The riddle of experience vs. memory | Daniel Kahneman

1,377,866 views ・ 2010-03-01

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Chaoran Yu 校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
Everybody talks about happiness these days.
0
15260
3000
最近大家都在谈论着快乐。
00:18
I had somebody count the number of books
1
18260
3000
在过去的五年里,我请人数了近年来有多本书的
00:21
with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years
2
21260
3000
书名中提到“快乐”,
00:24
and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more.
3
24260
5000
他们数到大约有40本,而且还有更多没数到的。
00:29
There is a huge wave of interest in happiness,
4
29260
3000
现今越来越多研究者都开始对快乐
00:32
among researchers.
5
32260
2000
这个议题产生兴趣。
00:34
There is a lot of happiness coaching.
6
34260
2000
而且还有很多的“快乐教练”授课。
00:36
Everybody would like to make people happier.
7
36260
2000
让其他人更快乐是他们的宗旨。
00:38
But in spite of all this flood of work,
8
38260
4000
虽然此类工作多如牛毛,
00:42
there are several cognitive traps
9
42260
2000
但现仍存在几个认知上的陷阱,
00:44
that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight
10
44260
3000
这些陷阱将会增加使人领悟
00:47
about happiness.
11
47260
2000
快乐本质的难度。
00:49
And my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps.
12
49260
3000
我今天将主要谈论这些认知陷阱。
00:52
This applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness,
13
52260
3000
这些陷阱既会影响到一般人对自身快乐的观感,
00:55
and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness,
14
55260
3000
而且也会影响到学者对快乐的判断,
00:58
because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is.
15
58260
4000
因为人无完人,我们皆会出错。
01:02
The first of these traps
16
62260
2000
第一个陷阱是
01:04
is a reluctance to admit complexity.
17
64260
3000
不愿意去承认快乐的复杂性。
01:07
It turns out that the word "happiness"
18
67260
3000
事实证明快乐这个词
01:10
is just not a useful word anymore,
19
70260
3000
已不再是常用词汇了,
01:13
because we apply it to too many different things.
20
73260
3000
因为我们已用其来诠释太多的事物了。
01:16
I think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it,
21
76260
3000
我想我们应该限定它的意思,
01:19
but by and large,
22
79260
2000
不过,一般而言,
01:21
this is something that we'll have to give up
23
81260
2000
我们得放弃这个想法
01:23
and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view
24
83260
4000
并用更复杂的观点来看
01:27
of what well-being is.
25
87260
2000
何谓快乐生活。
01:29
The second trap is a confusion between experience and memory;
26
89260
4000
第二个陷阱是经验和记忆间的混淆:
01:33
basically, it's between being happy in your life,
27
93260
3000
基本上这是在生活中体会快乐
01:36
and being happy about your life
28
96260
2000
和觉得生活很快乐
01:38
or happy with your life.
29
98260
2000
以及对于你的生活满意之间的差别。
01:40
And those are two very different concepts,
30
100260
2000
这两者的意义相距甚远,
01:42
and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness.
31
102260
3000
且在论及快乐时会混为一谈。
01:45
And the third is the focusing illusion,
32
105260
3000
第三个陷阱则是聚焦错觉,
01:48
and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance
33
108260
3000
令人遗憾的是,任何情况下,当我们想到一些
01:51
that affects well-being
34
111260
2000
关于快乐生活的情景时,
01:53
without distorting its importance.
35
113260
2000
我们势必会觉得它特别重要。
01:55
I mean, this is a real cognitive trap.
36
115260
3000
我的意思是,这是一个真正的认知陷阱。
01:58
There's just no way of getting it right.
37
118260
3000
它避无可避。
02:01
Now, I'd like to start with an example
38
121260
2000
现在,我想以一个例子来开头,
02:03
of somebody who had a question-and-answer session
39
123260
5000
有个人上过我的课后
02:08
after one of my lectures reported a story,
40
128260
4000
于答问之时向我讲述了一则故事。
02:12
and that was a story --
41
132260
1000
[不清...]
02:13
He said he'd been listening to a symphony,
42
133260
3000
他说他有次在听交响乐时
02:16
and it was absolutely glorious music
43
136260
3000
觉得音乐真是动听极了,
02:19
and at the very end of the recording,
44
139260
3000
但在演奏快结束之时,
02:22
there was a dreadful screeching sound.
45
142260
2000
却冒出了尖锐刺耳的声音。
02:24
And then he added, really quite emotionally,
46
144260
2000
接着他激动地表示
02:26
it ruined the whole experience.
47
146260
4000
这就是一只老鼠坏了一锅粥。
02:30
But it hadn't.
48
150260
2000
但事实并非如此。
02:32
What it had ruined were the memories of the experience.
49
152260
3000
所发生的糟糕印象仅仅是对这段经验的记忆。
02:35
He had had the experience.
50
155260
2000
他经历了这段经验。
02:37
He had had 20 minutes of glorious music.
