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื• ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”?
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
02:18
I'm not using any hypothetical data.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™.
02:20
I'm taking data from the U.N. --
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื•"ื -
02:22
it's the same as the World Bank has --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ -
02:24
on the scale of income differences
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ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื”
02:26
in these rich developed market democracies.
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื.
02:29
The measure we've used,
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ื”ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื•,
02:31
because it's easy to understand and you can download it,
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ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
02:33
is how much richer the top 20 percent
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”20% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
02:35
than the bottom 20 percent in each country.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช 20% ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.
02:38
And you see in the more equal countries on the left --
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ -
02:41
Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden --
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ื™ืคืŸ, ืคื™ื ืœื ื“, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” -
02:43
the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich
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ื”20% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ 3.5 - 4
02:45
as the bottom 20 percent.
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ืž20% ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.
02:48
But on the more unequal end --
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ -
02:50
U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore --
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ืืจื”"ื‘, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ -
02:52
the differences are twice as big.
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ืฉื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:55
On that measure, we are twice as unequal
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ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:58
as some of the other successful market democracies.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
03:02
Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:06
We collected data on problems with social gradients,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืกืคื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื’ืจื“ื™ืื ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
03:09
the kind of problems that are more common
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:11
at the bottom of the social ladder.
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
03:13
Internationally comparable data on life expectancy,
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:16
on kids' maths and literacy scores,
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ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืงืจื™ืื”,
03:19
on infant mortality rates, homicide rates,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ ืจืฆื—,
03:22
proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates,
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ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืืกืจ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ื•ืขืจ,
03:25
levels of trust,
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ืจืžื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ,
03:27
obesity, mental illness --
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ื”ืฉืžื ื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ -
03:29
which in standard diagnostic classification
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ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:32
includes drug and alcohol addiction --
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžื™ื ื•ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ -
03:34
and social mobility.
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ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:36
We put them all in one index.
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ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืื—ื“.
03:39
They're all weighted equally.
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
03:41
Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things.
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:44
And there, you see it
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
03:46
in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you,
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ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื“ื“ ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื,
03:49
which I shall use over and over again in the data.
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ื‘ื• ืืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:52
The more unequal countries
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:54
are doing worse
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ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:56
on all these kinds of social problems.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:58
It's an extraordinarily close correlation.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
04:01
But if you look at that same index
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ื“
04:03
of health and social problems
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
04:05
in relation to GNP per capita,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ,
04:07
gross national income,
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
04:09
there's nothing there,
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœื•ื,
04:11
no correlation anymore.
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืชืื.
04:14
We were a little bit worried
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ื—ืฉืฉื ื• ืงืฆืช
04:16
that people might think
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•
04:18
we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument
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ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
04:20
and just manufactured this evidence,
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ื•ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
04:23
so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal
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ืื– ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื’ื ืžืืžืจ ืœื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช BMJ
04:26
on the UNICEF index of child well-being.
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ UNICEF ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“.
04:30
It has 40 different components
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• 40 ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:32
put together by other people.
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ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:34
It contains whether kids can talk to their parents,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื• ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
04:37
whether they have books at home,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
04:39
what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
04:42
Everything goes into it.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
04:44
Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:48
Kids do worse in the more unequal societies.
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:51
Highly significant relationship.
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ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:54
But once again,
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ืืš ืฉื•ื‘,
04:56
if you look at that measure of child well-being,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“
04:59
in relation to national income per person,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ,
05:01
there's no relationship,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ,
05:03
no suggestion of a relationship.
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ืื™ืŸ ืจืžื– ืœืงืฉืจ.
05:06
What all the data I've shown you so far says
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ื”,
05:09
is the same thing.
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:11
The average well-being of our societies
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:13
is not dependent any longer
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื”
05:16
on national income and economic growth.
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ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
05:19
That's very important in poorer countries,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:21
but not in the rich developed world.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ.
05:24
But the differences between us
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
05:26
and where we are in relation to each other
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
05:28
now matter very much.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:31
I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:34
Here, for instance, is trust.
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ื”ื ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืืžื•ืŸ.
