How economic inequality harms societies | Richard Wilkinson

1,159,736 views ใƒป 2011-10-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:15
You all know the truth of what I'm going to say.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ๋†“๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ์€
00:22
has been around since before the French Revolution.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:26
What's changed
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๊ทธ๋•Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฑด
00:28
is we now can look at the evidence,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ,
00:30
we can compare societies, more and less equal societies,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:33
and see what inequality does.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:36
I'm going to take you through that data
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๊ณ 
00:39
and then explain why
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด
00:41
the links I'm going to be showing you exist.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:45
But first, see what a miserable lot we are.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ €, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น„์ฐธํ•œ ์šด๋ช…์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
00:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:50
I want to start though
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์ €๋Š” ์—ญ์„ค๋กœ
00:52
with a paradox.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:55
This shows you life expectancy
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:57
against gross national income --
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์ˆ˜๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋„์—์„œ
00:59
how rich countries are on average.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:01
And you see the countries on the right,
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
01:03
like Norway and the USA,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€,
01:05
are twice as rich as Israel, Greece, Portugal on the left.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:10
And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ˆ์ƒ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:14
There's no suggestion of a relationship there.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”
01:16
But if we look within our societies,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:19
there are extraordinary social gradients in health
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ํ๋ฅด๋Š”
01:22
running right across society.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:24
This, again, is life expectancy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:26
These are small areas of England and Wales --
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ์›จ์ผ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ
01:28
the poorest on the right, the richest on the left.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์ž์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:32
A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ž์™€ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:35
Even the people just below the top
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
01:37
have less good health
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๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
01:39
than the people at the top.
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๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•จ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
So income means something very important
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด์—์„œ
01:43
within our societies,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ 
01:45
and nothing between them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:48
The explanation of that paradox
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๊ทธ ์—ญ์„ค์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์€
01:51
is that, within our societies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”,
01:53
we're looking at relative income
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด๋‚˜
01:55
or social position, social status --
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€์œ„, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ™์€
01:58
where we are in relation to each other
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์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€
02:01
and the size of the gaps between us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:04
And as soon as you've got that idea,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž
02:06
you should immediately wonder:
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์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์€
02:08
what happens if we widen the differences,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:11
or compress them,
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์••์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ?
02:13
make the income differences bigger or smaller?
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์ˆ˜์ž…์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒํ• ๊นŒ์š” ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฒŒํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:18
I'm not using any hypothetical data.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:20
I'm taking data from the U.N. --
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์ €๋Š” U.N.์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:22
it's the same as the World Bank has --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€
02:24
on the scale of income differences
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์ด ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์—์„œ
02:26
in these rich developed market democracies.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ์ €์šธ์—์„œ
02:29
The measure we've used,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:31
because it's easy to understand and you can download it,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ์œ„์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
02:33
is how much richer the top 20 percent
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๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋ถ€์ž์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ 
02:35
than the bottom 20 percent in each country.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:38
And you see in the more equal countries on the left --
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:41
Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden --
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์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด, ์Šค์›จ๋ด--
02:43
the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich
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์ƒ์œ„ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜
02:45
as the bottom 20 percent.
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์•ฝ ์„ธ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ˜, ๋„ค๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:48
But on the more unequal end --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋์—๋Š”
02:50
U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore --
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์˜๊ตญ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ, ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด--
02:52
the differences are twice as big.
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๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” 2 ๋ฐฐ๋งŒํผ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:55
On that measure, we are twice as unequal
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๊ทธ ์ธก์ •์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
02:58
as some of the other successful market democracies.
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2 ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:02
Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies.
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
We collected data on problems with social gradients,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„๋‹จ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
03:09
the kind of problems that are more common
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด
03:11
at the bottom of the social ladder.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:13
Internationally comparable data on life expectancy,
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์ˆ˜๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋„์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ,
03:16
on kids' maths and literacy scores,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ž์œจ ์ ์ˆ˜,
03:19
on infant mortality rates, homicide rates,
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์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ, ์‚ด์ธ ๋น„์œจ,
03:22
proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates,
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ, 10๋Œ€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ,
03:25
levels of trust,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€,
03:27
obesity, mental illness --
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๋น„๋งŒ, ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘,
03:29
which in standard diagnostic classification
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ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—๋Š”
03:32
includes drug and alcohol addiction --
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ, ์•Œ์ฝœ์ค‘๋…๊ณผ
03:34
and social mobility.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด๋™์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:36
We put them all in one index.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ‰์ธ์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:39
They're all weighted equally.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:41
Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things.
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ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ ์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:44
And there, you see it
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์ €๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:46
in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๋˜์–ด
03:49
which I shall use over and over again in the data.
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์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:52
The more unequal countries
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๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
03:54
are doing worse
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์—์„œ
03:56
on all these kinds of social problems.