51
157260
2000
他也经历了20分钟的听觉盛会。
02:39
They counted for nothing
52
159260
2000
但现在都已无足轻重了,
02:41
because he was left with a memory;
53
161260
3000
因为他仅留下一段记忆;
02:44
the memory was ruined,
54
164260
2000
就是那段糟糕的记忆,
02:46
and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep.
55
166260
3000
而其它20分钟的盛会则被完全遗忘了。
02:49
What this is telling us, really,
56
169260
3000
这告诉我们,
02:52
is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people
57
172260
2000
我们在思考自己和别人时,
02:54
in terms of two selves.
58
174260
2000
用了两种自我。
02:56
There is an experiencing self,
59
176260
3000
第一种则为经验自我,
02:59
who lives in the present
60
179260
2000
这种自我活在当下,
03:01
and knows the present,
61
181260
2000
洞察当下,
03:03
is capable of re-living the past,
62
183260
2000
同时也能回味过往,
03:05
but basically it has only the present.
63
185260
3000
但基本上他只属于当下。
03:08
It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches --
64
188260
3000
一般医生接触的皆是经验自我--
03:11
you know, when the doctor asks,
65
191260
1000
正如,当医生问你,
03:12
"Does it hurt now when I touch you here?"
66
192260
4000
“我碰你这里时会疼么?”
03:16
And then there is a remembering self,
67
196260
3000
另一个自我则是记忆自我,
03:19
and the remembering self is the one that keeps score,
68
199260
4000
他负责记录生活,
03:23
and maintains the story of our life,
69
203260
2000
抒写生活故事,
03:25
and it's the one that the doctor approaches
70
205260
3000
医生要找他时
03:28
in asking the question,
71
208260
2000
会这么问,
03:30
"How have you been feeling lately?"
72
210260
3000
“最近感觉如何?”
03:33
or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that.
73
213260
3000
或“去阿尔巴尼亚好玩么?”等类似的问题。
03:36
Those are two very different entities,
74
216260
3000
经验自我和记忆自我
03:39
the experiencing self and the remembering self,
75
219260
3000
是截然不同的,
03:42
and getting confused between them is part of the mess
76
222260
4000
两者的混淆是导致我们不懂快乐的
03:46
about the notion of happiness.
77
226260
3000
部分原因。
03:49
Now, the remembering self
78
229260
3000
记忆自我
03:52
is a storyteller.
79
232260
3000
负责讲述故事。
03:55
And that really starts with a basic response of our memories --
80
235260
4000
故事从记忆中直接撷取--
03:59
it starts immediately.
81
239260
2000
即时上传。
04:01
We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories.
82
241260
3000
并不是我们在讲我们要讲的故事。
04:04
Our memory tells us stories,
83
244260
3000
是我们的记忆在讲故事,
04:07
that is, what we get to keep from our experiences
84
247260
2000
它是我们从经验中储存下来的
04:09
is a story.
85
249260
2000
故事。
04:11
And let me begin with one example.
86
251260
5000
让我用一个例子开始。
04:16
This is an old study.
87
256260
2000
这是一个古老的研究。
04:18
Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure.
88
258260
3000
一些真正的病人将会接受一种痛苦的治疗方法。
04:21
I won't go into detail. It's no longer painful these days,
89
261260
3000
细节不再详述。现今的疗法已不再如此难受,
04:24
but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
90
264260
4000
但在研究进行的九十年代时,这种方法令人痛不欲生。
04:28
They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds.
91
268260
3000
病人每隔六十秒则必须报告他们的痛苦指数。
04:31
Here are two patients,
92
271260
3000
这边有两位病患。
04:34
those are their recordings.
93
274260
2000
这是他们的记录。
04:36
And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?"
94
276260
3000
我问你:“在他们之中谁最痛苦?”
04:39
And it's a very easy question.
95
279260
2000
这个问题很简单。
04:41
Clearly, Patient B suffered more --
96
281260
2000
显然,是病人B。
04:43
his colonoscopy was longer,
97
283260
2000
他的结肠镜检查时间较长,
04:45
and every minute of pain that Patient A had,
98
285260
3000
病人A每分钟感觉的痛疼
04:48
Patient B had, and more.
99
288260
3000
病人B也感觉到了,而且持续更久。
04:51
But now there is another question:
100
291260
3000
但现在还有另一个问题:
04:54
"How much did these patients think they suffered?"
101
294260
3000
这些患者认为他们受罪了吗?
04:57
And here is a surprise.
102
297260
2000
这里有个小意外:
04:59
The surprise is that Patient A
103
299260
2000
令人惊讶的是病人A
05:01
had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy
104
301260
3000
对结肠镜检查的记忆比病人B
05:04
than Patient B.
105
304260
2000
还糟糕。
05:06
The stories of the colonoscopies were different,
106
306260
3000
两段结肠镜检查的故事不同,
05:09
and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends.
107
309260
6000
这关键在于故事的结尾--
05:15
And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great --
108
315260
3000
两个故事都不怎么启迪智慧--
05:18
but one of them is this distinct ... (Laughter)
109
318260
4000
但两者显然是不同的...(笑声)
05:22
but one of them is distinctly worse than the other.
