The riddle of experience vs. memory | Daniel Kahneman

1,384,867 views ใƒป 2010-03-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sunphil Ga ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jaeyoon Gimm
00:15
Everybody talks about happiness these days.
0
15260
3000
์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
I had somebody count the number of books
1
18260
3000
์ €๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ "happiness"๋ผ๋Š”
00:21
with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years
2
21260
3000
๋ง์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ๋œ ์ฑ…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ธ์–ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more.
3
24260
5000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ 40๊ถŒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
There is a huge wave of interest in happiness,
4
29260
3000
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ–‰๋ณต ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด
00:32
among researchers.
5
32260
2000
์œ ํ–‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
There is a lot of happiness coaching.
6
34260
2000
'์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค' ๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Everybody would like to make people happier.
7
36260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
But in spite of all this flood of work,
8
38260
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
00:42
there are several cognitive traps
9
42260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:44
that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight
10
44260
3000
๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ํ•จ์ •์ด
00:47
about happiness.
11
47260
2000
์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
And my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps.
12
49260
3000
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €์˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์ง€์  ํ•จ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
This applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness,
13
52260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ,
00:55
and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness,
14
55260
3000
ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is.
15
58260
4000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
The first of these traps
16
62260
2000
์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•จ์ •์€
01:04
is a reluctance to admit complexity.
17
64260
3000
๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊บผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
It turns out that the word "happiness"
18
67260
3000
ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋”์ด์ƒ
01:10
is just not a useful word anymore,
19
70260
3000
์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:13
because we apply it to too many different things.
20
73260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
I think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it,
21
76260
3000
์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:19
but by and large,
22
79260
2000
์ข€๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:21
this is something that we'll have to give up
23
81260
2000
ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตญํ•œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:23
and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view
24
83260
4000
ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
01:27
of what well-being is.
25
87260
2000
๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
The second trap is a confusion between experience and memory;
26
89260
4000
๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
01:33
basically, it's between being happy in your life,
27
93260
3000
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์‚ถ์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
01:36
and being happy about your life
28
96260
2000
์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
01:38
or happy with your life.
29
98260
2000
๋˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ˜ผ๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
And those are two very different concepts,
30
100260
2000
๋‘˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๊ณ 
01:42
and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness.
31
102260
3000
ํ–‰๋ณต ๊ด€๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
And the third is the focusing illusion,
32
105260
3000
์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance
33
108260
3000
ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก์—†์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—
01:51
that affects well-being
34
111260
2000
๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”
01:53
without distorting its importance.
35
113260
2000
์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
I mean, this is a real cognitive trap.
36
115260
3000
์ œ ๋ง์€, ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ํ•จ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
There's just no way of getting it right.
37
118260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Now, I'd like to start with an example
38
121260
2000
์ด์ œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ํ›„
02:03
of somebody who had a question-and-answer session
39
123260
5000
์งˆ๋‹ต์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์…จ๋˜ ๋ถ„์˜
02:08
after one of my lectures reported a story,
40
128260
4000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
and that was a story --
41
132260
1000
[๋ถˆ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ]
02:13
He said he'd been listening to a symphony,
42
133260
3000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณก์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:16
and it was absolutely glorious music
43
136260
3000
๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์Œ์•…์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
and at the very end of the recording,
44
139260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ฃ๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋…น์Œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
02:22
there was a dreadful screeching sound.
45
142260
2000
์†Œ๋ฆ„๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฝ๋ฝ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And then he added, really quite emotionally,
46
144260
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
02:26
it ruined the whole experience.
47
146260
4000
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ง์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
But it hadn't.
48
150260
2000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
02:32
What it had ruined were the memories of the experience.
49
152260
3000
๋ง์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฝ๋ฝ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
He had had the experience.
50
155260
2000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
He had had 20 minutes of glorious music.
