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翻译人员: Chaoran Yu
校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
Everybody talks about happiness these days.
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最近大家都在谈论着快乐。
00:18
I had somebody count the number of books
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在过去的五年里,我请人数了近年来有多本书的
00:21
with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years
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书名中提到“快乐”,
00:24
and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more.
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他们数到大约有40本,而且还有更多没数到的。
00:29
There is a huge wave of interest in happiness,
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现今越来越多研究者都开始对快乐
00:32
among researchers.
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这个议题产生兴趣。
00:34
There is a lot of happiness coaching.
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而且还有很多的“快乐教练”授课。
00:36
Everybody would like to make people happier.
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让其他人更快乐是他们的宗旨。
00:38
But in spite of all this flood of work,
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虽然此类工作多如牛毛,
00:42
there are several cognitive traps
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但现仍存在几个认知上的陷阱,
00:44
that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight
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这些陷阱将会增加使人领悟
00:47
about happiness.
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快乐本质的难度。
00:49
And my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps.
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我今天将主要谈论这些认知陷阱。
00:52
This applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness,
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这些陷阱既会影响到一般人对自身快乐的观感,
00:55
and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness,
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而且也会影响到学者对快乐的判断,
00:58
because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is.
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因为人无完人,我们皆会出错。
01:02
The first of these traps
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第一个陷阱是
01:04
is a reluctance to admit complexity.
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不愿意去承认快乐的复杂性。
01:07
It turns out that the word "happiness"
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事实证明快乐这个词
01:10
is just not a useful word anymore,
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已不再是常用词汇了,
01:13
because we apply it to too many different things.
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因为我们已用其来诠释太多的事物了。
01:16
I think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it,
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我想我们应该限定它的意思,
01:19
but by and large,
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不过,一般而言,
01:21
this is something that we'll have to give up
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我们得放弃这个想法
01:23
and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view
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并用更复杂的观点来看
01:27
of what well-being is.
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何谓快乐生活。
01:29
The second trap is a confusion between experience and memory;
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第二个陷阱是经验和记忆间的混淆:
01:33
basically, it's between being happy in your life,
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基本上这是在生活中体会快乐
01:36
and being happy about your life
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和觉得生活很快乐
01:38
or happy with your life.
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以及对于你的生活满意之间的差别。
01:40
And those are two very different concepts,
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这两者的意义相距甚远,
01:42
and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness.
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且在论及快乐时会混为一谈。
01:45
And the third is the focusing illusion,
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第三个陷阱则是聚焦错觉,
01:48
and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance
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令人遗憾的是,任何情况下,当我们想到一些
01:51
that affects well-being
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关于快乐生活的情景时,
01:53
without distorting its importance.
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我们势必会觉得它特别重要。
01:55
I mean, this is a real cognitive trap.
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我的意思是,这是一个真正的认知陷阱。
01:58
There's just no way of getting it right.
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它避无可避。
02:01
Now, I'd like to start with an example
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现在,我想以一个例子来开头,
02:03
of somebody who had a question-and-answer session
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有个人上过我的课后
02:08
after one of my lectures reported a story,
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于答问之时向我讲述了一则故事。
02:12
and that was a story --
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[不清...]
02:13
He said he'd been listening to a symphony,
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他说他有次在听交响乐时
02:16
and it was absolutely glorious music
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觉得音乐真是动听极了,
02:19
and at the very end of the recording,
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但在演奏快结束之时,
02:22
there was a dreadful screeching sound.
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却冒出了尖锐刺耳的声音。
02:24
And then he added, really quite emotionally,
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接着他激动地表示
02:26
it ruined the whole experience.
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这就是一只老鼠坏了一锅粥。
02:30
But it hadn't.
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但事实并非如此。
02:32
What it had ruined were the memories of the experience.
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所发生的糟糕印象仅仅是对这段经验的记忆。
02:35
He had had the experience.
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他经历了这段经验。
02:37
He had had 20 minutes of glorious music.