110
322260
3000
显然其中之一的感受比另一个还差。
05:25
And the one that is worse
111
325260
2000
感觉较糟的这一个
05:27
is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end;
112
327260
3000
是在最后的时期里知晓什么是痛绝人寰。
05:30
it's a bad story.
113
330260
2000
这不是个好故事。
05:32
How do we know that?
114
332260
2000
我们是怎么知道的?
05:34
Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy,
115
334260
3000
因为我们在检查结束后问他们,
05:37
and much later, too,
116
337260
1000
以及在很久之后再问一次他们,
05:38
"How bad was the whole thing, in total?"
117
338260
2000
“你们对结肠镜检查的整体印象如何?”
05:40
And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory.
118
340260
4000
结果是A的记忆感觉明显要比B更糟糕。
05:44
Now this is a direct conflict
119
344260
2000
现在这是经验自我和记忆自我
05:46
between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
120
346260
3000
之间的直接冲突。
05:49
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
121
349260
3000
从经验自我的角度来看,
05:52
clearly, B had a worse time.
122
352260
2000
病人B显然是比较难受的。
05:54
Now, what you could do with Patient A,
123
354260
3000
那么病人A的情况该如何解释,
05:57
and we actually ran clinical experiments,
124
357260
3000
我们实际做了一个临床试验,
06:00
and it has been done, and it does work --
125
360260
2000
当实验完成时,我们也得到了预期的结果,
06:02
you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A
126
362260
5000
事实上我们可以延长病人A的检查时间
06:07
by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much.
127
367260
3000
从而减缓导管的震动程度。
06:10
That will cause the patient
128
370260
3000
虽然病人还是会疼,
06:13
to suffer, but just a little
129
373260
3000
但已减轻
06:16
and much less than before.
130
376260
2000
许多了。
06:18
And if you do that for a couple of minutes,
131
378260
2000
假如继续这样下去,
06:20
you have made the experiencing self
132
380260
2000
你将会使病人A的经验自我的
06:22
of Patient A worse off,
133
382260
2000
感觉更糟,
06:24
and you have the remembering self of Patient A
134
384260
3000
但病人A的记忆自我
06:27
a lot better off,
135
387260
2000
则会感觉好多了,
06:29
because now you have endowed Patient A
136
389260
2000
因为你给了病人A
06:31
with a better story
137
391260
2000
一个好一点的故事,
06:33
about his experience.
138
393260
3000
一个好一点记忆他病痛经历的故事。
06:36
What defines a story?
139
396260
3000
怎样给故事定义好坏?
06:39
And that is true of the stories
140
399260
2000
并且记忆告诉我们的故事
06:41
that memory delivers for us,
141
401260
2000
是真实的,
06:43
and it's also true of the stories that we make up.
142
403260
3000
我们讲述的故事也是真的。
06:46
What defines a story are changes,
143
406260
4000
故事的好坏取决于高潮时分
06:50
significant moments and endings.
144
410260
3000
及结尾时刻。
06:53
Endings are very, very important
145
413260
2000
结尾是非常重要的,
06:55
and, in this case, the ending dominated.
146
415260
4000
上面的这个故事就是由结尾所主导的。
06:59
Now, the experiencing self
147
419260
2000
现在,经验自我
07:01
lives its life continuously.
148
421260
3000
延续这个生活经验。
07:04
It has moments of experience, one after the other.
149
424260
3000
他也拥有片刻的经验,一个接一个。
07:07
And you can ask: What happens to these moments?
150
427260
3000
你会问:“这些片刻怎么了?”
07:10
And the answer is really straightforward:
151
430260
2000
答案很简单。
07:12
They are lost forever.
152
432260
2000
他们永远消失了。
07:14
I mean, most of the moments of our life --
153
434260
2000
我们生活中的大多片刻--
07:16
and I calculated, you know, the psychological present
154
436260
3000
我算了算--从心理学角度来说
07:19
is said to be about three seconds long;
155
439260
2000
仅仅只是三秒长。
07:21
that means that, you know,
156
441260
2000
这意味着
07:23
in a life there are about 600 million of them;
157
443260
2000
人一生中大约有六亿个片刻。
07:25
in a month, there are about 600,000 --
158
445260
3000
一个月里则大约有六十万个片刻。
07:28
most of them don't leave a trace.
159
448260
4000
它们大多不留痕迹。
07:32
Most of them are completely ignored
160
452260
2000
大多数皆被记忆自我
07:34
by the remembering self.
161
454260
2000
全然忽视了。
07:36
And yet, somehow you get the sense
162
456260
2000
然而,你现在亦应发现
07:38
that they should count,
163
458260
2000
一些感觉被储存,
07:40
that what happens during these moments of experience
164
460260
3000
因为我们经验中的每分每秒合在一起
07:43
is our life.
165
463260
2000
就构成了我们的人生。
07:45
It's the finite resource that we're spending
166
465260
2000
只要我们活着,
07:47
while we're on this earth.