51
157260
2000
20๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์Œ์•…์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:39
They counted for nothing
52
159260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:41
because he was left with a memory;
53
161260
3000
๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
the memory was ruined,
54
164260
2000
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๋ง์ณ์กŒ๊ณ ,
02:46
and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep.
55
166260
3000
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
What this is telling us, really,
56
169260
3000
์ด์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ
02:52
is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people
57
172260
2000
์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
02:54
in terms of two selves.
58
174260
2000
๋งํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
There is an experiencing self,
59
176260
3000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
who lives in the present
60
179260
2000
ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
03:01
and knows the present,
61
181260
2000
ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ 
03:03
is capable of re-living the past,
62
183260
2000
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:05
but basically it has only the present.
63
185260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์žฌ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”.
03:08
It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches --
64
188260
3000
์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„๋•Œ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
you know, when the doctor asks,
65
191260
1000
์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ•  ๋•Œ,
03:12
"Does it hurt now when I touch you here?"
66
192260
4000
"์—ฌ๊ธธ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์ง€๋ฉด ์•„ํ”ˆ๊ฐ€์š”?" ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ฃ .
03:16
And then there is a remembering self,
67
196260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
and the remembering self is the one that keeps score,
68
199260
4000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:23
and maintains the story of our life,
69
203260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
and it's the one that the doctor approaches
70
205260
3000
์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
03:28
in asking the question,
71
208260
2000
์ง„๋ฃŒํ• ๋•Œ
03:30
"How have you been feeling lately?"
72
210260
3000
"์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋– ์„ธ์š”?"
03:33
or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that.
73
213260
3000
"์•Œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์–ด๋– ์…จ์–ด์š”?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ฃ .
03:36
Those are two very different entities,
74
216260
3000
์ด ๋‘˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
the experiencing self and the remembering self,
75
219260
3000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด
03:42
and getting confused between them is part of the mess
76
222260
4000
์ด ๋‘˜์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์ด
03:46
about the notion of happiness.
77
226260
3000
๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Now, the remembering self
78
229260
3000
์ž, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
03:52
is a storyteller.
79
232260
3000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And that really starts with a basic response of our memories --
80
235260
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์–ต์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
it starts immediately.
81
239260
2000
์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
04:01
We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories.
82
241260
3000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Our memory tells us stories,
83
244260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
that is, what we get to keep from our experiences
84
247260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
04:09
is a story.
85
249260
2000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด์ฃ .
04:11
And let me begin with one example.
86
251260
5000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
This is an old study.
87
256260
2000
์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure.
88
258260
3000
์‹ค์ œ ํ™˜์ž์ธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
I won't go into detail. It's no longer painful these days,
89
261260
3000
์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” (์˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
04:24
but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
90
264260
4000
1990๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค 60 ์ดˆ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:28
They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds.
91
268260
3000
์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
Here are two patients,
92
271260
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
those are their recordings.
93
274260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?"
94
276260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์„๊นŒ?"๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:39
And it's a very easy question.
95
279260
2000
๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Clearly, Patient B suffered more --
96
281260
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ํ™˜์ž B๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
his colonoscopy was longer,
97
283260
2000
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
04:45
and every minute of pain that Patient A had,
98
285260
3000
๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ํ™˜์žA๋ณด๋‹ค
04:48
Patient B had, and more.
99
288260
3000
B๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
But now there is another question:
100
291260
3000
์ž, ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:54
"How much did these patients think they suffered?"
101
294260
3000
"๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?"
04:57
And here is a surprise.
102
297260
2000
๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
The surprise is that Patient A
103
299260
2000
ํ™˜์ž A๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž B๋ณด๋‹ค
05:01
had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy
104
301260
3000
๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
05:04
than Patient B.
105
304260
2000
์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
The stories of the colonoscopies were different,
106
306260
3000
๋‘์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:09
and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends.
107
309260
6000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋๋‚˜๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ --
05:15
And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great --
108
315260
3000
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
05:18
but one of them is this distinct ... (Laughter)
109
318260
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋…ํŠนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค... (์›ƒ์Œ)
05:22
but one of them is distinctly worse than the other.