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他也经历了20分钟的听觉盛会。
02:39
They counted for nothing
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但现在都已无足轻重了,
02:41
because he was left with a memory;
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因为他仅留下一段记忆;
02:44
the memory was ruined,
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就是那段糟糕的记忆,
02:46
and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep.
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而其它20分钟的盛会则被完全遗忘了。
02:49
What this is telling us, really,
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这告诉我们,
02:52
is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people
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我们在思考自己和别人时,
02:54
in terms of two selves.
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用了两种自我。
02:56
There is an experiencing self,
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第一种则为经验自我,
02:59
who lives in the present
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这种自我活在当下,
03:01
and knows the present,
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洞察当下,
03:03
is capable of re-living the past,
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同时也能回味过往,
03:05
but basically it has only the present.
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但基本上他只属于当下。
03:08
It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches --
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一般医生接触的皆是经验自我--
03:11
you know, when the doctor asks,
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正如,当医生问你,
03:12
"Does it hurt now when I touch you here?"
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“我碰你这里时会疼么?”
03:16
And then there is a remembering self,
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另一个自我则是记忆自我,
03:19
and the remembering self is the one that keeps score,
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他负责记录生活,
03:23
and maintains the story of our life,
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抒写生活故事,
03:25
and it's the one that the doctor approaches
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医生要找他时
03:28
in asking the question,
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会这么问,
03:30
"How have you been feeling lately?"
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“最近感觉如何?”
03:33
or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that.
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或“去阿尔巴尼亚好玩么?”等类似的问题。
03:36
Those are two very different entities,
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经验自我和记忆自我
03:39
the experiencing self and the remembering self,
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是截然不同的,
03:42
and getting confused between them is part of the mess
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两者的混淆是导致我们不懂快乐的
03:46
about the notion of happiness.
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部分原因。
03:49
Now, the remembering self
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记忆自我
03:52
is a storyteller.
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负责讲述故事。
03:55
And that really starts with a basic response of our memories --
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故事从记忆中直接撷取--
03:59
it starts immediately.
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即时上传。
04:01
We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories.
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并不是我们在讲我们要讲的故事。
04:04
Our memory tells us stories,
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是我们的记忆在讲故事,
04:07
that is, what we get to keep from our experiences
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它是我们从经验中储存下来的
04:09
is a story.
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故事。
04:11
And let me begin with one example.
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让我用一个例子开始。
04:16
This is an old study.
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这是一个古老的研究。
04:18
Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure.
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一些真正的病人将会接受一种痛苦的治疗方法。
04:21
I won't go into detail. It's no longer painful these days,
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细节不再详述。现今的疗法已不再如此难受,
04:24
but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
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但在研究进行的九十年代时,这种方法令人痛不欲生。
04:28
They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds.
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病人每隔六十秒则必须报告他们的痛苦指数。
04:31
Here are two patients,
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这边有两位病患。
04:34
those are their recordings.
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这是他们的记录。
04:36
And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?"
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我问你:“在他们之中谁最痛苦?”
04:39
And it's a very easy question.
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这个问题很简单。
04:41
Clearly, Patient B suffered more --
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显然,是病人B。
04:43
his colonoscopy was longer,
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他的结肠镜检查时间较长,
04:45
and every minute of pain that Patient A had,
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病人A每分钟感觉的痛疼
04:48
Patient B had, and more.
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病人B也感觉到了,而且持续更久。
04:51
But now there is another question:
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但现在还有另一个问题:
04:54
"How much did these patients think they suffered?"
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这些患者认为他们受罪了吗?
04:57
And here is a surprise.
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这里有个小意外:
04:59
The surprise is that Patient A
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令人惊讶的是病人A
05:01
had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy
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对结肠镜检查的记忆比病人B
05:04
than Patient B.
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还糟糕。
05:06
The stories of the colonoscopies were different,
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两段结肠镜检查的故事不同,
05:09
and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends.
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这关键在于故事的结尾--
05:15
And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great --
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两个故事都不怎么启迪智慧--
05:18
but one of them is this distinct ... (Laughter)
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但两者显然是不同的...(笑声)
05:22
but one of them is distinctly worse than the other.