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๋”์šฑ๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:58
It's an extraordinarily close correlation.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:01
But if you look at that same index
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์ผ 1์ธ๋‹น GNP์— ์—ฐ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:03
of health and social problems
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜
04:05
in relation to GNP per capita,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
04:07
gross national income,
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…์€
04:09
there's nothing there,
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๋”์ด์ƒ์˜
04:11
no correlation anymore.
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์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:14
We were a little bit worried
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:16
that people might think
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณจ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:18
we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:20
and just manufactured this evidence,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ,
04:23
so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ์œ ์—” ์•„๋™๊ธฐ๊ธˆ (UNICEF)์˜
04:26
on the UNICEF index of child well-being.
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์˜๊ตญ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ €๋„์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:30
It has 40 different components
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด 40๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
04:32
put together by other people.
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์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:34
It contains whether kids can talk to their parents,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
04:37
whether they have books at home,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘์— ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
04:39
what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school.
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๋ฉด์—ญ์œจ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์™•๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:42
Everything goes into it.
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:44
Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:48
Kids do worse in the more unequal societies.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:51
Highly significant relationship.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด์ง€์š”
04:54
But once again,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ,
04:56
if you look at that measure of child well-being,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:59
in relation to national income per person,
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1์ธ๋‹น ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
05:01
there's no relationship,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:03
no suggestion of a relationship.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ œ์•ˆ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:06
What all the data I've shown you so far says
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š”
05:09
is the same thing.
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๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:11
The average well-being of our societies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋Š”
05:13
is not dependent any longer
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—
05:16
on national income and economic growth.
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:19
That's very important in poorer countries,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
05:21
but not in the rich developed world.
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:24
But the differences between us
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ณผ
05:26
and where we are in relation to each other
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์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
05:28
now matter very much.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:31
I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ‰์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:34
Here, for instance, is trust.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:36
It's simply the proportion of the population
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:38
who agree most people can be trusted.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:40
It comes from the World Values Survey.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์„œ๋ฒ ์ด(World Values Survey)์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:42
You see, at the more unequal end,
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ๋”์šฑ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
05:44
it's about 15 percent of the population
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”
05:47
who feel they can trust others.
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์•ฝ 15ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:49
But in the more equal societies,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”,
05:51
it rises to 60 or 65 percent.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ 60์ด๋‚˜ 65 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:55
And if you look at measures of involvement in community life
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ƒํ™œ์ด๋‚˜
05:58
or social capital,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์‚ฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:00
very similar relationships
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
06:02
closely related to inequality.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:05
I may say, we did all this work twice.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:08
We did it first on these rich, developed countries,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:11
and then as a separate test bed,
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹œํ—˜๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์—…ํ•ด์„œ
06:13
we repeated it all on the 50 American states --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 50๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ--
06:16
asking just the same question:
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
06:18
do the more unequal states
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๋” ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด
06:20
do worse on all these kinds of measures?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜์œ๊ฐ€?
06:22
So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
06:26
related to inequality.
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์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„œ๋ฒ ์ด์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:28
Very similar scatter
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์œ„์—
06:30
over a similar range of levels of trust.
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:32
Same thing is going on.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:34
Basically we found
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
06:36
that almost anything that's related to trust internationally
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๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
06:39
is related to trust amongst the 50 states
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜๋Œ€์—
06:41
in that separate test bed.
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50๊ฐœ์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:43
We're not just talking about a fluke.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž์€๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:45
This is mental illness.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:47
WHO put together figures
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (WHO)๊ฐ€
06:49
using the same diagnostic interviews
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:51
on random samples of the population
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์  ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ
06:53
to allow us to compare rates of mental illness
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์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋„๋ก
06:56
in each society.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:58
This is the percent of the population
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ „ ํ•ด์— ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
07:00
with any mental illness in the preceding year.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:03
And it goes from about eight percent
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 8 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—์„œ
07:06
up to three times that --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ 3๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ--
07:08
whole societies
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์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
07:10
with three times the level of mental illness of others.
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3๋ฐฐ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:13
And again, closely related to inequality.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:17
This is violence.
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์ด๊ฑด ํญ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:19
These red dots are American states,
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์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ,
07:21
and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•๋“ค์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:25
But look at the scale of the differences.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
07:28
It goes from 15 homicides per million
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…๋‹น 15๋ช…์˜ ์‚ด์ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:31
up to 150.
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150๋ช…์˜ ์‚ด์ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:34
This is the proportion of the population in prison.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:37
There's a about a tenfold difference there,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 10๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€
07:40
log scale up the side.
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๋กœ๊ทธ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์œ„์ชฝ์˜ ์˜†์—์š”
07:42
But it goes from about 40 to 400
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
07:44
people in prison.
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40๋ช…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 400๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:47
That relationship
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๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
07:49
is not mainly driven by more crime.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:51
In some places, that's part of it.