05:36
It's simply the proportion of the population
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ื–ื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
05:38
who agree most people can be trusted.
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ืฉืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:40
It comes from the World Values Survey.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืงืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
05:42
You see, at the more unequal end,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™,
05:44
it's about 15 percent of the population
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 15% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
05:47
who feel they can trust others.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:49
But in the more equal societies,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:51
it rises to 60 or 65 percent.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœ60 ืื• 65 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:55
And if you look at measures of involvement in community life
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
05:58
or social capital,
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ืื• ื”ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
06:00
very similar relationships
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื
06:02
closely related to inequality.
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ืขื ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:05
I may say, we did all this work twice.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
06:08
We did it first on these rich, developed countries,
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช,
06:11
and then as a separate test bed,
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ื•ืื– ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ืคืจื“
06:13
we repeated it all on the 50 American states --
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ืขืœ 50 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ -
06:16
asking just the same question:
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื”:
06:18
do the more unequal states
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
06:20
do worse on all these kinds of measures?
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ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
06:22
So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืกืงืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™
06:26
related to inequality.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:28
Very similar scatter
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ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“
06:30
over a similar range of levels of trust.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
06:32
Same thing is going on.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืืŸ.
06:34
Basically we found
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆืื ื•
06:36
that almost anything that's related to trust internationally
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
06:39
is related to trust amongst the 50 states
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ 50 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘
06:41
in that separate test bed.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•.
06:43
We're not just talking about a fluke.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช.
06:45
This is mental illness.
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ืืœื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
06:47
WHO put together figures
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื
06:49
using the same diagnostic interviews
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ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
06:51
on random samples of the population
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
06:53
to allow us to compare rates of mental illness
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ
06:56
in each society.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.
06:58
This is the percent of the population
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
07:00
with any mental illness in the preceding year.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืžื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœืคื”.
07:03
And it goes from about eight percent
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 8%
07:06
up to three times that --
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ื•ืขื“ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืš -
07:08
whole societies
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
07:10
with three times the level of mental illness of others.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
07:13
And again, closely related to inequality.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:17
This is violence.
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ื–ืืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
07:19
These red dots are American states,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
07:21
and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื.
07:25
But look at the scale of the differences.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
07:28
It goes from 15 homicides per million
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ื–ื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ืžืงืจื™ ืจืฆื— ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
07:31
up to 150.
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ืขื“ 150.
07:34
This is the proportion of the population in prison.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœื.
07:37
There's a about a tenfold difference there,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
07:40
log scale up the side.
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ืกื•ืœื ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื“.
07:42
But it goes from about 40 to 400
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 40-400
07:44
people in prison.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื.
07:47
That relationship
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื”
07:49
is not mainly driven by more crime.
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ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืฉื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:51
In some places, that's part of it.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:54
But most of it is about more punitive sentencing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:56
harsher sentencing.
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ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:58
And the more unequal societies
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ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
08:00
are more likely also to retain the death penalty.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช.
08:04
Here we have children dropping out of high school.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:09
Again, quite big differences.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:11
Extraordinarily damaging,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื™ืง,
08:13
if you're talking about using the talents of the population.
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ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
08:16
This is social mobility.
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ื–ื• ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
08:19
It's actually a measure of mobility
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื“ื“ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช
08:21
based on income.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
08:23
Basically, it's asking:
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ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง:
08:25
do rich fathers have rich sons
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ื”ืื ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
08:27
and poor fathers have poor sons,
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ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
08:29
or is there no relationship between the two?
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ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื?
08:32
And at the more unequal end,
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™,
08:34
fathers' income is much more important --
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ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” -
08:37
in the U.K., USA.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืืจื”"ื‘.
08:40
And in Scandinavian countries,
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
08:42
fathers' income is much less important.
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ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
08:44
There's more social mobility.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
08:47
And as we like to say --
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ -
08:49
and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ -
08:52
if Americans want to live the American dream,
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ืื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
08:55
they should go to Denmark.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื ืžืจืง.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:59
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:03
I've shown you just a few things in italics here.