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显然其中之一的感受比另一个还差。
05:25
And the one that is worse
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感觉较糟的这一个
05:27
is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end;
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是在最后的时期里知晓什么是痛绝人寰。
05:30
it's a bad story.
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这不是个好故事。
05:32
How do we know that?
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我们是怎么知道的?
05:34
Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy,
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因为我们在检查结束后问他们,
05:37
and much later, too,
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以及在很久之后再问一次他们,
05:38
"How bad was the whole thing, in total?"
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“你们对结肠镜检查的整体印象如何?”
05:40
And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory.
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结果是A的记忆感觉明显要比B更糟糕。
05:44
Now this is a direct conflict
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现在这是经验自我和记忆自我
05:46
between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
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之间的直接冲突。
05:49
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
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从经验自我的角度来看,
05:52
clearly, B had a worse time.
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病人B显然是比较难受的。
05:54
Now, what you could do with Patient A,
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那么病人A的情况该如何解释,
05:57
and we actually ran clinical experiments,
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我们实际做了一个临床试验,
06:00
and it has been done, and it does work --
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当实验完成时,我们也得到了预期的结果,
06:02
you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A
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事实上我们可以延长病人A的检查时间
06:07
by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much.
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从而减缓导管的震动程度。
06:10
That will cause the patient
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虽然病人还是会疼,
06:13
to suffer, but just a little
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但已减轻
06:16
and much less than before.
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许多了。
06:18
And if you do that for a couple of minutes,
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假如继续这样下去,
06:20
you have made the experiencing self
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你将会使病人A的经验自我的
06:22
of Patient A worse off,
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感觉更糟,
06:24
and you have the remembering self of Patient A
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但病人A的记忆自我
06:27
a lot better off,
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则会感觉好多了,
06:29
because now you have endowed Patient A
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因为你给了病人A
06:31
with a better story
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一个好一点的故事,
06:33
about his experience.
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一个好一点记忆他病痛经历的故事。
06:36
What defines a story?
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怎样给故事定义好坏?
06:39
And that is true of the stories
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并且记忆告诉我们的故事
06:41
that memory delivers for us,
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是真实的,
06:43
and it's also true of the stories that we make up.
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我们讲述的故事也是真的。
06:46
What defines a story are changes,
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故事的好坏取决于高潮时分
06:50
significant moments and endings.
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及结尾时刻。
06:53
Endings are very, very important
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结尾是非常重要的,
06:55
and, in this case, the ending dominated.
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上面的这个故事就是由结尾所主导的。
06:59
Now, the experiencing self
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现在,经验自我
07:01
lives its life continuously.
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延续这个生活经验。
07:04
It has moments of experience, one after the other.
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他也拥有片刻的经验,一个接一个。
07:07
And you can ask: What happens to these moments?
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你会问:“这些片刻怎么了?”
07:10
And the answer is really straightforward:
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答案很简单。
07:12
They are lost forever.
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他们永远消失了。
07:14
I mean, most of the moments of our life --
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我们生活中的大多片刻--
07:16
and I calculated, you know, the psychological present
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我算了算--从心理学角度来说
07:19
is said to be about three seconds long;
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仅仅只是三秒长。
07:21
that means that, you know,
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这意味着
07:23
in a life there are about 600 million of them;
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人一生中大约有六亿个片刻。
07:25
in a month, there are about 600,000 --
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一个月里则大约有六十万个片刻。
07:28
most of them don't leave a trace.
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它们大多不留痕迹。
07:32
Most of them are completely ignored
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大多数皆被记忆自我
07:34
by the remembering self.
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全然忽视了。
07:36
And yet, somehow you get the sense
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然而,你现在亦应发现
07:38
that they should count,
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一些感觉被储存,
07:40
that what happens during these moments of experience
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因为我们经验中的每分每秒合在一起
07:43
is our life.
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就构成了我们的人生。
07:45
It's the finite resource that we're spending
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只要我们活着,
07:47
while we're on this earth.
