The riddle of experience vs. memory | Daniel Kahneman

1,392,295 views ใƒป 2010-03-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Tsafriri ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yubal Masalker
00:15
Everybody talks about happiness these days.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:18
I had somebody count the number of books
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื
00:21
with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years
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ืขื "ืื•ืฉืจ" ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:24
and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ 40, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
00:29
There is a huge wave of interest in happiness,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ
00:32
among researchers.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
00:34
There is a lot of happiness coaching.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžื ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:36
Everybody would like to make people happier.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:38
But in spite of all this flood of work,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
00:42
there are several cognitive traps
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
00:44
that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight
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ืฉืžืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
00:47
about happiness.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ.
00:49
And my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps.
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ื•ื”ืจืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:52
This applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness,
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ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:55
and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness,
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ,
00:58
because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is.
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ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ืกื‘ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื.
01:02
The first of these traps
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:04
is a reluctance to admit complexity.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™-ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
01:07
It turns out that the word "happiness"
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื•ืฉืจ"
01:10
is just not a useful word anymore,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:13
because we apply it to too many different things.
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ื›ื™ ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:16
I think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืช,
01:19
but by and large,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
01:21
this is something that we'll have to give up
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:23
and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view
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ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:27
of what well-being is.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
01:29
The second trap is a confusion between experience and memory;
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ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:33
basically, it's between being happy in your life,
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืš
01:36
and being happy about your life
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš
01:38
or happy with your life.
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ืื• ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืš.
01:40
And those are two very different concepts,
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:42
and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื•ืฉืจ.
01:45
And the third is the focusing illusion,
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช,
01:48
and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆืขืจืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจื
01:51
that affects well-being
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”
01:53
without distorting its importance.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•.
01:55
I mean, this is a real cognitive trap.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช.
01:58
There's just no way of getting it right.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:01
Now, I'd like to start with an example
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื
02:03
of somebody who had a question-and-answer session
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกื™ืคืจ
02:08
after one of my lectures reported a story,
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
02:12
and that was a story --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ:
02:13
He said he'd been listening to a symphony,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”
02:16
and it was absolutely glorious music
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ืคืœืื”
02:19
and at the very end of the recording,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื”,
02:22
there was a dreadful screeching sound.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืจื™ืงื” ื ื•ืจื.
02:24
And then he added, really quite emotionally,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
02:26
it ruined the whole experience.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
02:30
But it hadn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื.
02:32
What it had ruined were the memories of the experience.
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจืก ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
02:35
He had had the experience.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
02:37
He had had 20 minutes of glorious music.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
02:39
They counted for nothing
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ื•ื”ื ื ืžื—ืงื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:41
because he was left with a memory;
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
02:44
the memory was ruined,
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ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจืก,
02:46
and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep.
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ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ.
02:49
What this is telling us, really,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•,
02:52
is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people
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ื–ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
02:54
in terms of two selves.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ "ืื ื™".
02:56
There is an experiencing self,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
02:59
who lives in the present
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ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
03:01
and knows the present,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”,
03:03
is capable of re-living the past,
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
03:05
but basically it has only the present.
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ืืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:08
It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches --
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ื–ื” ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ืคื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื --
03:11
you know, when the doctor asks,
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ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉื•ืืœ,
03:12
"Does it hurt now when I touch you here?"
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"ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืข ื›ืืŸ?"
03:16
And then there is a remembering self,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
03:19
and the remembering self is the one that keeps score,
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ื•ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืขื“,
03:23
and maintains the story of our life,
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
03:25
and it's the one that the doctor approaches
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื•
03:28
in asking the question,
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ื‘ืฉืืœื”,
03:30
"How have you been feeling lately?"
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"ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”?"
03:33
or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that.
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ืื• "ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœืš ืœืืœื‘ื ื™ื”?".
03:36
Those are two very different entities,
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ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
03:39
the experiencing self and the remembering self,
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ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืื ื™-ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
03:42
and getting confused between them is part of the mess
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ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš
03:46
about the notion of happiness.
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืื•ืฉืจ".
03:49
Now, the remembering self
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
03:52
is a storyteller.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
03:55
And that really starts with a basic response of our memories --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:59
it starts immediately.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
04:01
We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:04
Our memory tells us stories,
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ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
04:07
that is, what we get to keep from our experiences
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:09
is a story.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:11
And let me begin with one example.
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ื•ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
04:16
This is an old study.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืฉืŸ.
04:18
Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure.
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ืืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื•ืื‘.