110
322260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋Œ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:25
And the one that is worse
111
325260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ค‘ ๋” ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
05:27
is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end;
112
327260
3000
๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์ •์ ์— ์ด๋ €๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
it's a bad story.
113
330260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ข‹์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
How do we know that?
114
332260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:34
Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy,
115
334260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
05:37
and much later, too,
116
337260
1000
ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋„
05:38
"How bad was the whole thing, in total?"
117
338260
2000
"๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํž˜๋“œ์…จ์ฃ  ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:40
And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory.
118
340260
4000
๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋˜ ์งš์–ด ๋ณด์•„๋„ A๋Š” B๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
Now this is a direct conflict
119
344260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜
05:46
between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
120
346260
3000
์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
121
349260
3000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:52
clearly, B had a worse time.
122
352260
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ํ™˜์žB๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Now, what you could do with Patient A,
123
354260
3000
์ž, ํ™˜์žA์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”
05:57
and we actually ran clinical experiments,
124
357260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
and it has been done, and it does work --
125
360260
2000
์‹คํ—˜์€ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A
126
362260
5000
Aํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much.
127
367260
3000
ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„๋•Œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์ ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:10
That will cause the patient
128
370260
3000
์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ™˜์žA์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„
06:13
to suffer, but just a little
129
373260
3000
์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ „ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
06:16
and much less than before.
130
376260
2000
๋œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:18
And if you do that for a couple of minutes,
131
378260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ด 2๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:20
you have made the experiencing self
132
380260
2000
ํ™˜์žA์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
06:22
of Patient A worse off,
133
382260
2000
๋” ์•„ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
06:24
and you have the remembering self of Patient A
134
384260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
06:27
a lot better off,
135
387260
2000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:29
because now you have endowed Patient A
136
389260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ํ™˜์ž A๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
06:31
with a better story
137
391260
2000
๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
06:33
about his experience.
138
393260
3000
๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
What defines a story?
139
396260
3000
๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง€์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:39
And that is true of the stories
140
399260
2000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
06:41
that memory delivers for us,
141
401260
2000
๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:43
and it's also true of the stories that we make up.
142
403260
3000
๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
What defines a story are changes,
143
406260
4000
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
06:50
significant moments and endings.
144
410260
3000
ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„.
06:53
Endings are very, very important
145
413260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
and, in this case, the ending dominated.
146
415260
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋๋งบ์Œ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜์˜€์ฃ .
06:59
Now, the experiencing self
147
419260
2000
์ด์ œ, ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
07:01
lives its life continuously.
148
421260
3000
ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
It has moments of experience, one after the other.
149
424260
3000
๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜.
07:07
And you can ask: What happens to these moments?
150
427260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌป๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ , ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€?
07:10
And the answer is really straightforward:
151
430260
2000
๋‹ต์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
They are lost forever.
152
432260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์žŠํ˜€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
I mean, most of the moments of our life --
153
434260
2000
์ œ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
and I calculated, you know, the psychological present
154
436260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:19
is said to be about three seconds long;
155
439260
2000
์•ฝ 3์ดˆ์ •๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
that means that, you know,
156
441260
2000
์ด ๋ง์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
07:23
in a life there are about 600 million of them;
157
443260
2000
์‚ถ์—๋Š”, 6์–ต ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ '์ˆœ๊ฐ„'์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
in a month, there are about 600,000 --
158
445260
3000
ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์—, ๋Œ€๋žต 60๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ .
07:28
most of them don't leave a trace.
159
448260
4000
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ”์ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Most of them are completely ignored
160
452260
2000
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
07:34
by the remembering self.
161
454260
2000
๋ง๋”ํžˆ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
07:36
And yet, somehow you get the sense
162
456260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
07:38
that they should count,
163
458260
2000
๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ฃ 
07:40
that what happens during these moments of experience
164
460260
3000
๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด
07:43
is our life.
