What is depression? - Helen M. Farrell

25,279,511 views ใƒป 2015-12-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Depression is the leading cause of disability in the world.
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ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:11
In the United States,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:12
close to 10% of adults struggle with depression.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 10% ืžื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
00:15
But because it's a mental illness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช,
00:17
it can be a lot harder to understand than, say, high cholesterol.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ, ื ื’ื™ื“, ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
00:21
One major source of confusion is the difference between having depression
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ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
00:25
and just feeling depressed.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
00:27
Almost everyone feels down from time to time.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื.
00:31
Getting a bad grade,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข,
00:32
losing a job,
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:33
having an argument,
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ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—,
00:34
even a rainy day can bring on feelings of sadness.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ื’ืฉื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช.
00:38
Sometimes there's no trigger at all.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:39
It just pops up out of the blue.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื•ืคืฅ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
00:42
Then circumstances change,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
00:43
and those sad feelings disappear.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
00:46
Clinical depression is different.
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ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:48
It's a medical disorder,
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช,
00:49
and it won't go away just because you want it to.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
00:52
It lingers for at least two consecutive weeks,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื,
00:55
and significantly interferes with one's ability to work,
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ื•ืžืคืจื™ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
00:58
play,
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ืœืฉื—ืง,
00:59
or love.
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ืื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘.
01:00
Depression can have a lot of different symptoms:
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ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
01:03
a low mood,
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื‘,
01:04
loss of interest in things you'd normally enjoy,
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื,
01:06
changes in appetite,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ,
01:08
feeling worthless or excessively guilty,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืื• ืืฉืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
01:10
sleeping either too much or too little,
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžื“ื™,
01:13
poor concentration,
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš,
01:15
restlessness or slowness,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื• ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:17
loss of energy,
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:18
or recurrent thoughts of suicide.
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ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:21
If you have at least five of those symptoms,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:23
according to psychiatric guidelines,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:25
you qualify for a diagnosis of depression.
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ืืชื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
01:28
And it's not just behavioral symptoms.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:31
Depression has physical manifestations inside the brain.
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ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:35
First of all,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
01:36
there are changes that could be seen with the naked eye
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช
01:39
and X-ray vision.
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ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ.
01:40
These include smaller frontal lobes and hippocampal volumes.
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ืคื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:44
On a more microscale,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:46
depression is associated with a few things:
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ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
01:49
the abnormal transmission or depletion of certain neurotransmitters,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื• ื”ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
01:53
especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจ ืืคื™ื ืคืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
01:56
blunted circadian rhythms,
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื™ืจืงื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจืขื™ื,
01:58
or specific changes in the REM and slow-wave parts of your sleep cycle,
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ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ REM ื• ื’ืœื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:03
and hormone abnormalities,
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:05
such as high cortisol and deregulation of thyroid hormones.
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ื›ืžื• ืจืžื•ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืชืจื™ืก.
02:10
But neuroscientists still don't have a complete picture
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”
02:12
of what causes depression.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
02:15
It seems to have to do with a complex interaction between genes and environment,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:20
but we don't have a diagnostic tool
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™
02:21
that can accurately predict where or when it will show up.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืื™ืคื” ืื• ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข.
02:26
And because depression symptoms are intangible,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:28
it's hard to know who might look fine but is actually struggling.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืื‘ืง.
02:32
According to the National Institute of Mental Health,
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ืœืคื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:34
it takes the average person suffering with a mental illness
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช
02:37
over ten years to ask for help.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”.
02:41
But there are very effective treatments.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.
02:43
Medications and therapy complement each other to boost brain chemicals.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:47
In extreme cases, electroconvulsive therapy,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
02:50
which is like a controlled seizure in the patient's brain,
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงืฃ ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
02:53
is also very helpful.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
02:55
Other promising treatments,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:56
like transcranial magnetic stimulation,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื•ื™ ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื™,
02:59
are being investigated, too.
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ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื.
03:01
So, if you know someone struggling with depression,
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ืื–, ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
03:04
encourage them, gently, to seek out some of these options.
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:08
You might even offer to help with specific tasks,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช,
03:11
like looking up therapists in the area,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
03:13
or making a list of questions to ask a doctor.
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ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื.
03:16
To someone with depression,
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
03:17
these first steps can seem insurmountable.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชื ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจ.
03:20
If they feel guilty or ashamed,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืื• ืืฉืžื”,
03:23
point out that depression is a medical condition,
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ื”ืจืื• ืœื”ื ืฉื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™,
03:25
just like asthma or diabetes.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืžื” ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช.
03:27
It's not a weakness or a personality trait,
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ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:30
and they shouldn't expect themselves to just get over it
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”
03:33
anymore than they could will themselves to get over a broken arm.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:36
If you haven't experienced depression yourself,
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ืื ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื,
03:39
avoid comparing it to times you've felt down.
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ื”ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
03:42
Comparing what they're experiencing to normal, temporary feelings of sadness
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื
03:46
can make them feel guilty for struggling.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืชื.
03:49
Even just talking about depression openly can help.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
03:52
For example, research shows that asking someone about suicidal thoughts
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉืฉืืœืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช
03:57
actually reduces their suicide risk.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช.
03:59
Open conversations about mental illness help erode stigma
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ืฉื™ื— ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื”
04:03
and make it easier for people to ask for help.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”.
04:06
And the more patients seek treatment,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
04:08
the more scientists will learn about depression,
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
04:10
and the better the treatments will get.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉืชืคืจื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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