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我们就会消耗这些有限的资源。
07:49
And how to spend it
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该如何使用它们,
07:51
would seem to be relevant,
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似乎是很重要的,
07:53
but that is not the story
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但这不是记忆自我
07:55
that the remembering self keeps for us.
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所留给我们的故事。
07:57
So we have the remembering self
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因此记忆自我
07:59
and the experiencing self,
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和经验自我
08:01
and they're really quite distinct.
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是很好区别的。
08:03
The biggest difference between them
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他们之间的最大不同
08:05
is in the handling of time.
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是在于处理时间的方式。
08:08
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
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就经验自我而言,
08:11
if you have a vacation,
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如果你有一个假期,
08:13
and the second week is just as good as the first,
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第二周和第一周同等快乐,
08:16
then the two-week vacation
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那么两周下来
08:19
is twice as good as the one-week vacation.
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快乐的分量是一周假期的两倍多。
08:22
That's not the way it works at all for the remembering self.
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然而记忆自我则不是这样算的。
08:25
For the remembering self, a two-week vacation
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对记忆自我来说,两周假期
08:27
is barely better than the one-week vacation
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并不比一周假期多多少,
08:30
because there are no new memories added.
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因为期间没有任何新记忆的加入。
08:32
You have not changed the story.
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故事的剧情依然如旧。
08:35
And in this way,
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因此
08:37
time is actually the critical variable
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时间是区分
08:40
that distinguishes a remembering self
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记忆自我和经验自我的
08:43
from an experiencing self;
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关键因素。
08:45
time has very little impact on the story.
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时间对这个故事的影响不大。
08:49
Now, the remembering self does more
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记忆自我所做的
08:52
than remember and tell stories.
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不仅是记忆和讲述故事。
08:54
It is actually the one that makes decisions
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它也是真正做决定的因素,
08:58
because, if you have a patient who has had, say,
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因为,假若你的病人已经历
09:00
two colonoscopies with two different surgeons
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过两位不同的外科医生来做胃肠镜检查,
09:03
and is deciding which of them to choose,
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而现在决定从他们中选一位来再做检查时,
09:06
then the one that chooses
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病人选的将会是
09:09
is the one that has the memory that is less bad,
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记忆中感觉比较好的那位,
09:13
and that's the surgeon that will be chosen.
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这就是如何选定医生的。
09:15
The experiencing self
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经验自我
09:17
has no voice in this choice.
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在做选择是则无从置喙。
09:20
We actually don't choose between experiences,
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事实上,我们不会在两段经验中做选择。
09:23
we choose between memories of experiences.
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我们是在两种不同经验的记忆中做出选择。
09:26
And even when we think about the future,
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而且当我们设想未来时,
09:29
we don't think of our future normally as experiences.
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一般我们不会以经验的形式去思考。
09:32
We think of our future
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我们把未来
09:34
as anticipated memories.
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以预想的记忆形式呈现。
09:37
And basically you can look at this,
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大体上你可以看到,
09:39
you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self,
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记忆自我是专制的,
09:42
and you can think of the remembering self
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你可以想象记忆自我
09:44
sort of dragging the experiencing self
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在拽着经验自我,
09:46
through experiences that
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他是通过经验自我不要的经验
09:48
the experiencing self doesn't need.
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来拽着经验自我的。
09:50
I have that sense that
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我有个想法,
09:52
when we go on vacations
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当我们放假时
09:54
this is very frequently the case;
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往往
09:56
that is, we go on vacations,
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之所以放假,
09:58
to a very large extent,
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有很大一部分
10:00
in the service of our remembering self.
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是为了记忆自我。
10:03
And this is a bit hard to justify I think.
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我想这有点难来辩证。
10:06
I mean, how much do we consume our memories?
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我们使用了多少的记忆?
10:09
That is one of the explanations
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这可以解释
10:11
that is given for the dominance
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记忆自我
10:13
of the remembering self.