165
463260
2000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
It's the finite resource that we're spending
166
465260
2000
์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”
07:47
while we're on this earth.
167
467260
2000
์œ ํ•œ ์ž์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
And how to spend it
168
469260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€๊ฐ€
07:51
would seem to be relevant,
169
471260
2000
์ค‘์š”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
but that is not the story
170
473260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
07:55
that the remembering self keeps for us.
171
475260
2000
์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
So we have the remembering self
172
477260
2000
๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€
07:59
and the experiencing self,
173
479260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
and they're really quite distinct.
174
481260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
08:03
The biggest difference between them
175
483260
2000
๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
08:05
is in the handling of time.
176
485260
3000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
177
488260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:11
if you have a vacation,
178
491260
2000
๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:13
and the second week is just as good as the first,
179
493260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํœด๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜์งธ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ์งธ ์ฃผ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:16
then the two-week vacation
180
496260
3000
2์ฃผ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํœด๊ฐ€๋Š”
08:19
is twice as good as the one-week vacation.
181
499260
3000
ํ•œ์ฃผ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์•„์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:22
That's not the way it works at all for the remembering self.
182
502260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
For the remembering self, a two-week vacation
183
505260
2000
๊ธฐ์–ต ์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 2์ฃผ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํœด๊ฐ€์€
08:27
is barely better than the one-week vacation
184
507260
3000
ํ•œ์ฃผ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์„๊นŒ ๋ง๊นŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:30
because there are no new memories added.
185
510260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
You have not changed the story.
186
512260
3000
ํ•œ์ฃผ ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  '์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ'๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
And in this way,
187
515260
2000
๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ
08:37
time is actually the critical variable
188
517260
3000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:40
that distinguishes a remembering self
189
520260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ง“๋Š”
08:43
from an experiencing self;
190
523260
2000
๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
time has very little impact on the story.
191
525260
3000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Now, the remembering self does more
192
529260
3000
์ž, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:52
than remember and tell stories.
193
532260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
It is actually the one that makes decisions
194
534260
4000
์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
because, if you have a patient who has had, say,
195
538260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์žฅ๊ฒฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
09:00
two colonoscopies with two different surgeons
196
540260
3000
๋‘๋ช…์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ
09:03
and is deciding which of them to choose,
197
543260
3000
๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:06
then the one that chooses
198
546260
3000
ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
09:09
is the one that has the memory that is less bad,
199
549260
4000
๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์†์— ๋œ ๋‚˜๋นด๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
and that's the surgeon that will be chosen.
200
553260
2000
๊ทธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:15
The experiencing self
201
555260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
09:17
has no voice in this choice.
202
557260
3000
์ด ์„ ํƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
We actually don't choose between experiences,
203
560260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์„ ๋Š˜์–ด ๋†“๊ณ  ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
we choose between memories of experiences.
204
563260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:26
And even when we think about the future,
205
566260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋„,
09:29
we don't think of our future normally as experiences.
206
569260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋˜์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
We think of our future
207
572260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š”
09:34
as anticipated memories.
208
574260
3000
ํ˜„์žฌ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
And basically you can look at this,
209
577260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜
09:39
you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self,
210
579260
3000
๋…์žฌ์ฒด์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
and you can think of the remembering self
211
582260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
09:44
sort of dragging the experiencing self
212
584260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒ
09:46
through experiences that
213
586260
2000
ํ•„์š”์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค๊ณ 
09:48
the experiencing self doesn't need.
214
588260
2000
๋Œ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
I have that sense that
215
590260
2000
๋ฌธ๋“ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:52
when we go on vacations
216
592260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ
09:54
this is very frequently the case;
217
594260
2000
๋งค์šฐ ์ž์ฃผ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ ,
09:56
that is, we go on vacations,
218
596260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:58
to a very large extent,
219
598260
2000
๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
10:00
in the service of our remembering self.
220
600260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
10:03
And this is a bit hard to justify I think.
221
603260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋‚ฉ๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
I mean, how much do we consume our memories?