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ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
09:06
I could have shown a number of other problems.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
09:08
They're all problems that tend to be more common
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:10
at the bottom of the social gradient.
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ืจื“ื™ืื ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
09:12
But there are endless problems with social gradients
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื’ืจื“ื™ืื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
09:17
that are worse in more unequal countries --
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ืฉื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช -
09:19
not just a little bit worse,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
09:21
but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common.
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
09:24
Think of the expense,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”,
09:26
the human cost of that.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
09:29
I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืจืฃ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื
09:31
where we put it all together
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ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“
09:33
to make two points.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
09:35
One is that, in graph after graph,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืื—ืจ ื’ืจืฃ
09:38
we find the countries that do worse,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:40
whatever the outcome,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื“,
09:42
seem to be the more unequal ones,
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:44
and the ones that do well
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:46
seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืคืŸ.
09:49
So what we're looking at
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
09:51
is general social disfunction related to inequality.
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ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
09:54
It's not just one or two things that go wrong,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจืกื™ื,
09:56
it's most things.
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ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:58
The other really important point I want to make on this graph
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
10:01
is that, if you look at the bottom,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช
10:03
Sweden and Japan,
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื•ื™ืคืŸ
10:06
they're very different countries in all sorts of ways.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
10:09
The position of women,
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ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฉื”,
10:11
how closely they keep to the nuclear family,
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ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
10:13
are on opposite ends of the poles
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
10:15
in terms of the rich developed world.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ.
10:17
But another really important difference
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
10:19
is how they get their greater equality.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
10:22
Sweden has huge differences in earnings,
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ืœืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
10:25
and it narrows the gap through taxation,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™,
10:27
general welfare state,
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ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”,
10:29
generous benefits and so on.
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ืžืขื ืงื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
10:32
Japan is rather different though.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:34
It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™.
10:37
It has lower taxes.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื™ืกื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:39
It has a smaller welfare state.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:41
And in our analysis of the American states,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:43
we find rather the same contrast.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
10:45
There are some states that do well through redistribution,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
10:48
some states that do well
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช
10:50
because they have smaller income differences before tax.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™.
10:53
So we conclude
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื
10:55
that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality,
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:58
as long as you get there somehow.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื.
11:00
I am not talking about perfect equality,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื,
11:02
I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืง ืžืคื•ืชื—.
11:08
Another really surprising part of this picture
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
11:13
is that it's not just the poor
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
11:15
who are affected by inequality.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
11:18
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืืžืช ื‘ืืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืŸ:
11:20
"No man is an island."
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"ืืฃ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืื™."
11:23
And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช
11:26
how people do in more and less equal countries
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช
11:29
at each level in the social hierarchy.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
11:32
This is just one example.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
11:35
It's infant mortality.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
11:37
Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืืฆืœื”ื
11:40
according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื›ืœืœื™.
11:45
And so it's anachronistically
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™
11:48
a classification by fathers' occupations,
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ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืื‘,
11:50
so single parents go on their own.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.
11:52
But then where it says "low social class,"
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš,"
11:55
that's unskilled manual occupations.
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ื›ืฉืจื”.
11:58
It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื”,
12:02
then the junior non-manual,
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ื•ืื– ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ื˜ืจื” ืœื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช,
12:04
going up high to the professional occupations --
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ืขื“ ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื -
12:07
doctors, lawyers,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ,
12:09
directors of larger companies.
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
12:11
You see there that Sweden does better than Britain
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
12:14
all the way across the social hierarchy.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
12:19
The biggest differences are at the bottom of society.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
12:21
But even at the top,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื”,
12:23
there seems to be a small benefit
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
12:25
to being in a more equal society.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:27
We show that on about five different sets of data
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
12:30
covering educational outcomes
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ื”ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
12:32
and health in the United States and internationally.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
12:35
And that seems to be the general picture --
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช -
12:38
that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom,
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
12:41
but has some benefits even at the top.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืกื’ื”.
12:44
But I should say a few words about what's going on.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
12:48
I think I'm looking and talking
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ
12:50
about the psychosocial effects of inequality.
