What really happens to the plastic you throw away - Emma Bryce

5,187,347 views ใƒป 2015-04-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:06
This is the story of three plastic bottles,
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
00:09
empty and discarded.
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ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื.
00:11
Their journeys are about to diverge
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ืชืคืฆืœ
00:13
with outcomes that impact nothing less than the fate of the planet.
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ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:18
But they weren't always this way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืš.
00:20
To understand where these bottles end up, we must first explore their origins.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœืืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:25
The heroes of our story were conceived in this oil refinery.
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืœื ืคื˜.
00:29
The plastic in their bodies
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ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื’ื•ืคื
00:31
was formed by chemically bonding oil and gas molecules together
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื– ื™ื—ื“
00:35
to make monomers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจื™ื.
00:37
In turn, these monomers were bonded into long polymer chains to make plastic
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
00:43
in the form of millions of pellets.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืชื™ืชื™ื.
00:46
Those were melted at manufacturing plants and reformed in molds
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ืืœื” ื”ื•ืชื›ื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
00:50
to create the resilient material that makes up the triplets' bodies.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื”.
00:55
Machines filled the bottles with sweet bubbily liquid
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืชื•ืง ืžื‘ืขื‘ืข
00:58
and they were then wrapped, shipped, bought, opened, consumed
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ืืจื–ื•, ื ืฉืœื—ื•, ื ืงื ื•, ื ืคืชื—ื•, ื ืฆืจื›ื•
01:02
and unceremoniously discarded.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืœื ื˜ืงืก.
01:05
And now here they lie,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:06
poised at the edge of the unknown.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
01:10
Bottle one, like hundreds of millions of tons of his plastic brethren,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:14
ends up in a landfill.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื–ื‘ืœื”.
01:16
This huge dump expands each day
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ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
01:19
as more trash comes in and continues to take up space.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ื–ื‘ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ื.
01:23
As plastics sit there being compressed amongst layers of other junk,
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ื›ืฉืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื ื“ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ,
01:27
rainwater flows through the waste
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ืžื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
01:30
and absorbs the water-soluble compounds it contains,
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ื•ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื”,
01:34
and some of those are highly toxic.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:36
Together, they create a harmful stew called leachate,
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื–ื™ื“ ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ืฆ'ื™ื™ื˜,
01:41
which can move into groundwater, soil and streams,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื, ืื“ืžื” ื•ื ื—ืœื™ื,
01:44
poisoning ecosystems and harming wildlife.
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ืžืจืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ.
01:48
It can take bottle one an agonizing 1,000 years to decompose.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืœื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ 1,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืง.
01:54
Bottle two's journey is stranger but, unfortunately, no happier.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ืœ ,ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื ืฉืžื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:58
He floats on a trickle that reaches a stream,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื—ืœ,
02:01
a stream that flows into a river,
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ื ื—ืœ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืœื ื”ืจ,
02:03
and a river that reaches the ocean.
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ื•ื ื”ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:06
After months lost at sea,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื,
02:08
he's slowly drawn into a massive vortex, where trash accumulates,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืื‘ ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื ืืกืฃ,
02:13
a place known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
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ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื›ืชื ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
02:17
Here the ocean's currents have trapped millions of pieces of plastic debris.
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ืคื” ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœื›ื“ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
02:22
This is one of five plastic-filled gyres in the world's seas.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:27
Places where the pollutants turn the water into a cloudy plastic soup.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœืžืจืง ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ.
02:32
Some animals, like seabirds, get entangled in the mess.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ.
02:35
They, and others, mistake the brightly colored plastic bits for food.
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ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:41
Plastic makes them feel full when they're not,
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืœืื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื,
02:44
so they starve to death
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช
02:46
and pass the toxins from the plastic up the food chain.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขืœื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:50
For example, it's eaten by lanternfish,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืŸ ื ืื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื,
02:52
the lanternfish are eaten by squid,
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื,
02:55
the squid are eaten by tuna,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื”,
02:57
and the tuna are eaten by us.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื•.
03:00
And most plastics don't biodegrade,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœื ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
03:02
which means they're destined to break down into smaller and smaller pieces
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืคืจืงื• ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:06
called micro plastics,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
03:08
which might rotate in the sea eternally.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื“.
03:12
But bottle three is spared the cruel purgatories of his brothers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื—ืกืš ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•.
03:17
A truck brings him to a plant
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ืžืฉืื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืคืขืœ
03:19
where he and his companions are squeezed flat
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืžื—ืฆื™ื
03:22
and compressed into a block.
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ื•ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืง.
03:24
Okay, this sounds pretty bad, too, but hang in there.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื’ื ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื›ื• ืจื’ืข.
03:27
It gets better.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
03:29
The blocks are shredded into tiny pieces,
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ืจืกื™ื ืœืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
03:32
which are washed and melted,
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ืฉื ืฉื˜ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืชื›ื•ืช,
03:33
so they become the raw materials that can be used again.
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘.
03:37
As if by magic, bottle three is now ready to be reborn
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืกื, ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
03:42
as something completely new.
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:44
For this bit of plastic with such humble origins,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื–ื• ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื,
03:47
suddenly the sky is the limit.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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