222
606260
3000
๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:09
That is one of the explanations
223
609260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋…์žฌ๋ฅผ
10:11
that is given for the dominance
224
611260
2000
์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘
10:13
of the remembering self.
225
613260
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
And when I think about that, I think about a vacation
226
615260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ 2๋…„์ „
10:17
we had in Antarctica a few years ago,
227
617260
3000
๋‚จ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
which was clearly the best vacation I've ever had,
228
620260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ํœด๊ฐ€์ค‘์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜€์ฃ .
10:23
and I think of it relatively often,
229
623260
2000
์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ํœด๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:25
relative to how much I think of other vacations.
230
625260
2000
์ด ๋‚จ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And I probably have consumed
231
627260
4000
์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
10:31
my memories of that three-week trip, I would say,
232
631260
2000
์ด 3์ฃผ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์„, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
10:33
for about 25 minutes in the last four years.
233
633260
3000
์•ฝ 25๋ถ„์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Now, if I had ever opened the folder
234
636260
3000
์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ 600์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
10:39
with the 600 pictures in it,
235
639260
3000
์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ์—ด์–ด ๋†“๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:42
I would have spent another hour.
236
642260
2000
์•„๋งˆ ํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„๋Š” (๋‚จ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ํœด๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ) ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Now, that is three weeks,
237
644260
2000
์ž, 3์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋Œ€์š”
10:46
and that is at most an hour and a half.
238
646260
2000
๊ธธ์–ด๋ดค์ž ํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด์ฃ .
10:48
There seems to be a discrepancy.
239
648260
2000
์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
Now, I may be a bit extreme, you know,
240
650260
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
in how little appetite I have for consuming memories,
241
652260
3000
์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
10:55
but even if you do more of this,
242
655260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ž˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:58
there is a genuine question:
243
658260
3000
์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Why do we put so much weight on memory
244
661260
4000
์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋ณด๋‹ค
11:05
relative to the weight that we put on experiences?
245
665260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘˜๊นŒ์š”?
11:08
So I want you to think
246
668260
2000
์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์—
11:10
about a thought experiment.
247
670260
3000
์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
Imagine that for your next vacation,
248
673260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
11:15
you know that at the end of the vacation
249
675260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํœด๊ฐ€์˜ ๋์ž๋ฝ์—
11:18
all your pictures will be destroyed,
250
678260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
and you'll get an amnesic drug
251
681260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:23
so that you won't remember anything.
252
683260
2000
๋ง๊ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
Now, would you choose the same vacation? (Laughter)
253
685260
4000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„๊นŒ์š”? (์›ƒ์Œ)
11:29
And if you would choose a different vacation,
254
689260
5000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:34
there is a conflict between your two selves,
255
694260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict,
256
696260
3000
์ด ๋ถ„์—ด ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์…”์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
and it's actually not at all obvious, because
257
699260
3000
๋‹ต์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ํ…๋ฐ ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
11:42
if you think in terms of time,
258
702260
3000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:45
then you get one answer,
259
705260
3000
๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ .
11:48
and if you think in terms of memories,
260
708260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:51
you might get another answer.
261
711260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:53
Why do we pick the vacations we do
262
713260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:56
is a problem that confronts us
263
716260
3000
๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
11:59
with a choice between the two selves.
264
719260
2000
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ค„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
Now, the two selves
265
721260
3000
๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ
12:04
bring up two notions of happiness.
266
724260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
There are really two concepts of happiness
267
726260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
that we can apply, one per self.
268
728260
3000
๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:11
So you can ask: How happy is the experiencing self?
269
731260
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด ํ• ๊นŒ?
12:16
And then you would ask: How happy are the moments
270
736260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜
12:18
in the experiencing self's life?
271
738260
3000
์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ• ๊นŒ?
12:21
And they're all -- happiness for moments
272
741260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘... ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:23
is a fairly complicated process.
273
743260
2000
๊ฝค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
What are the emotions that can be measured?