04:21
I won't go into detail. It's no longer painful these days,
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ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ื•ืื‘,
04:24
but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s.
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ืืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
04:28
They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds.
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ื”ื ื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœ 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:31
Here are two patients,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
04:34
those are their recordings.
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ืืœื• ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:36
And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?"
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ื•ืืฉืืœ, "ืžื™ ืžื”ื ืกื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ?"
04:39
And it's a very easy question.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:41
Clearly, Patient B suffered more --
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ B ืกื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:43
his colonoscopy was longer,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:45
and every minute of pain that Patient A had,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืฉื—ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A
04:48
Patient B had, and more.
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ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ B ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:51
But now there is another question:
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ืืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช:
04:54
"How much did these patients think they suffered?"
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"ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ื ืกื‘ืœื•?"
04:57
And here is a surprise.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืคืชืขื”:
04:59
The surprise is that Patient A
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ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A
05:01
had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”
05:04
than Patient B.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ B.
05:06
The stories of the colonoscopies were different,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:09
and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช --
05:15
And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great --
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” --
05:18
but one of them is this distinct ... (Laughter)
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ืืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ... (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:22
but one of them is distinctly worse than the other.
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ืืš ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื—ืจ.
05:25
And the one that is worse
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:27
is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end;
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
05:30
it's a bad story.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจืข.
05:32
How do we know that?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช?
05:34
Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy,
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ื›ื™ ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”,
05:37
and much later, too,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:38
"How bad was the whole thing, in total?"
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"ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ืกื”"ื›?"
05:40
And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืœ-A ืžืืฉืจ ืœ-B, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื.
05:44
Now this is a direct conflict
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
05:46
between the experiencing self and the remembering self.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ.
05:49
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
05:52
clearly, B had a worse time.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืœ-B ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
05:54
Now, what you could do with Patient A,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A,
05:57
and we actually ran clinical experiments,
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ื•ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
06:00
and it has been done, and it does work --
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
06:02
you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A
06:07
by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
06:10
That will cause the patient
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
06:13
to suffer, but just a little
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ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ, ืืš ืจืง ืžืขื˜
06:16
and much less than before.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื.
06:18
And if you do that for a couple of minutes,
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ื•ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช,
06:20
you have made the experiencing self
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ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
06:22
of Patient A worse off,
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:24
and you have the remembering self of Patient A
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A
06:27
a lot better off,
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ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:29
because now you have endowed Patient A
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ A
06:31
with a better story
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
06:33
about his experience.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
06:36
What defines a story?
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ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?
06:39
And that is true of the stories
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
06:41
that memory delivers for us,
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ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื•,
06:43
and it's also true of the stories that we make up.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
06:46
What defines a story are changes,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
06:50
significant moments and endings.
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ืจื’ืขื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช.
06:53
Endings are very, very important
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ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:55
and, in this case, the ending dominated.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืกื™ื•ืžืช ืฉืœื˜ื”.
06:59
Now, the experiencing self
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ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
07:01
lives its life continuously.
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ื—ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
07:04
It has moments of experience, one after the other.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:07
And you can ask: What happens to these moments?
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ื•ืชืฉืืœื•: ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
07:10
And the answer is really straightforward:
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
07:12
They are lost forever.
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ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืœืขื“.
07:14
I mean, most of the moments of our life --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• --
07:16
and I calculated, you know, the psychological present
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ -- ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
07:19
is said to be about three seconds long;
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
07:21
that means that, you know,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
07:23
in a life there are about 600 million of them;
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
07:25
in a month, there are about 600,000 --
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 600,000.
07:28
most of them don't leave a trace.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ.
07:32
Most of them are completely ignored
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ืžืจื•ื‘ื, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
07:34
by the remembering self.
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ืžืชืขืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:36
And yet, somehow you get the sense
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
07:38
that they should count,
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ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘,
07:40
that what happens during these moments of experience
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
07:43
is our life.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
07:45
It's the finite resource that we're spending
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื
07:47
while we're on this earth.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:49
And how to spend it
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื•ืชื•,
07:51
would seem to be relevant,
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ื ืจืื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
07:53
but that is not the story
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ืืš ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
07:55
that the remembering self keeps for us.
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ืฉื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
07:57
So we have the remembering self
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
07:59
and the experiencing self,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
08:01
and they're really quite distinct.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:03
The biggest difference between them
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
08:05
is in the handling of time.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ.