167
467260
2000
我们就会消耗这些有限的资源。
07:49
And how to spend it
168
469260
2000
该如何使用它们,
07:51
would seem to be relevant,
169
471260
2000
似乎是很重要的,
07:53
but that is not the story
170
473260
2000
但这不是记忆自我
07:55
that the remembering self keeps for us.
171
475260
2000
所留给我们的故事。
07:57
So we have the remembering self
172
477260
2000
因此记忆自我
07:59
and the experiencing self,
173
479260
2000
和经验自我
08:01
and they're really quite distinct.
174
481260
2000
是很好区别的。
08:03
The biggest difference between them
175
483260
2000
他们之间的最大不同
08:05
is in the handling of time.
176
485260
3000
是在于处理时间的方式。
08:08
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
177
488260
3000
就经验自我而言,
08:11
if you have a vacation,
178
491260
2000
如果你有一个假期,
08:13
and the second week is just as good as the first,
179
493260
3000
第二周和第一周同等快乐,
08:16
then the two-week vacation
180
496260
3000
那么两周下来
08:19
is twice as good as the one-week vacation.
181
499260
3000
快乐的分量是一周假期的两倍多。
08:22
That's not the way it works at all for the remembering self.
182
502260
3000
然而记忆自我则不是这样算的。
08:25
For the remembering self, a two-week vacation
183
505260
2000
对记忆自我来说,两周假期
08:27
is barely better than the one-week vacation
184
507260
3000
并不比一周假期多多少,
08:30
because there are no new memories added.
185
510260
2000
因为期间没有任何新记忆的加入。
08:32
You have not changed the story.
186
512260
3000
故事的剧情依然如旧。
08:35
And in this way,
187
515260
2000
因此
08:37
time is actually the critical variable
188
517260
3000
时间是区分
08:40
that distinguishes a remembering self
189
520260
3000
记忆自我和经验自我的
08:43
from an experiencing self;
190
523260
2000
关键因素。
08:45
time has very little impact on the story.
191
525260
3000
时间对这个故事的影响不大。
08:49
Now, the remembering self does more
192
529260
3000
记忆自我所做的
08:52
than remember and tell stories.
193
532260
2000
不仅是记忆和讲述故事。
08:54
It is actually the one that makes decisions
194
534260
4000
它也是真正做决定的因素,
08:58
because, if you have a patient who has had, say,
195
538260
2000
因为,假若你的病人已经历
09:00
two colonoscopies with two different surgeons
196
540260
3000
过两位不同的外科医生来做胃肠镜检查,
09:03
and is deciding which of them to choose,
197
543260
3000
而现在决定从他们中选一位来再做检查时,
09:06
then the one that chooses
198
546260
3000
病人选的将会是
09:09
is the one that has the memory that is less bad,
199
549260
4000
记忆中感觉比较好的那位,
09:13
and that's the surgeon that will be chosen.
200
553260
2000
这就是如何选定医生的。
09:15
The experiencing self
201
555260
2000
经验自我
09:17
has no voice in this choice.
202
557260
3000
在做选择是则无从置喙。
09:20
We actually don't choose between experiences,
203
560260
3000
事实上,我们不会在两段经验中做选择。
09:23
we choose between memories of experiences.
204
563260
3000
我们是在两种不同经验的记忆中做出选择。
09:26
And even when we think about the future,
205
566260
3000
而且当我们设想未来时,
09:29
we don't think of our future normally as experiences.
206
569260
3000
一般我们不会以经验的形式去思考。
09:32
We think of our future
207
572260
2000
我们把未来
09:34
as anticipated memories.
208
574260
3000
以预想的记忆形式呈现。
09:37
And basically you can look at this,
209
577260
2000
大体上你可以看到,
09:39
you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self,
210
579260
3000
记忆自我是专制的,
09:42
and you can think of the remembering self
211
582260
2000
你可以想象记忆自我
09:44
sort of dragging the experiencing self
212
584260
2000
在拽着经验自我,
09:46
through experiences that
213
586260
2000
他是通过经验自我不要的经验
09:48
the experiencing self doesn't need.
214
588260
2000
来拽着经验自我的。
09:50
I have that sense that
215
590260
2000
我有个想法,
09:52
when we go on vacations
216
592260
2000
当我们放假时
09:54
this is very frequently the case;
217
594260
2000
往往
09:56
that is, we go on vacations,
218
596260
2000
之所以放假,
09:58
to a very large extent,
219
598260
2000
有很大一部分
10:00
in the service of our remembering self.
220
600260
3000
是为了记忆自我。
10:03
And this is a bit hard to justify I think.
221
603260
3000
我想这有点难来辩证。
10:06
I mean, how much do we consume our memories?
222
606260
3000
我们使用了多少的记忆?
10:09
That is one of the explanations
223
609260
2000
这可以解释
10:11
that is given for the dominance
224
611260
2000
记忆自我
10:13
of the remembering self.