274
745260
3000
๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:28
And, by the way, now we are capable
275
748260
2000
๋ง ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ
12:30
of getting a pretty good idea
276
750260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
12:32
of the happiness of the experiencing self over time.
277
752260
4000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
If you ask for the happiness of the remembering self,
278
758260
3000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:41
it's a completely different thing.
279
761260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
This is not about how happily a person lives.
280
763260
3000
'ํŠน์ •์ธ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฐ€'์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
It is about how satisfied or pleased the person is
281
766260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„ ๋ณผ๋•Œ
12:49
when that person thinks about her life.
282
769260
4000
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Very different notion.
283
773260
2000
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
12:55
Anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions
284
775260
3000
์ด ๊ด€๋…๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€,
12:58
is going to mess up the study of happiness,
285
778260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝํž ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
and I belong to a crowd of students of well-being,
286
780260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
13:03
who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time
287
783260
4000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ€์Ÿ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘
13:07
in precisely this way.
288
787260
2000
ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
The distinction between the
289
789260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ
13:11
happiness of the experiencing self
290
791260
2000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ
13:13
and the satisfaction of the remembering self
291
793260
3000
์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
13:16
has been recognized in recent years,
292
796260
2000
์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
and there are now efforts to measure the two separately.
293
798260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:21
The Gallup Organization has a world poll
294
801260
3000
๊ฐค๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 50๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜
13:24
where more than half a million people
295
804260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:26
have been asked questions
296
806260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
13:28
about what they think of their life
297
808260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
13:30
and about their experiences,
298
810260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
and there have been other efforts along those lines.
299
812260
3000
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:35
So in recent years, we have begun to learn
300
815260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜
13:38
about the happiness of the two selves.
301
818260
3000
ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
And the main lesson I think that we have learned
302
821260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€,
13:44
is they are really different.
303
824260
2000
๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
You can know how satisfied somebody is with their life,
304
826260
5000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
13:51
and that really doesn't teach you much
305
831260
2000
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฐ€
13:53
about how happily they're living their life,
306
833260
3000
ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ 
13:56
and vice versa.
307
836260
2000
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
Just to give you a sense of the correlation,
308
838260
2000
๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
14:00
the correlation is about .5.
309
840260
2000
๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.5 ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
What that means is if you met somebody,
310
842260
3000
๊ทธ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋‚˜๊ณ 
14:05
and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall,"
311
845260
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ 180์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์„๋•Œ
14:09
how much would you know about his height?
312
849260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถœ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ž‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
Well, you would know something about his height,
313
851260
2000
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ‚ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
14:13
but there's a lot of uncertainty.
314
853260
2000
๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด์ฃ .
14:15
You have that much uncertainty.
315
855260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
If I tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten,
316
857260
4000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ด 1์—์„œ 10๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด 8์ •๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
14:21
you have a lot of uncertainty
317
861260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
14:23
about how happy they are
318
863260
2000
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
14:25
with their experiencing self.
319
865260
2000
๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:27
So the correlation is low.
320
867260
2000
๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
We know something about what controls
321
869260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ–‰๋ณต ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„
14:32
satisfaction of the happiness self.
322
872260
2000
์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
We know that money is very important,
323
874260
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:36
goals are very important.
324
876260
2000
๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์ฃ .
14:38
We know that happiness is mainly
325
878260
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:42
being satisfied with people that we like,
326
882260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
14:45
spending time with people that we like.
327
885260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
There are other pleasures, but this is dominant.
328
888260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์—ฐ ์••๋„์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
So if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves,
329
890260
3000
๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:53
you are going to end up
330
893260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
14:55
doing very different things.
331
895260
2000
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
The bottom line of what I've said here
332
897260
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ง์”€์˜ ์š”์ง€๋Š”
14:59
is that we really should not think of happiness
333
899260
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
15:03
as a substitute for well-being.
334
903260
2000
์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
It is a completely different notion.