08:08
From the point of view of the experiencing self,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”,
08:11
if you have a vacation,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื•ืคืฉื”,
08:13
and the second week is just as good as the first,
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ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
08:16
then the two-week vacation
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ืื– ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
08:19
is twice as good as the one-week vacation.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
08:22
That's not the way it works at all for the remembering self.
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ืืš ืœื ื›ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ.
08:25
For the remembering self, a two-week vacation
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ืœืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ, ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
08:27
is barely better than the one-week vacation
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข
08:30
because there are no new memories added.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืกืคื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:32
You have not changed the story.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:35
And in this way,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช,
08:37
time is actually the critical variable
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
08:40
that distinguishes a remembering self
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ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
08:43
from an experiencing self;
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
08:45
time has very little impact on the story.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:49
Now, the remembering self does more
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืœื ืจืง
08:52
than remember and tell stories.
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ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
08:54
It is actually the one that makes decisions
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
08:58
because, if you have a patient who has had, say,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืขืฉื”, ื ื’ื™ื“,
09:00
two colonoscopies with two different surgeons
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ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
09:03
and is deciding which of them to choose,
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
09:06
then the one that chooses
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ
09:09
is the one that has the memory that is less bad,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืข,
09:13
and that's the surgeon that will be chosen.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื ืชื— ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ.
09:15
The experiencing self
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ืœืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
09:17
has no voice in this choice.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:20
We actually don't choose between experiences,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:23
we choose between memories of experiences.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:26
And even when we think about the future,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
09:29
we don't think of our future normally as experiences.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:32
We think of our future
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
09:34
as anticipated memories.
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ื›ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
09:37
And basically you can look at this,
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ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
09:39
you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self,
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ื›ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
09:42
and you can think of the remembering self
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
09:44
sort of dragging the experiencing self
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ื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
09:46
through experiences that
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:48
the experiencing self doesn't need.
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ืฉื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš.
09:50
I have that sense that
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
09:52
when we go on vacations
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช
09:54
this is very frequently the case;
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืžืฆื‘,
09:56
that is, we go on vacations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช,
09:58
to a very large extent,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
10:00
in the service of our remembering self.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:03
And this is a bit hard to justify I think.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
10:06
I mean, how much do we consume our memories?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
10:09
That is one of the explanations
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื
10:11
that is given for the dominance
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ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
10:13
of the remembering self.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ.
10:15
And when I think about that, I think about a vacation
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
10:17
we had in Antarctica a few years ago,
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ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
10:20
which was clearly the best vacation I've ever had,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™,
10:23
and I think of it relatively often,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
10:25
relative to how much I think of other vacations.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
10:27
And I probably have consumed
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
10:31
my memories of that three-week trip, I would say,
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ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
10:33
for about 25 minutes in the last four years.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:36
Now, if I had ever opened the folder
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื”
10:39
with the 600 pictures in it,
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ืขื 600 ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื”,
10:42
I would have spent another hour.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืœื” ืฉืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
10:44
Now, that is three weeks,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
10:46
and that is at most an hour and a half.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
10:48
There seems to be a discrepancy.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื”.
10:50
Now, I may be a bit extreme, you know,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
10:52
in how little appetite I have for consuming memories,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
10:55
but even if you do more of this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชืฆืจื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:58
there is a genuine question:
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช:
11:01
Why do we put so much weight on memory
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ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
11:05
relative to the weight that we put on experiences?
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช?
11:08
So I want you to think
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื•
11:10
about a thought experiment.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
11:13
Imagine that for your next vacation,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื›ื
11:15
you know that at the end of the vacation
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื”
11:18
all your pictures will be destroyed,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ืจืกื ื”,
11:21
and you'll get an amnesic drug
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ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืกื ืฉื™ื›ื—ื”
11:23
so that you won't remember anything.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื–ื›ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:25
Now, would you choose the same vacation? (Laughter)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื”? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:29
And if you would choose a different vacation,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืื—ืจืช,
11:34
there is a conflict between your two selves,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
11:36
and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict,
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
11:39
and it's actually not at all obvious, because
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
11:42
if you think in terms of time,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
11:45
then you get one answer,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช.
11:48
and if you think in terms of memories,
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ื•ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:51
you might get another answer.
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
11:53
Why do we pick the vacations we do
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื”,
11:56
is a problem that confronts us
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื”
11:59
with a choice between the two selves.
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื™.
12:01
Now, the two selves
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื™
12:04
bring up two notions of happiness.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ.
12:06
There are really two concepts of happiness
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
12:08
that we can apply, one per self.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ, ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืื ื™.