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为何能成为主导的自我。
10:15
And when I think about that, I think about a vacation
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这让我想起一次假期,
10:17
we had in Antarctica a few years ago,
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几年前在南极度过的假期,
10:20
which was clearly the best vacation I've ever had,
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这可以说是我最棒的一个假期,
10:23
and I think of it relatively often,
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与其它假期相比,
10:25
relative to how much I think of other vacations.
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我常常会想起这个假期。
10:27
And I probably have consumed
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这趟旅程大概让我用掉了
10:31
my memories of that three-week trip, I would say,
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三周的记忆量,
10:33
for about 25 minutes in the last four years.
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大概仅在过去四年中占了约25分钟。
10:36
Now, if I had ever opened the folder
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现在,如我打开资料夹
10:39
with the 600 pictures in it,
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里面大概有600张相片,
10:42
I would have spent another hour.
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我可能要花一个小时来回忆。
10:44
Now, that is three weeks,
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三周的旅程
10:46
and that is at most an hour and a half.
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最多只用一个半小时来回忆。
10:48
There seems to be a discrepancy.
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这似乎不成比例啊。
10:50
Now, I may be a bit extreme, you know,
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这让我有点不满,
10:52
in how little appetite I have for consuming memories,
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因为我记得真是太少了,
10:55
but even if you do more of this,
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不过就算你记得再多
10:58
there is a genuine question:
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这里也会有个实际的问题。
11:01
Why do we put so much weight on memory
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为什么我们用来记忆
11:05
relative to the weight that we put on experiences?
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比依赖经验还多?
11:08
So I want you to think
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所以我希望你能思考
11:10
about a thought experiment.
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一个有关思考的实验。
11:13
Imagine that for your next vacation,
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假使你的下一个假期,
11:15
you know that at the end of the vacation
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当你知道假期结束后
11:18
all your pictures will be destroyed,
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假期中所有的相片将被销毁时,
11:21
and you'll get an amnesic drug
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而你也会吞下一颗遗忘药
11:23
so that you won't remember anything.
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以使你遗忘一切。
11:25
Now, would you choose the same vacation? (Laughter)
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这样,你还会想过同样的假期么?(笑声)
11:29
And if you would choose a different vacation,
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如果你选了个不同的假期,
11:34
there is a conflict between your two selves,
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你的两个自我之间将会产生冲突,
11:36
and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict,
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你得想法来裁决这场冲突,
11:39
and it's actually not at all obvious, because
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这并不怎么容易,
11:42
if you think in terms of time,
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因为假若你仅考虑时间
11:45
then you get one answer,
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你会得到一个答案。
11:48
and if you think in terms of memories,
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但若仅考虑记忆
11:51
you might get another answer.
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你会得到另外一个答案。
11:53
Why do we pick the vacations we do
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我们为什么要选此而非彼,
11:56
is a problem that confronts us
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这个困扰我们的问题
11:59
with a choice between the two selves.
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是需要在两个自我之间作出选择。
12:01
Now, the two selves
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现在,两个自我
12:04
bring up two notions of happiness.
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带来对快乐的两种不同见解。
12:06
There are really two concepts of happiness
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这两种对快乐的见解
12:08
that we can apply, one per self.
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分别对应了两个自我。
12:11
So you can ask: How happy is the experiencing self?
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因此你会问:“经验自我是有多快乐?”
12:16
And then you would ask: How happy are the moments
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接着你会问:“经验自我的每一刻
12:18
in the experiencing self's life?
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有多快乐?”
12:21
And they're all -- happiness for moments
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这些快乐时刻的组成过程
12:23
is a fairly complicated process.
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是异常复杂的。
12:25
What are the emotions that can be measured?
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情感该如何测量?
12:28
And, by the way, now we are capable
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顺带一提,我们现在
12:30
of getting a pretty good idea
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对于经验自我会随着时间而感受快乐
12:32
of the happiness of the experiencing self over time.
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已经有了一个粗浅的概念了。
12:38
If you ask for the happiness of the remembering self,
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而记忆自我所指的快乐
12:41
it's a completely different thing.
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则是完全两码事。
12:43
This is not about how happily a person lives.