335
905260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
Now, very quickly,
336
908260
3000
์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž ๊น,
15:11
another reason we cannot think straight about happiness
337
911260
4000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
15:15
is that we do not attend to the same things
338
915260
7000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๋•Œ๋ž‘ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
15:22
when we think about life, and we actually live.
339
922260
3000
์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
So, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in California,
340
925260
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด '์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ• ๊นŒ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:30
you are not going to get to the correct answer.
341
930260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
When you ask that question,
342
933260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
15:35
you think people must be happier in California
343
935260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
15:37
if, say, you live in Ohio.
344
937260
2000
์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•  ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
(Laughter)
345
939260
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:41
And what happens is
346
941260
3000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:44
when you think about living in California,
347
944260
4000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
15:48
you are thinking of the contrast
348
948260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์„
15:50
between California and other places,
349
950260
3000
๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:53
and that contrast, say, is in climate.
350
953260
2000
๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ›„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:55
Well, it turns out that climate
351
955260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
15:57
is not very important to the experiencing self
352
957260
3000
๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
16:00
and it's not even very important to the reflective self
353
960260
3000
ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
that decides how happy people are.
354
963260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:06
But now, because the reflective self is in charge,
355
966260
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
16:10
you may end up -- some people may end up
356
970260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
16:12
moving to California.
357
972260
2000
์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
And it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen
358
974260
3000
๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
16:17
to people who move to California in the hope of getting happier.
359
977260
3000
๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:20
Well, their experiencing self
360
980260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š”
16:22
is not going to get happier.
361
982260
2000
๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
We know that.
362
984260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
But one thing will happen: They will think they are happier,
363
987260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
16:30
because, when they think about it,
364
990260
4000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ
16:34
they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in Ohio,
365
994260
4000
์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:38
and they will feel they made the right decision.
366
998260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ณ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
It is very difficult
367
1001260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ
16:43
to think straight about well-being,
368
1003260
2000
์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
and I hope I have given you a sense
369
1005260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
16:48
of how difficult it is.
370
1008260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋„๋ก ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ ธ๊ธธ ๋น•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
Thank you.
371
1010260
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
(Applause)
372
1012260
3000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:55
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question for you.
373
1015260
3000
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
Thank you so much.
374
1019260
2000
๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
Now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago,
375
1021260
4000
์ž, ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ์ „ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ
17:05
you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result
376
1025260
3000
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฝ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ณ 
17:08
came out of that Gallup survey.
377
1028260
2000
ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
17:10
Is that something you can share
378
1030260
2000
๋ช‡๋ถ„์ด ๋” ๋‚จ์•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ
17:12
since you do have a few moments left now?
379
1032260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ง€ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
17:14
Daniel Kahneman: Sure.
380
1034260
2000
๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ์นด๋„ˆ๋จผ: ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
I think the most interesting result that we found in the Gallup survey
381
1036260
3000
๊ฐค๋Ÿฝ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”
17:19
is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find.
382
1039260
3000
์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์ฃ .
17:22
We found that with respect to the happiness
383
1042260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
17:24
of the experiencing self.
384
1044260
3000
์ˆซ์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
When we looked at how feelings,
385
1047260
5000
์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
17:32
vary with income.
386
1052260
2000
์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
And it turns out that, below an income
387
1054260
3000
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
17:37
of 60,000 dollars a year, for Americans --
388
1057260
3000
6๋งŒ๋ถˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ์†Œ๋“์ด ์ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ...
17:40
and that's a very large sample of Americans, like 600,000,
389
1060260
3000
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 60๋งŒ๋ช…์ •๋„๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”
17:43
so it's a large representative sample --
390
1063260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
17:45
below an income of 600,000 dollars a year...
391
1065260
2000
์†Œ๋“์ด 60๋งŒ๋ถˆ ์ดํ•˜์ธ
17:47
CA: 60,000.
392
1067260
2000
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค: 6๋งŒ๋ถˆ์ด์ฃ 
17:49
DK: 60,000.
393
1069260
2000
๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ: ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š” 6๋งŒ๋ถˆ.