12:11
So you can ask: How happy is the experiencing self?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”?
12:16
And then you would ask: How happy are the moments
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื
12:18
in the experiencing self's life?
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”?
12:21
And they're all -- happiness for moments
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื -- ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืจื’ืขื™ื
12:23
is a fairly complicated process.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœืžื“ื™.
12:25
What are the emotions that can be measured?
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ืžื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“?
12:28
And, by the way, now we are capable
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
12:30
of getting a pretty good idea
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
12:32
of the happiness of the experiencing self over time.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
12:38
If you ask for the happiness of the remembering self,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
12:41
it's a completely different thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:43
This is not about how happily a person lives.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืืฉื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ.
12:46
It is about how satisfied or pleased the person is
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืื• ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ื”ืืฉื”
12:49
when that person thinks about her life.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
12:53
Very different notion.
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:55
Anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืืœื•,
12:58
is going to mess up the study of happiness,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ,
13:00
and I belong to a crowd of students of well-being,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
13:03
who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
13:07
in precisely this way.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•.
13:09
The distinction between the
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
13:11
happiness of the experiencing self
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ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
13:13
and the satisfaction of the remembering self
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
13:16
has been recognized in recent years,
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ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:18
and there are now efforts to measure the two separately.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
13:21
The Gallup Organization has a world poll
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ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื•ืค ื™ืฉ ืกืงืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™
13:24
where more than half a million people
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ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ
13:26
have been asked questions
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ืฉื ืฉืืœื•
13:28
about what they think of their life
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ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
13:30
and about their experiences,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:32
and there have been other efforts along those lines.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืงื•ื™-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืœื•.
13:35
So in recent years, we have begun to learn
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
13:38
about the happiness of the two selves.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื™.
13:41
And the main lesson I think that we have learned
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•,
13:44
is they are really different.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:46
You can know how satisfied somebody is with their life,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:51
and that really doesn't teach you much
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
13:53
about how happily they're living their life,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ,
13:56
and vice versa.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
13:58
Just to give you a sense of the correlation,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงืฉืจ,
14:00
the correlation is about .5.
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ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 0.5.
14:02
What that means is if you met somebody,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
14:05
and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall,"
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ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืชืฉืขื™ื,
14:09
how much would you know about his height?
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ื›ืžื” ืชื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•?
14:11
Well, you would know something about his height,
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ืืชื ืชื“ืขื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
14:13
but there's a lot of uncertainty.
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ืืš ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
14:15
You have that much uncertainty.
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ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช
14:17
If I tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten,
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ืื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื“ื ื“ื™ืจื’ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• 8 ืžืชื•ืš 10,
14:21
you have a lot of uncertainty
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
14:23
about how happy they are
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•
14:25
with their experiencing self.
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ืขื ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
14:27
So the correlation is low.
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ืื– ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš.
14:29
We know something about what controls
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข
14:32
satisfaction of the happiness self.
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ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
14:34
We know that money is very important,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:36
goals are very important.
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ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
14:38
We know that happiness is mainly
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืงืฉื•ืจ
14:42
being satisfied with people that we like,
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ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
14:45
spending time with people that we like.
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ืœืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
14:48
There are other pleasures, but this is dominant.
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ื™ืฉ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
14:50
So if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ื™,
14:53
you are going to end up
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืšืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื•
14:55
doing very different things.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:57
The bottom line of what I've said here
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”
14:59
is that we really should not think of happiness
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
15:03
as a substitute for well-being.
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ื›ืขืœ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
15:05
It is a completely different notion.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
15:08
Now, very quickly,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
15:11
another reason we cannot think straight about happiness
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
15:15
is that we do not attend to the same things
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
15:22
when we think about life, and we actually live.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:25
So, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in California,
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ืื– ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
15:30
you are not going to get to the correct answer.
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ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
15:33
When you ask that question,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
15:35
you think people must be happier in California
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื›ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
15:37
if, say, you live in Ohio.
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ืื, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•.
15:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:41
And what happens is
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
15:44
when you think about living in California,
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ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
15:48
you are thinking of the contrast
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“
15:50
between California and other places,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:53
and that contrast, say, is in climate.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
15:55
Well, it turns out that climate
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืงืœื™ื
15:57
is not very important to the experiencing self
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”
16:00
and it's not even very important to the reflective self
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘
16:03
that decides how happy people are.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:06
But now, because the reflective self is in charge,
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ืืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜,
16:10
you may end up -- some people may end up
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื -- ื—ืœืงื›ื --
16:12
moving to California.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
16:14
And it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ
16:17
to people who move to California in the hope of getting happier.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
16:20
Well, their experiencing self
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื
16:22
is not going to get happier.