225
613260
2000
为何能成为主导的自我。
10:15
And when I think about that, I think about a vacation
226
615260
2000
这让我想起一次假期,
10:17
we had in Antarctica a few years ago,
227
617260
3000
几年前在南极度过的假期,
10:20
which was clearly the best vacation I've ever had,
228
620260
3000
这可以说是我最棒的一个假期,
10:23
and I think of it relatively often,
229
623260
2000
与其它假期相比,
10:25
relative to how much I think of other vacations.
230
625260
2000
我常常会想起这个假期。
10:27
And I probably have consumed
231
627260
4000
这趟旅程大概让我用掉了
10:31
my memories of that three-week trip, I would say,
232
631260
2000
三周的记忆量,
10:33
for about 25 minutes in the last four years.
233
633260
3000
大概仅在过去四年中占了约25分钟。
10:36
Now, if I had ever opened the folder
234
636260
3000
现在,如我打开资料夹
10:39
with the 600 pictures in it,
235
639260
3000
里面大概有600张相片,
10:42
I would have spent another hour.
236
642260
2000
我可能要花一个小时来回忆。
10:44
Now, that is three weeks,
237
644260
2000
三周的旅程
10:46
and that is at most an hour and a half.
238
646260
2000
最多只用一个半小时来回忆。
10:48
There seems to be a discrepancy.
239
648260
2000
这似乎不成比例啊。
10:50
Now, I may be a bit extreme, you know,
240
650260
2000
这让我有点不满,
10:52
in how little appetite I have for consuming memories,
241
652260
3000
因为我记得真是太少了,
10:55
but even if you do more of this,
242
655260
3000
不过就算你记得再多
10:58
there is a genuine question:
243
658260
3000
这里也会有个实际的问题。
11:01
Why do we put so much weight on memory
244
661260
4000
为什么我们用来记忆
11:05
relative to the weight that we put on experiences?
245
665260
3000
比依赖经验还多?
11:08
So I want you to think
246
668260
2000
所以我希望你能思考
11:10
about a thought experiment.
247
670260
3000
一个有关思考的实验。
11:13
Imagine that for your next vacation,
248
673260
2000
假使你的下一个假期,
11:15
you know that at the end of the vacation
249
675260
3000
当你知道假期结束后
11:18
all your pictures will be destroyed,
250
678260
3000
假期中所有的相片将被销毁时,
11:21
and you'll get an amnesic drug
251
681260
2000
而你也会吞下一颗遗忘药
11:23
so that you won't remember anything.
252
683260
2000
以使你遗忘一切。
11:25
Now, would you choose the same vacation? (Laughter)
253
685260
4000
这样,你还会想过同样的假期么?(笑声)
11:29
And if you would choose a different vacation,
254
689260
5000
如果你选了个不同的假期,
11:34
there is a conflict between your two selves,
255
694260
2000
你的两个自我之间将会产生冲突,
11:36
and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict,
256
696260
3000
你得想法来裁决这场冲突,
11:39
and it's actually not at all obvious, because
257
699260
3000
这并不怎么容易,
11:42
if you think in terms of time,
258
702260
3000
因为假若你仅考虑时间
11:45
then you get one answer,
259
705260
3000
你会得到一个答案。
11:48
and if you think in terms of memories,
260
708260
3000
但若仅考虑记忆
11:51
you might get another answer.
261
711260
2000
你会得到另外一个答案。
11:53
Why do we pick the vacations we do
262
713260
3000
我们为什么要选此而非彼,
11:56
is a problem that confronts us
263
716260
3000
这个困扰我们的问题
11:59
with a choice between the two selves.
264
719260
2000
是需要在两个自我之间作出选择。
12:01
Now, the two selves
265
721260
3000
现在,两个自我
12:04
bring up two notions of happiness.
266
724260
2000
带来对快乐的两种不同见解。
12:06
There are really two concepts of happiness
267
726260
2000
这两种对快乐的见解
12:08
that we can apply, one per self.
268
728260
3000
分别对应了两个自我。
12:11
So you can ask: How happy is the experiencing self?
269
731260
5000
因此你会问:“经验自我是有多快乐?”
12:16
And then you would ask: How happy are the moments
270
736260
2000
接着你会问:“经验自我的每一刻
12:18
in the experiencing self's life?
271
738260
3000
有多快乐?”
12:21
And they're all -- happiness for moments
272
741260
2000
这些快乐时刻的组成过程
12:23
is a fairly complicated process.
273
743260
2000
是异常复杂的。
12:25
What are the emotions that can be measured?
274
745260
3000
情感该如何测量?
12:28
And, by the way, now we are capable
275
748260
2000
顺带一提,我们现在
12:30
of getting a pretty good idea
276
750260
2000
对于经验自我会随着时间而感受快乐
12:32
of the happiness of the experiencing self over time.
277
752260
4000
已经有了一个粗浅的概念了。
12:38
If you ask for the happiness of the remembering self,
278
758260
3000
而记忆自我所指的快乐
12:41
it's a completely different thing.
279
761260
2000
则是完全两码事。
12:43
This is not about how happily a person lives.