17:51
(Laughter)
394
1071260
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:53
60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy,
395
1073260
4000
6๋งŒ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get.
396
1077260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๋งŒ๋ถˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜์ฃ .
18:00
Above that, we get an absolutely flat line.
397
1080260
3000
6๋งŒ๋ถˆ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
I mean I've rarely seen lines so flat.
398
1083260
3000
์ €๋Š” (ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ) ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
18:06
Clearly, what is happening is
399
1086260
2000
๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
18:08
money does not buy you experiential happiness,
400
1088260
3000
๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
18:11
but lack of money certainly buys you misery,
401
1091260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
and we can measure that misery
402
1094260
2000
์ด ๋ถˆํ–‰์„ (ํ†ต๊ณ„๋กœ) ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
18:16
very, very clearly.
403
1096260
2000
๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
In terms of the other self, the remembering self,
404
1098260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
18:21
you get a different story.
405
1101260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
The more money you earn, the more satisfied you are.
406
1103260
3000
์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:26
That does not hold for emotions.
407
1106260
2000
๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์ฃ .
18:28
CA: But Danny, the whole American endeavor is about
408
1108260
3000
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค: ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์€
18:31
life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.
409
1111260
3000
์‚ถ, ์ž์œ , ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
If people took seriously that finding,
410
1114260
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:38
I mean, it seems to turn upside down
411
1118260
3000
์ œ ๋ง์”€์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ
18:41
everything we believe about, like for example,
412
1121260
2000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค
18:43
taxation policy and so forth.
413
1123260
2000
์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์งธ ๋’ค ์—Ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:45
Is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally,
414
1125260
3000
์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
18:48
would take a finding like that seriously
415
1128260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
18:51
and run public policy based on it?
416
1131260
2000
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
18:53
DK: You know I think that there is recognition
417
1133260
2000
๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ: ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
18:55
of the role of happiness research in public policy.
418
1135260
3000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:58
The recognition is going to be slow in the United States,
419
1138260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:00
no question about that,
420
1140260
2000
๋‘๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž”์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
19:02
but in the U.K., it is happening,
421
1142260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:04
and in other countries it is happening.
422
1144260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
19:06
People are recognizing that they ought
423
1146260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๋•Œ
19:09
to be thinking of happiness
424
1149260
2000
ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
19:11
when they think of public policy.
425
1151260
2000
ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
It's going to take a while,
426
1153260
2000
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฝค ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
19:15
and people are going to debate
427
1155260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:18
whether they want to study experience happiness,
428
1158260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€
19:20
or whether they want to study life evaluation,
429
1160260
2000
ํ˜น์€ ์ธ์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณต๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€.
19:22
so we need to have that debate fairly soon.
430
1162260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
19:25
How to enhance happiness
431
1165260
2000
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ–‰๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ๋Š”
19:27
goes very different ways depending on how you think,
432
1167260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
and whether you think of the remembering self
433
1170260
2000
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ.
19:32
or you think of the experiencing self.
434
1172260
2000
๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ.
19:34
This is going to influence policy, I think, in years to come.
435
1174260
3000
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ช‡๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:37
In the United States, efforts are being made
436
1177260
3000
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
19:40
to measure the experience happiness of the population.
437
1180260
3000
๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:43
This is going to be, I think, within the next decade or two,
438
1183260
3000
ํ–ฅํ›„ 10-20๋…„ ์•ˆ์—
19:46
part of national statistics.
439
1186260
2000
๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
CA: Well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be --
440
1188260
4000
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค: ์Œ, ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณง
19:52
the most interesting policy discussion to track
441
1192260
2000
์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์š”๊ฒจ ๋ณผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
19:54
over the next few years.
442
1194260
2000
์‚ฌ์•ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:56
Thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics.
443
1196260
2000
ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์„ ์ฐฝ์•ˆํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:58
Thank you, Danny Kahneman.
444
1198260
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์นด๋„ค๋งŒ.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7