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๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
07:54
But most of it is about more punitive sentencing,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ,
07:56
harsher sentencing.
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์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:58
And the more unequal societies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
08:00
are more likely also to retain the death penalty.
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์‚ฌํ˜•๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:04
Here we have children dropping out of high school.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:09
Again, quite big differences.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:11
Extraordinarily damaging,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:13
if you're talking about using the talents of the population.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:16
This is social mobility.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:19
It's actually a measure of mobility
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘”
08:21
based on income.
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์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:23
Basically, it's asking:
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€:
08:25
do rich fathers have rich sons
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:27
and poor fathers have poor sons,
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€,
08:29
or is there no relationship between the two?
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:32
And at the more unequal end,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋์—๋Š”,
08:34
fathers' income is much more important --
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์˜๊ตญ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
08:37
in the U.K., USA.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:40
And in Scandinavian countries,
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์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”,
08:42
fathers' income is much less important.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:44
There's more social mobility.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”
08:47
And as we like to say --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ --
08:49
and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ๊ฐ•์„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ--
08:52
if Americans want to live the American dream,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋“œ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:55
they should go to Denmark.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:59
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:03
I've shown you just a few things in italics here.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆญ์ฒด๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:06
I could have shown a number of other problems.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:08
They're all problems that tend to be more common
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์น˜์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์—์„œ
09:10
at the bottom of the social gradient.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:12
But there are endless problems with social gradients
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:17
that are worse in more unequal countries --
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๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
09:19
not just a little bit worse,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์น˜๋กœ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
09:21
but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common.
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2๋ฐฐ์—์„œ 10๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋” ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:24
Think of the expense,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๋น„์˜
09:26
the human cost of that.
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์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
09:29
I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
09:31
where we put it all together
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜
09:33
to make two points.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:35
One is that, in graph after graph,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋งˆ๋‹ค,
09:38
we find the countries that do worse,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๋“ ์ง€
09:40
whatever the outcome,
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๋” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ค‘์—์„œ
09:42
seem to be the more unequal ones,
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๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:44
and the ones that do well
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๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
09:46
seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan.
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๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:49
So what we're looking at
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
09:51
is general social disfunction related to inequality.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:54
It's not just one or two things that go wrong,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:56
it's most things.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
09:58
The other really important point I want to make on this graph
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ์งš๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ ์€
10:01
is that, if you look at the bottom,
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ํ•˜์œ„์˜
10:03
Sweden and Japan,
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์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:06
they're very different countries in all sorts of ways.
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๊ทธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:09
The position of women,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์œ„,
10:11
how closely they keep to the nuclear family,
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ํ•ต๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
10:13
are on opposite ends of the poles
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ
10:15
in terms of the rich developed world.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ๋์˜ ๊ทน์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:17
But another really important difference
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
10:19
is how they get their greater equality.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:22
Sweden has huge differences in earnings,
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์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:25
and it narrows the gap through taxation,
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์„ธ๊ธˆ
10:27
general welfare state,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ,
10:29
generous benefits and so on.
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๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:32
Japan is rather different though.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธํŽธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:34
It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์—์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:37
It has lower taxes.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:39
It has a smaller welfare state.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋” ์ ์€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:41
And in our analysis of the American states,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ
10:43
we find rather the same contrast.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:45
There are some states that do well through redistribution,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:48
some states that do well
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด์ „์—
10:50
because they have smaller income differences before tax.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:53
So we conclude
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:55
that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ
10:58
as long as you get there somehow.
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๋” ํฐ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:00
I am not talking about perfect equality,
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์ €๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:02
I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:08
Another really surprising part of this picture
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:13
is that it's not just the poor
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
11:15
who are affected by inequality.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:18
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's
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์กด ๋‹จ (John Donne)์˜ "์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์„ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
11:20
"No man is an island."
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๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋“ฏ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:23
And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ
11:26
how people do in more and less equal countries
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋œ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ
11:29
at each level in the social hierarchy.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:32
This is just one example.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:35
It's infant mortality.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:37
Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
11:40
according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:45
And so it's anachronistically
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ฐฉ์˜ค์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:48
a classification by fathers' occupations,
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ง์—…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
11:50
so single parents go on their own.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŽธ์นœ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:52
But then where it says "low social class,"
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— "๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ„์ธต" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์ง„๊ณณ์€
11:55
that's unskilled manual occupations.
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์ˆ™๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ง์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:58
It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ง์—…์ชฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:02
then the junior non-manual,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์—ฐ์†Œ์ž ๋น„-์‹ ์ฒด์ ,
12:04
going up high to the professional occupations --
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์ „๋ฌธ ์ง์—…์— ๋†’์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”--
12:07
doctors, lawyers,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค, ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค,
12:09
directors of larger companies.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:11
You see there that Sweden does better than Britain
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
12:14
all the way across the social hierarchy.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์ด ์˜๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:19
The biggest differences are at the bottom of society.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:21
But even at the top,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ๋‹จ์—์„œ๋„,
12:23
there seems to be a small benefit
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:25
to being in a more equal society.