280
763260
3000
这并不是一个人生活多快乐的问题。
12:46
It is about how satisfied or pleased the person is
281
766260
3000
而是它对自己的人生
12:49
when that person thinks about her life.
282
769260
4000
有多满意和多喜欢的问题。
12:53
Very different notion.
283
773260
2000
迥然不同的见解。
12:55
Anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions
284
775260
3000
若不能分辨这两种见解
12:58
is going to mess up the study of happiness,
285
778260
2000
就无法参透快乐这门学问,
13:00
and I belong to a crowd of students of well-being,
286
780260
3000
我和其他活得好的学生一样,
13:03
who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time
287
783260
4000
一直以来都研究不透快乐,
13:07
in precisely this way.
288
787260
2000
就是因为这个原因。
13:09
The distinction between the
289
789260
2000
近年来,
13:11
happiness of the experiencing self
290
791260
2000
经验自我的快乐
13:13
and the satisfaction of the remembering self
291
793260
3000
和记忆自我的满足的
13:16
has been recognized in recent years,
292
796260
2000
差异性已能分清,
13:18
and there are now efforts to measure the two separately.
293
798260
3000
目前正努力来分别测度两者,
13:21
The Gallup Organization has a world poll
294
801260
3000
盖洛普公司最近在全世界举行了一场民意调查,
13:24
where more than half a million people
295
804260
2000
其中逾五十万人
13:26
have been asked questions
296
806260
2000
都被问及一个类似的问题,
13:28
about what they think of their life
297
808260
2000
那就是他们如何看待他们的生活
13:30
and about their experiences,
298
810260
2000
和如何看待他们的经验。
13:32
and there have been other efforts along those lines.
299
812260
3000
除了这个问题,这个公司还做了其它的调查。
13:35
So in recent years, we have begun to learn
300
815260
3000
近年来,我们逐渐得知
13:38
about the happiness of the two selves.
301
818260
3000
关于两种快乐见解的信息。
13:41
And the main lesson I think that we have learned
302
821260
3000
我认为我们主要学到的便是
13:44
is they are really different.
303
824260
2000
两者是天壤之别的。
13:46
You can know how satisfied somebody is with their life,
304
826260
5000
虽然你可以得知一个人对生活是否满意,
13:51
and that really doesn't teach you much
305
831260
2000
但却无法告诉你
13:53
about how happily they're living their life,
306
833260
3000
他们平常活的有多快乐,
13:56
and vice versa.
307
836260
2000
而反之亦然。
13:58
Just to give you a sense of the correlation,
308
838260
2000
只是为了让你对其中的关联性有个基本概念,
14:00
the correlation is about .5.
309
840260
2000
它们之间大概只有50%关联。
14:02
What that means is if you met somebody,
310
842260
3000
意思是当你见到某个人时,
14:05
and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall,"
311
845260
4000
你被告知他的爸爸有六尺高,
14:09
how much would you know about his height?
312
849260
2000
你能知道这个人有多高么?
14:11
Well, you would know something about his height,
313
851260
2000
好吧,你可能有个基本概念,
14:13
but there's a lot of uncertainty.
314
853260
2000
但非常不确定。
14:15
You have that much uncertainty.
315
855260
2000
你无法下判定。
14:17
If I tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten,
316
857260
4000
若我说有人给自己的生活质量打分,他打8/10分,
14:21
you have a lot of uncertainty
317
861260
2000
你也不能把握
14:23
about how happy they are
318
863260
2000
他们的经验自我
14:25
with their experiencing self.
319
865260
2000
有多么快乐。
14:27
So the correlation is low.
320
867260
2000
所以关联性很低。
14:29
We know something about what controls
321
869260
3000
我们知道什么能够
14:32
satisfaction of the happiness self.
322
872260
2000
让人的快乐得到满足。
14:34
We know that money is very important,
323
874260
2000
我们知道钱是很重要的,
14:36
goals are very important.
324
876260
2000
目标也非常重要。
14:38
We know that happiness is mainly
325
878260
4000
我们知道要快乐是需要通过
14:42
being satisfied with people that we like,
326
882260
3000
我们所喜爱的人来满足,
14:45
spending time with people that we like.
327
885260
3000
是需要花时间和他们待在一起来满足。
14:48
There are other pleasures, but this is dominant.
328
888260
2000
虽然还有其它因素,但这是主要因素。
14:50
So if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves,
329
890260
3000
所以假若你想让两个自我都快乐,
14:53
you are going to end up
330
893260
2000
你必须抛弃旧习
14:55
doing very different things.
331
895260
2000
且要做些与众不同的事。
14:57
The bottom line of what I've said here
332
897260
2000
我说的是,我们至少
14:59
is that we really should not think of happiness
333
899260
4000
不应把快乐当成活得好的
15:03
as a substitute for well-being.
334
903260
2000
代名词。
15:05
It is a completely different notion.
335
905260
3000
这两者是天壤之别的。
15:08
Now, very quickly,
336
908260
3000
现在,很快地讨论下
15:11
another reason we cannot think straight about happiness
337
911260
4000
另一个我们不能理解快乐本质的原因,
15:15
is that we do not attend to the same things
338
915260
7000
那就是我们怎么看生活
15:22
when we think about life, and we actually live.