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这并不是一个人生活多快乐的问题。
12:46
It is about how satisfied or pleased the person is
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而是它对自己的人生
12:49
when that person thinks about her life.
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有多满意和多喜欢的问题。
12:53
Very different notion.
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迥然不同的见解。
12:55
Anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions
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若不能分辨这两种见解
12:58
is going to mess up the study of happiness,
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就无法参透快乐这门学问,
13:00
and I belong to a crowd of students of well-being,
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我和其他活得好的学生一样,
13:03
who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time
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一直以来都研究不透快乐,
13:07
in precisely this way.
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就是因为这个原因。
13:09
The distinction between the
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近年来,
13:11
happiness of the experiencing self
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经验自我的快乐
13:13
and the satisfaction of the remembering self
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和记忆自我的满足的
13:16
has been recognized in recent years,
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差异性已能分清,
13:18
and there are now efforts to measure the two separately.
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目前正努力来分别测度两者,
13:21
The Gallup Organization has a world poll
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盖洛普公司最近在全世界举行了一场民意调查,
13:24
where more than half a million people
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其中逾五十万人
13:26
have been asked questions
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都被问及一个类似的问题,
13:28
about what they think of their life
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那就是他们如何看待他们的生活
13:30
and about their experiences,
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和如何看待他们的经验。
13:32
and there have been other efforts along those lines.
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除了这个问题,这个公司还做了其它的调查。
13:35
So in recent years, we have begun to learn
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近年来,我们逐渐得知
13:38
about the happiness of the two selves.
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关于两种快乐见解的信息。
13:41
And the main lesson I think that we have learned
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我认为我们主要学到的便是
13:44
is they are really different.
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两者是天壤之别的。
13:46
You can know how satisfied somebody is with their life,
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虽然你可以得知一个人对生活是否满意,
13:51
and that really doesn't teach you much
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但却无法告诉你
13:53
about how happily they're living their life,
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他们平常活的有多快乐,
13:56
and vice versa.
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而反之亦然。
13:58
Just to give you a sense of the correlation,
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只是为了让你对其中的关联性有个基本概念,
14:00
the correlation is about .5.
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它们之间大概只有50%关联。
14:02
What that means is if you met somebody,
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意思是当你见到某个人时,
14:05
and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall,"
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你被告知他的爸爸有六尺高,
14:09
how much would you know about his height?
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你能知道这个人有多高么?
14:11
Well, you would know something about his height,
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好吧,你可能有个基本概念,
14:13
but there's a lot of uncertainty.
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但非常不确定。
14:15
You have that much uncertainty.
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你无法下判定。
14:17
If I tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten,
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若我说有人给自己的生活质量打分,他打8/10分,
14:21
you have a lot of uncertainty
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你也不能把握
14:23
about how happy they are
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他们的经验自我
14:25
with their experiencing self.
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有多么快乐。
14:27
So the correlation is low.
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所以关联性很低。
14:29
We know something about what controls
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我们知道什么能够
14:32
satisfaction of the happiness self.
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让人的快乐得到满足。
14:34
We know that money is very important,
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我们知道钱是很重要的,
14:36
goals are very important.
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目标也非常重要。
14:38
We know that happiness is mainly
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我们知道要快乐是需要通过
14:42
being satisfied with people that we like,
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我们所喜爱的人来满足,
14:45
spending time with people that we like.
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是需要花时间和他们待在一起来满足。
14:48
There are other pleasures, but this is dominant.
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虽然还有其它因素,但这是主要因素。
14:50
So if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves,
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所以假若你想让两个自我都快乐,
14:53
you are going to end up
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你必须抛弃旧习
14:55
doing very different things.
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且要做些与众不同的事。
14:57
The bottom line of what I've said here
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我说的是,我们至少
14:59
is that we really should not think of happiness
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不应把快乐当成活得好的
15:03
as a substitute for well-being.
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代名词。
15:05
It is a completely different notion.