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ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:24
We know that.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
16:27
But one thing will happen: They will think they are happier,
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ืืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืจื”. ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:30
because, when they think about it,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
16:34
they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in Ohio,
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ื”ื ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื”ื™ื•.
16:38
and they will feel they made the right decision.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
16:41
It is very difficult
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
16:43
to think straight about well-being,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”,
16:45
and I hope I have given you a sense
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
16:48
of how difficult it is.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
16:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:55
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question for you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืืœื™ืš.
16:59
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
17:01
Now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago,
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
17:05
you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result
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ืกื™ืคืจืช ืœื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
17:08
came out of that Gallup survey.
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ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืืœื•ืค.
17:10
Is that something you can share
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
17:12
since you do have a few moments left now?
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื?
17:14
Daniel Kahneman: Sure.
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ: ื‘ื˜ื—.
17:16
I think the most interesting result that we found in the Gallup survey
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืืœื•ืค
17:19
is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ, ืฉืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ.
17:22
We found that with respect to the happiness
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืฉืจ
17:24
of the experiencing self.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
17:27
When we looked at how feelings,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช
17:32
vary with income.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกื”.
17:34
And it turns out that, below an income
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกื”
17:37
of 60,000 dollars a year, for Americans --
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ืฉืœ 60,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”, ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
17:40
and that's a very large sample of Americans, like 600,000,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื›-600,000,
17:43
so it's a large representative sample --
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
17:45
below an income of 600,000 dollars a year...
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ 600,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”...
17:47
CA: 60,000.
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ื›ืจื™ืก: 60,000.
17:49
DK: 60,000.
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ: 60,000.
17:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:53
60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœ 60,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
17:57
and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
18:00
Above that, we get an absolutely flat line.
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ืžืขืœ 60,000, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
18:03
I mean I've rarely seen lines so flat.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจื™ื.
18:06
Clearly, what is happening is
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
18:08
money does not buy you experiential happiness,
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ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืงื•ื ื” ืœืš ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™,
18:11
but lack of money certainly buys you misery,
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ืืš ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืงื•ื ื” ืœืš ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช,
18:14
and we can measure that misery
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
18:16
very, very clearly.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
18:18
In terms of the other self, the remembering self,
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
18:21
you get a different story.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
18:23
The more money you earn, the more satisfied you are.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืคืง.
18:26
That does not hold for emotions.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
18:28
CA: But Danny, the whole American endeavor is about
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ืื‘ืœ ื“ื ื™, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ
18:31
life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness.
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ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ืื•ืฉืจ.
18:34
If people took seriously that finding,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื—ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
18:38
I mean, it seems to turn upside down
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
18:41
everything we believe about, like for example,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
18:43
taxation policy and so forth.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
18:45
Is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
18:48
would take a finding like that seriously
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ืชื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
18:51
and run public policy based on it?
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ื•ืชื ื”ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื–ื”?
18:53
DK: You know I think that there is recognition
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ื“ื ื™ืืœ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื”
18:55
of the role of happiness research in public policy.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
18:58
The recognition is going to be slow in the United States,
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
19:00
no question about that,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
19:02
but in the U.K., it is happening,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
19:04
and in other countries it is happening.
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
19:06
People are recognizing that they ought
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
19:09
to be thinking of happiness
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
19:11
when they think of public policy.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
19:13
It's going to take a while,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ,
19:15
and people are going to debate
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—
19:18
whether they want to study experience happiness,
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ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™,
19:20
or whether they want to study life evaluation,
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ืื• ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
19:22
so we need to have that debate fairly soon.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
19:25
How to enhance happiness
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
19:27
goes very different ways depending on how you think,
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ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
19:30
and whether you think of the remembering self
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ื•ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจ
19:32
or you think of the experiencing self.
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ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
19:34
This is going to influence policy, I think, in years to come.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
19:37
In the United States, efforts are being made
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื
19:40
to measure the experience happiness of the population.
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ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
19:43
This is going to be, I think, within the next decade or two,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
19:46
part of national statistics.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
19:48
CA: Well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be --
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ื›ืจื™ืก: ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
19:52
the most interesting policy discussion to track
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
19:54
over the next few years.
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ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
19:56
Thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช.
19:58
Thank you, Danny Kahneman.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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