What is depression? - Helen M. Farrell

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world.

Depresija je vodeći uzrok invaliditeta na svetu.

In the United States,

U Sjedinjenim Državama,

close to 10% of adults struggle with depression.

približno 10% odraslih vodi borbu sa depresijom.

But because it's a mental illness,

Međutim, zato što je to mentalna bolest,

it can be a lot harder to understand than, say, high cholesterol.

može biti mnogo teža za razumevanje nego, recimo, visok holesterol.

One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression

Jedan od većih izvora zabune je razlika između bolovanja od depresije

and just feeling depressed.

i depresivnog osećanja.

Almost everyone feels down from time to time.

Skoro svako se oseća potišteno s vremena na vreme.

Getting a bad grade,

Loša ocena,

losing a job,

gubitak posla,

having an argument,

svađa,

even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness.

čak i kišni dan mogu doneti osećanje tuge.

Sometimes there's no trigger at all.

Ponekad uopšte nema pokretača.

It just pops up out of the blue.

Prosto naiđe niotkuda.

Zatim se okolnosti promene

Then circumstances change,

and those sad feelings disappear.

i ta tužna osećanja nestanu.

Klinička depresija je drugačija.

Clinical depression is different.

It's a medical disorder,

To je medicinski poremećaj

and it won't go away just because you want it to.

i neće tek tako otići samo zato što vi tako želite.

It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks,

Ostaje prisutan najmanje dve uzastopne nedelje

and significantly interferes with one's ability to work,

i značajno ometa sposobnost osobe da radi,

play,

igra se

or love.

ili voli.

Depression can have a lot of different symptoms:

Depresija može imati mnogo različitih simptoma:

a low mood,

loše raspoloženje,

loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy,

gubitak interesovanja za stvari u kojima inače uživate,

changes in appetite,

promene apetita,

feeling worthless or excessively guilty,

osećanje bezvrednosti ili preterana krivica,

sleeping either too much or too little,

previše ili premalo spavanja,

poor concentration,

loša koncentracija,

restlessness or slowness,

nemir ili sporost,

loss of energy,

gubitak energije

or recurrent thoughts of suicide.

ili misli o samoubistvu koje se ponavljaju.

Ako imate bar pet od ovih simptoma,

If you have at least five of those symptoms,

according to psychiatric guidelines,

prema psihijatrijskim normama,

you qualify for a diagnosis of depression.

kvalifikujete se za dijagnozu depresije.

And it's not just behavioral symptoms.

To nisu samo simptomi vezani za ponašanje.

Depression has physical manifestations inside the brain.

Depresija se fizički manifestuje u mozgu.

First of all,

Pre svega,

there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye

postoje promene koje se mogu videti golim okom

i putem rendgena.

and X-ray vision.

These include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes.

To obuhvata smanjenu veličinu frontalnog režnja mozga i hipokampusa.

On a more microscale,

Na nižem nivou,

depression is associated with a few things:

depresija se vezuje za nekoliko stvari:

the abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters,

abnormalno prenošenje ili istrošenost određenih neurotrasmitera,

naročito serotonina, norepinefrina i dopamina,

especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine,

blunted circadian rhythms,

izmenjeni cirkadijalni ritmovi,

or specific changes in the REM and slow-wave parts of your sleep cycle,

ili specifične promene REM i sporotalasnih delova ciklusa spavanja,

and hormone abnormalities,

kao i hormonalne abnormalnosti,

such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.

kao što je visoki kortizol i deregulacija tiroidnih hormona.

Međutim, neuronaučnici još nemaju celu sliku

But neuroscientists still don't have a complete picture

of what causes depression.

o tome šta izaziva depresiju.

Izgleda da ima veze sa složenom interakcijom

It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment,

između gena i sredine,

ali nemamo dijagnostičko sredstvo

but we don't have a diagnostic tool

that can accurately predict where or when it will show up.

koje može precizno predvideti gde će se i kada pojaviti.

Budući da simptome depresije nije lako uočiti,

And because depression symptoms are intangible,

it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling.

teško je reći da li neko izgleda dobro, a zapravo se bori.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health,

Prema Nacionalnom institutu za mentalno zdravlje,

it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness

prosečnoj osobi koja pati od mentalne bolesti

over ten years to ask for help.

potrebno je preko deset godina da zatraži pomoć.

But there are very effective treatments.

Međutim, postoje vrlo delotvorni tretmani.

Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals.

Lekovi i terapija se međusobno dopunjuju da bi podržali hemijske materije u mozgu.

In extreme cases, electroconvulsive therapy,

U ekstremnim slučajevima, elektrokonvulzivna terapija,

which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain,

a to je neka vrsta kontrolisanog napada u mozgu pacijenta,

is also very helpful.

takođe veoma pomaže.

Other promising treatments,

Drugi tretmani koji obećavaju,

like transcranial magnetic stimulation,

kao što je transkranijalna magnetna stimulacija,

are being investigated, too.

takođe se ispituju.

So, if you know someone struggling with depression,

Stoga, ako poznajete nekoga ko se bori sa depresijom,

encourage them, gently, to seek out some of these options.

nežno ih podstaknite da potraže neku od ovih opcija.

You might even offer to help with specific tasks,

Možda biste mogli i da pomognete oko određenih stvari

like looking up therapists in the area,

kao što je traganje za terapeutima u blizini,

or making a list of questions to ask a doctor.

ili sastavljanje spiska pitanja za doktora.

To someone with depression,

Osobi sa depresijom

these first steps can seem insurmountable.

ti prvi koraci mogu delovati nedostižno.

If they feel guilty or ashamed,

Ako osećaju krivicu ili sramotu,

point out that depression is a medical condition,

istaknite da je depresija medicinsko stanje,

just like asthma or diabetes.

baš kao astma ili dijabetes.

It's not a weakness or a personality trait,

To nije slabost ili osobina ličnosti

and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it

i ne treba da očekuju da će to jednostavno prevazići,

anymore than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.

baš kao što ne bi mogli da snagom volje prebole prelom ruke.

If you haven't experienced depression yourself,

Ako vi sami niste doživeli depresiju,

avoid comparing it to times you've felt down.

izbegavajte da je poredite sa situacijama kada ste osećali tužno.

Comparing what they're experiencing to normal, temporary feelings of sadness

Poređenje onoga što osoba doživljava sa normalnim, privremenim osećanjem tuge

can make them feel guilty for struggling.

može učiniti da osete krivicu zbog svoje borbe.

Even just talking about depression openly can help.

Čak i sam otvoren razgovor o depresiji može pomoći.

For example, research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts

Na primer, istraživanja pokazuju da, kada nekoga upitate o suicidnim mislima,

actually reduces their suicide risk.

to zapravo umanjuje rizik od samoubistva za tu osobu.

Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma

Otvoreni razgovori o mentalnoj bolesti pomažu u rušenju stigme

and make it easier for people to ask for help.

i olakšavaju ljudima da zatraže pomoć,

And the more patients seek treatment,

a što više pacijenata zatraži lečenje,

the more scientists will learn about depression,

utoliko će naučnici više saznati o depresiji

and the better the treatments will get.

i utoliko će dobiti bolje lečenje.