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์ž‘์€ ์ด์ต์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:27
We show that on about five different sets of data
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š”
12:30
covering educational outcomes
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์•ฝ 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ
12:32
and health in the United States and internationally.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:35
And that seems to be the general picture --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ํฐ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ํ•˜์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
12:38
that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒ์œ„์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
12:41
but has some benefits even at the top.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:44
But I should say a few words about what's going on.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:48
I think I'm looking and talking
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:50
about the psychosocial effects of inequality.
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๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:53
More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority,
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๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๊ฐ€์น˜ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
12:56
of being valued and devalued,
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์กด๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์กด๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
12:58
respected and disrespected.
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์šฐ์›”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ด๋“ฑ์˜์‹์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:01
And of course, those feelings
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ
13:03
of the status competition that comes out of that
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์ง€์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์ด
13:06
drives the consumerism in our society.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:09
It also leads to status insecurity.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:12
We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:16
whether we're regarded as attractive, clever,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ , ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:19
all that kind of thing.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š”์ง€
13:22
The social-evaluative judgments increase,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก,
13:25
the fear of those social-evaluative judgments.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:29
Interestingly,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„,
13:31
some parallel work going on in social psychology:
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰ํ–‰์ž‘์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:35
some people reviewed 208 different studies
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:38
in which volunteers had been invited
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
13:41
into a psychological laboratory
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋˜์–ด
13:43
and had their stress hormones,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
13:45
their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:49
And in the review,
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๊ทธ ์ดŒ๊ทน์—์„œ,
13:51
what they were interested in seeing
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์€
13:53
is what kind of stresses
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์–ด๋–ค ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
13:55
most reliably raise levels of cortisol,
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ธ,
13:58
the central stress hormone.
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์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์กธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:00
And the conclusion was
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€
14:02
it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:05
threats to self-esteem or social status
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์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š”
14:08
in which others can negatively judge your performance.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:11
Those kind of stresses
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š”
14:13
have a very particular effect
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ
14:16
on the physiology of stress.
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:20
Now we have been criticized.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:22
Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:25
and people who find it very surprising.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:28
I should tell you though
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
14:30
that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ• ๋•Œ๋Š”
14:33
we never pick and choose data.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:35
We have an absolute rule
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€
14:37
that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
14:40
it goes into the analysis.
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๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:42
Our data source decides
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€
14:44
whether it's reliable data,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:46
we don't.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”
14:48
Otherwise that would introduce bias.
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:50
What about other countries?
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๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
14:52
There are 200 studies
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ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€์ €๋„์—
14:55
of health in relation to income and equality
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์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜
14:58
in the academic peer-reviewed journals.
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200๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:01
This isn't confined to these countries here,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ”๋Š”
15:04
hiding a very simple demonstration.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:06
The same countries,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”
15:08
the same measure of inequality,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธก์ •์—
15:10
one problem after another.
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์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:14
Why don't we control for other factors?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
15:16
Well we've shown you that GNP per capita
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ 1์ธ๋‹น GNP (์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰)์ด
15:18
doesn't make any difference.
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๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:20
And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
15:24
have controlled for poverty and education
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๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๋“ฑ์„
15:26
and so on.
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์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:30
What about causality?
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์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
15:32
Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality.
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์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:35
We spend a good bit of time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:37
And indeed, people know the causal links quite well
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์—์„œ
15:39
in some of these outcomes.
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์ธ๊ณผ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:41
The big change in our understanding
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
15:43
of drivers of chronic health
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๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์—์„œ์˜
15:45
in the rich developed world
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
15:47
is how important chronic stress from social sources
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๊ทธ ์‹ฌ์žฅํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„,
15:51
is affecting the immune system,
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๊ทธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—
15:53
the cardiovascular system.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:56
Or for instance, the reason why violence
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๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํญ๋ ฅ์ด
15:58
becomes more common in more unequal societies
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
16:01
is because people are sensitive to being looked down on.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:06
I should say that to deal with this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
16:09
we've got to deal with the post-tax things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
16:11
and the pre-tax things.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:13
We've got to constrain income,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ,
16:16
the bonus culture incomes at the top.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์–ต์ œํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:18
I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋“ 
16:21
in any way we can.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:24
I think the take-home message though
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š”
16:27
is that we can improve the real quality of human life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
16:31
by reducing the differences in incomes between us.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:34
Suddenly we have a handle
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
16:36
on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies,
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์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณต์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ข…์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
16:38
and that's exciting.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:40
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:42
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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