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ืขืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
12:53
More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
12:56
of being valued and devalued,
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ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจืš ื•ืœื ืžื•ืขืจืš,
12:58
respected and disrespected.
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ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“.
13:01
And of course, those feelings
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
13:03
of the status competition that comes out of that
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ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก, ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื,
13:06
drives the consumerism in our society.
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ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
13:09
It also leads to status insecurity.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื™.
13:12
We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
13:16
whether we're regarded as attractive, clever,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
13:19
all that kind of thing.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
13:22
The social-evaluative judgments increase,
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
13:25
the fear of those social-evaluative judgments.
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:29
Interestingly,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
13:31
some parallel work going on in social psychology:
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ืฉืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช:
13:35
some people reviewed 208 different studies
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืกืงืจื• 208 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:38
in which volunteers had been invited
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ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื•
13:41
into a psychological laboratory
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ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
13:43
and had their stress hormones,
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืง,
13:45
their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช.
13:49
And in the review,
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ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:51
what they were interested in seeing
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
13:53
is what kind of stresses
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ื–ื” ืžื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ
13:55
most reliably raise levels of cortisol,
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ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:58
the central stress hormone.
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
14:00
And the conclusion was
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ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
14:02
it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat --
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ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช -
14:05
threats to self-esteem or social status
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ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
14:08
in which others can negatively judge your performance.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
14:11
Those kind of stresses
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ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืœื”
14:13
have a very particular effect
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
14:16
on the physiology of stress.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ืง.
14:20
Now we have been criticized.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
14:22
Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:25
and people who find it very surprising.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื.
14:28
I should tell you though
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
14:30
that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data,
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
14:33
we never pick and choose data.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
14:35
We have an absolute rule
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™
14:37
that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at,
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ืฉืื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื,
14:40
it goes into the analysis.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—.
14:42
Our data source decides
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข
14:44
whether it's reliable data,
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ืื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ,
14:46
we don't.
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ืœื ืื ื—ื ื•.
14:48
Otherwise that would introduce bias.
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ืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื”.
14:50
What about other countries?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช?
14:52
There are 200 studies
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ื™ืฉ 200 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
14:55
of health in relation to income and equality
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ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
14:58
in the academic peer-reviewed journals.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืคื™ื˜ื™ื.
15:01
This isn't confined to these countries here,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืืŸ,
15:04
hiding a very simple demonstration.
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ื•ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
15:06
The same countries,
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
15:08
the same measure of inequality,
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ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื“ ืœืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
15:10
one problem after another.
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
15:14
Why don't we control for other factors?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
15:16
Well we've shown you that GNP per capita
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ
15:18
doesn't make any difference.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
15:20
And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช
15:24
have controlled for poverty and education
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ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
15:26
and so on.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘.
15:30
What about causality?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช?
15:32
Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality.
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ืžืชืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
15:35
We spend a good bit of time.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
15:37
And indeed, people know the causal links quite well
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
15:39
in some of these outcomes.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
15:41
The big change in our understanding
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
15:43
of drivers of chronic health
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช
15:45
in the rich developed world
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
15:47
is how important chronic stress from social sources
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื—ืฅ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
15:51
is affecting the immune system,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
15:53
the cardiovascular system.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
15:56
Or for instance, the reason why violence
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ืื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืืœื™ืžื•ืช
15:58
becomes more common in more unequal societies
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ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
16:01
is because people are sensitive to being looked down on.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
16:06
I should say that to deal with this,
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืš,
16:09
we've got to deal with the post-tax things
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืก
16:11
and the pre-tax things.
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ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืก.
16:13
We've got to constrain income,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
16:16
the bonus culture incomes at the top.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืคืกื’ื”.
16:18
I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
16:21
in any way we can.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
16:24
I think the take-home message though
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืžื›ืืŸ
16:27
is that we can improve the real quality of human life
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช
16:31
by reducing the differences in incomes between us.
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ืข"ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
16:34
Suddenly we have a handle
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ืœืคืชืข ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ื™ื–ื”
16:36
on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies,
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ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
16:38
and that's exciting.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘.
16:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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