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这两者是天壤之别的。
15:08
Now, very quickly,
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现在,很快地讨论下
15:11
another reason we cannot think straight about happiness
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另一个我们不能理解快乐本质的原因,
15:15
is that we do not attend to the same things
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那就是我们怎么看生活
15:22
when we think about life, and we actually live.
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和我们怎么过生活是不一样的。
15:25
So, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in California,
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所以,当你问加州的人有多快乐时,
15:30
you are not going to get to the correct answer.
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你将无法得到正确答案。
15:33
When you ask that question,
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因为当你这样问时,
15:35
you think people must be happier in California
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你认为加州人一定过得比较快乐,
15:37
if, say, you live in Ohio.
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而你则住在俄亥俄州。
15:39
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
15:41
And what happens is
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当你在想
15:44
when you think about living in California,
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住在加州有多快乐时,
15:48
you are thinking of the contrast
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你会想到加州和其他州域
15:50
between California and other places,
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之间的差异性,
15:53
and that contrast, say, is in climate.
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譬如,气候。
15:55
Well, it turns out that climate
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事实证明气候条件
15:57
is not very important to the experiencing self
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对于经验自我并非很重要
16:00
and it's not even very important to the reflective self
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而且对于思考自我
16:03
that decides how happy people are.
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衡量自己有多快乐也不太重要。
16:06
But now, because the reflective self is in charge,
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不过,既然现实由思考自我主导,
16:10
you may end up -- some people may end up
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一些人可能会得到这样一种结论,
16:12
moving to California.
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那就是搬到加州。
16:14
And it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen
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他们搬去加州是为了过上更快乐的生活,
16:17
to people who move to California in the hope of getting happier.
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是而追踪观看他们的后续发展,将会是一件相当有趣的事。
16:20
Well, their experiencing self
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他们的经验自我
16:22
is not going to get happier.
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是不会变得更快乐。
16:24
We know that.
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这我们都知道。
16:27
But one thing will happen: They will think they are happier,
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不过当一件事发生后,他们会觉得自己快乐多了。
16:30
because, when they think about it,
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因为在他们思考时,
16:34
they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in Ohio,
365
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他们会回想起俄亥俄州的坏天气。
16:38
and they will feel they made the right decision.
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他们也因此觉得他们做出了正确的决定。
16:41
It is very difficult
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要理解快乐生活
16:43
to think straight about well-being,
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实在很难,
16:45
and I hope I have given you a sense
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我希望我已经让你们对此有个基本概念,
16:48
of how difficult it is.
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并且明白这个过程到底有多难。
16:50
Thank you.
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谢谢。
16:52
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
16:55
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question for you.
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克里斯·安德森:谢谢您的演讲。我有个问题想请教您。
16:59
Thank you so much.
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非常感谢您的演说。
17:01
Now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago,
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几星期前,我们有过一次电话通讯,
17:05
you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result
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当时您提到您从盖洛普的调查中
17:08
came out of that Gallup survey.
377
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发现了一个有趣的现象。
17:10
Is that something you can share
378
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请问您可以跟我们分享一下吗?
17:12
since you do have a few moments left now?
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我们还有几分钟的时间。
17:14
Daniel Kahneman: Sure.
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丹尼尔·卡纳曼:没问题。
17:16
I think the most interesting result that we found in the Gallup survey
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我从盖洛普调查中发现了一个极有趣的数字,
17:19
is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find.
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能发现它实属意外。
17:22
We found that with respect to the happiness
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我们发现一个关于
17:24
of the experiencing self.
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经验自我的快乐的现象。
17:27
When we looked at how feelings,
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那就是人的感觉
17:32
vary with income.
386
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会随收入的多少而变化。
17:34
And it turns out that, below an income
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结果表明,对于年收入低于六万美元的
17:37
of 60,000 dollars a year, for Americans --
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美国人而言,
17:40
and that's a very large sample of Americans, like 600,000,
389
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这占了样本中的很大一部分,
17:43
so it's a large representative sample --
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将近有六十万人,这些人是相当具有指标性的,
17:45
below an income of 600,000 dollars a year...