339
922260
3000
和我们怎么过生活是不一样的。
15:25
So, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in California,
340
925260
5000
所以,当你问加州的人有多快乐时,
15:30
you are not going to get to the correct answer.
341
930260
3000
你将无法得到正确答案。
15:33
When you ask that question,
342
933260
2000
因为当你这样问时,
15:35
you think people must be happier in California
343
935260
2000
你认为加州人一定过得比较快乐,
15:37
if, say, you live in Ohio.
344
937260
2000
而你则住在俄亥俄州。
15:39
(Laughter)
345
939260
2000
(笑声)
15:41
And what happens is
346
941260
3000
当你在想
15:44
when you think about living in California,
347
944260
4000
住在加州有多快乐时,
15:48
you are thinking of the contrast
348
948260
2000
你会想到加州和其他州域
15:50
between California and other places,
349
950260
3000
之间的差异性,
15:53
and that contrast, say, is in climate.
350
953260
2000
譬如,气候。
15:55
Well, it turns out that climate
351
955260
2000
事实证明气候条件
15:57
is not very important to the experiencing self
352
957260
3000
对于经验自我并非很重要
16:00
and it's not even very important to the reflective self
353
960260
3000
而且对于思考自我
16:03
that decides how happy people are.
354
963260
3000
衡量自己有多快乐也不太重要。
16:06
But now, because the reflective self is in charge,
355
966260
4000
不过,既然现实由思考自我主导,
16:10
you may end up -- some people may end up
356
970260
2000
一些人可能会得到这样一种结论,
16:12
moving to California.
357
972260
2000
那就是搬到加州。
16:14
And it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen
358
974260
3000
他们搬去加州是为了过上更快乐的生活,
16:17
to people who move to California in the hope of getting happier.
359
977260
3000
是而追踪观看他们的后续发展,将会是一件相当有趣的事。
16:20
Well, their experiencing self
360
980260
2000
他们的经验自我
16:22
is not going to get happier.
361
982260
2000
是不会变得更快乐。
16:24
We know that.
362
984260
2000
这我们都知道。
16:27
But one thing will happen: They will think they are happier,
363
987260
3000
不过当一件事发生后,他们会觉得自己快乐多了。
16:30
because, when they think about it,
364
990260
4000
因为在他们思考时,
16:34
they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in Ohio,
365
994260
4000
他们会回想起俄亥俄州的坏天气。
16:38
and they will feel they made the right decision.
366
998260
3000
他们也因此觉得他们做出了正确的决定。
16:41
It is very difficult
367
1001260
2000
要理解快乐生活
16:43
to think straight about well-being,
368
1003260
2000
实在很难,
16:45
and I hope I have given you a sense
369
1005260
3000
我希望我已经让你们对此有个基本概念,
16:48
of how difficult it is.
370
1008260
2000
并且明白这个过程到底有多难。
16:50
Thank you.
371
1010260
2000
谢谢。
16:52
(Applause)
372
1012260
3000
(鼓掌)
16:55
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question for you.
373
1015260
3000
克里斯·安德森:谢谢您的演讲。我有个问题想请教您。
16:59
Thank you so much.
374
1019260
2000
非常感谢您的演说。
17:01
Now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago,
375
1021260
4000
几星期前,我们有过一次电话通讯,
17:05
you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result
376
1025260
3000
当时您提到您从盖洛普的调查中
17:08
came out of that Gallup survey.
377
1028260
2000
发现了一个有趣的现象。
17:10
Is that something you can share
378
1030260
2000
请问您可以跟我们分享一下吗?
17:12
since you do have a few moments left now?
379
1032260
2000
我们还有几分钟的时间。
17:14
Daniel Kahneman: Sure.
380
1034260
2000
丹尼尔·卡纳曼:没问题。
17:16
I think the most interesting result that we found in the Gallup survey
381
1036260
3000
我从盖洛普调查中发现了一个极有趣的数字,
17:19
is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find.
382
1039260
3000
能发现它实属意外。
17:22
We found that with respect to the happiness
383
1042260
2000
我们发现一个关于
17:24
of the experiencing self.
384
1044260
3000
经验自我的快乐的现象。
17:27
When we looked at how feelings,
385
1047260
5000
那就是人的感觉
17:32
vary with income.
386
1052260
2000
会随收入的多少而变化。
17:34
And it turns out that, below an income
387
1054260
3000
结果表明,对于年收入低于六万美元的
17:37
of 60,000 dollars a year, for Americans --
388
1057260
3000
美国人而言,
17:40
and that's a very large sample of Americans, like 600,000,
389
1060260
3000
这占了样本中的很大一部分,
17:43
so it's a large representative sample --
390
1063260
2000
将近有六十万人,这些人是相当具有指标性的,
17:45
below an income of 600,000 dollars a year...
391
1065260
2000
这些年收入低于六十万美元......
17:47
CA: 60,000.