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这些年收入低于六十万美元......
17:47
CA: 60,000.
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安德森:是六万美元。
17:49
DK: 60,000.
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卡纳曼:六万美元。
17:51
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
17:53
60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy,
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年收入六万美元的人是不快乐的,
17:57
and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get.
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而且收入越低,他们则逾不快乐。
18:00
Above that, we get an absolutely flat line.
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而当收入逾六万时,我们则得到一条标准水平线。
18:03
I mean I've rarely seen lines so flat.
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难得看到这么平坦的线。
18:06
Clearly, what is happening is
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显然
18:08
money does not buy you experiential happiness,
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金钱是无法买到经验自我的快乐,
18:11
but lack of money certainly buys you misery,
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但没钱却的确能给你带来悲郁的境况,
18:14
and we can measure that misery
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而且我们清楚地测到痛苦的程度,
18:16
very, very clearly.
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非常清楚。
18:18
In terms of the other self, the remembering self,
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对于另一个自我,记忆自我而言。
18:21
you get a different story.
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你则有了一个大相迳庭的故事。
18:23
The more money you earn, the more satisfied you are.
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你赚的越多,你就越满意。
18:26
That does not hold for emotions.
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这跟情感没有任何关联。
18:28
CA: But Danny, the whole American endeavor is about
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安德森:可是丹尼,生命、自由和追求快乐
18:31
life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.
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是所有美国人奋斗的目标。
18:34
If people took seriously that finding,
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假若大家都认真对待这一发现,
18:38
I mean, it seems to turn upside down
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那么,这将颠覆我们
18:41
everything we believe about, like for example,
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固有的观念,例如,
18:43
taxation policy and so forth.
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课税政策等。
18:45
Is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally,
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这个国家的政治人物有没有可能
18:48
would take a finding like that seriously
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会正视这样的发现
18:51
and run public policy based on it?
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并且依次施政?
18:53
DK: You know I think that there is recognition
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卡纳曼:我认为已有人认知到研究快乐
18:55
of the role of happiness research in public policy.
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于谋划政策中的地位。
18:58
The recognition is going to be slow in the United States,
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但这项认知于美国的传播速度颇慢,
19:00
no question about that,
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这是毋庸置疑的,
19:02
but in the U.K., it is happening,
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但在英国,它正持续发酵,
19:04
and in other countries it is happening.
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其他国家亦然。
19:06
People are recognizing that they ought
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一般人也开始认知到
19:09
to be thinking of happiness
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在谋划政策时
19:11
when they think of public policy.
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亦应将快乐纳入考量指标。
19:13
It's going to take a while,
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虽然这将花些时间,
19:15
and people are going to debate
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但人们也将开始思考。
19:18
whether they want to study experience happiness,
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他们要的是经验的快乐
19:20
or whether they want to study life evaluation,
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抑或是为生活打分,
19:22
so we need to have that debate fairly soon.
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因此很快,我们将要理解这个问题。
19:25
How to enhance happiness
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如何增进快乐,
19:27
goes very different ways depending on how you think,
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有好几种方式,但事关你是怎么想的,
19:30
and whether you think of the remembering self
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你想的是记忆自我
19:32
or you think of the experiencing self.
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还是在想经验自我。
19:34
This is going to influence policy, I think, in years to come.
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我想于几年之内,这将影响政策的实施。
19:37
In the United States, efforts are being made
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美国已经付出巨大的努力来衡量
19:40
to measure the experience happiness of the population.
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大众的经验的快乐。
19:43
This is going to be, I think, within the next decade or two,
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我想在十年或二十年内,
19:46
part of national statistics.
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这将会成为国家统计数据的一部分。
19:48
CA: Well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be --
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安德森:这个议题对于我来说
19:52
the most interesting policy discussion to track
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将会是未来几年里
19:54
over the next few years.
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最有的一个政策讨论议题。
19:56
Thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics.
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非常感谢您所创造的行为经济学。
19:58
Thank you, Danny Kahneman.
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非常感谢丹尼尔·卡纳曼。
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