392
1067260
2000
安德森:是六万美元。
17:49
DK: 60,000.
393
1069260
2000
卡纳曼:六万美元。
17:51
(Laughter)
394
1071260
2000
(笑声)
17:53
60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy,
395
1073260
4000
年收入六万美元的人是不快乐的,
17:57
and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get.
396
1077260
3000
而且收入越低,他们则逾不快乐。
18:00
Above that, we get an absolutely flat line.
397
1080260
3000
而当收入逾六万时,我们则得到一条标准水平线。
18:03
I mean I've rarely seen lines so flat.
398
1083260
3000
难得看到这么平坦的线。
18:06
Clearly, what is happening is
399
1086260
2000
显然
18:08
money does not buy you experiential happiness,
400
1088260
3000
金钱是无法买到经验自我的快乐,
18:11
but lack of money certainly buys you misery,
401
1091260
3000
但没钱却的确能给你带来悲郁的境况,
18:14
and we can measure that misery
402
1094260
2000
而且我们清楚地测到痛苦的程度,
18:16
very, very clearly.
403
1096260
2000
非常清楚。
18:18
In terms of the other self, the remembering self,
404
1098260
3000
对于另一个自我,记忆自我而言。
18:21
you get a different story.
405
1101260
2000
你则有了一个大相迳庭的故事。
18:23
The more money you earn, the more satisfied you are.
406
1103260
3000
你赚的越多,你就越满意。
18:26
That does not hold for emotions.
407
1106260
2000
这跟情感没有任何关联。
18:28
CA: But Danny, the whole American endeavor is about
408
1108260
3000
安德森:可是丹尼,生命、自由和追求快乐
18:31
life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.
409
1111260
3000
是所有美国人奋斗的目标。
18:34
If people took seriously that finding,
410
1114260
4000
假若大家都认真对待这一发现,
18:38
I mean, it seems to turn upside down
411
1118260
3000
那么,这将颠覆我们
18:41
everything we believe about, like for example,
412
1121260
2000
固有的观念,例如,
18:43
taxation policy and so forth.
413
1123260
2000
课税政策等。
18:45
Is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally,
414
1125260
3000
这个国家的政治人物有没有可能
18:48
would take a finding like that seriously
415
1128260
3000
会正视这样的发现
18:51
and run public policy based on it?
416
1131260
2000
并且依次施政?
18:53
DK: You know I think that there is recognition
417
1133260
2000
卡纳曼:我认为已有人认知到研究快乐
18:55
of the role of happiness research in public policy.
418
1135260
3000
于谋划政策中的地位。
18:58
The recognition is going to be slow in the United States,
419
1138260
2000
但这项认知于美国的传播速度颇慢,
19:00
no question about that,
420
1140260
2000
这是毋庸置疑的,
19:02
but in the U.K., it is happening,
421
1142260
2000
但在英国,它正持续发酵,
19:04
and in other countries it is happening.
422
1144260
2000
其他国家亦然。
19:06
People are recognizing that they ought
423
1146260
3000
一般人也开始认知到
19:09
to be thinking of happiness
424
1149260
2000
在谋划政策时
19:11
when they think of public policy.
425
1151260
2000
亦应将快乐纳入考量指标。
19:13
It's going to take a while,
426
1153260
2000
虽然这将花些时间,
19:15
and people are going to debate
427
1155260
3000
但人们也将开始思考。
19:18
whether they want to study experience happiness,
428
1158260
2000
他们要的是经验的快乐
19:20
or whether they want to study life evaluation,
429
1160260
2000
抑或是为生活打分,
19:22
so we need to have that debate fairly soon.
430
1162260
3000
因此很快,我们将要理解这个问题。
19:25
How to enhance happiness
431
1165260
2000
如何增进快乐,
19:27
goes very different ways depending on how you think,
432
1167260
3000
有好几种方式,但事关你是怎么想的,
19:30
and whether you think of the remembering self
433
1170260
2000
你想的是记忆自我
19:32
or you think of the experiencing self.
434
1172260
2000
还是在想经验自我。
19:34
This is going to influence policy, I think, in years to come.
435
1174260
3000
我想于几年之内,这将影响政策的实施。
19:37
In the United States, efforts are being made
436
1177260
3000
美国已经付出巨大的努力来衡量
19:40
to measure the experience happiness of the population.
437
1180260
3000
大众的经验的快乐。
19:43
This is going to be, I think, within the next decade or two,
438
1183260
3000
我想在十年或二十年内,
19:46
part of national statistics.
439
1186260
2000
这将会成为国家统计数据的一部分。
19:48
CA: Well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be --
440
1188260
4000
安德森:这个议题对于我来说
19:52
the most interesting policy discussion to track
441
1192260
2000
将会是未来几年里
19:54
over the next few years.
442
1194260
2000
最有的一个政策讨论议题。
19:56
Thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics.
443
1196260
2000
非常感谢您所创造的行为经济学。
19:58
Thank you, Danny Kahneman.
444
1198260
2000
非常感谢丹尼尔·卡纳曼。
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7