Archeology from space | Sarah Parcak

Translator: Jenny Zurawell

Prevodilac: Petar Milovanovic Lektor: Ivana Korom

When I was a child growing up in Maine,

Odrastajući u državi Mejn,

one of my favorite things to do

jedna od omiljenih stvari, kao detetu, mi je bila

was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of Maine,

da tražim školjke zvane "Peščani dolari" po obalama Mejna,

because my parents told me it would bring me luck.

zato što su mi roditelji rekli da će mi to doneti sreću.

But you know, these shells, they're hard to find.

Ali, kao što znate, ove školjke se teško nalaze.

They're covered in sand, they're difficult to see.

Pokrivene su peskom. Teško se uočavaju.

However, over time, I got used to looking for them.

Međutim, ja sam se vremenom navikla na traženje.

I started seeing shapes

Počela sam da uviđam oblike

and patterns that helped me to collect them.

i šare koje su mi pomagale da ih sakupljam.

Ovo je preraslo u strast za pronalaženjem stvari,

This grew into a passion for finding things,

a love for the past and archaeology.

u ljubav prema prošlosti i arheologiji.

And eventually, when I started studying Egyptology,

I najzad, kada sam počela da studiram Egiptologiju,

I realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasn't enough.

shvatila sam da posmatranje samo golim okom nije dovoljno.

Because all of the sudden, in Egypt,

Zato što je sada odjednom u Egiptu

my beach had grown from a tiny beach in Maine

moja mala plaža iz Mejna prerasla u plažu

to one eight hundred miles long,

dugačku 1300 kilometara

next to the Nile.

duž Nila,

And my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities.

a moje školjke su prerasle

u gradove.

This is really what brought me to using satellite imagery.

Ovo je zapravo ono što me je navelo na upotrebu posmatranja putem satelita.

For trying to map the past, I knew that I had to see differently.

Jer pokušavajući da stvorim mapu prošlosti,

znala sam da moram da promenim način posmatranja.

So I want to show you an example of how we see differently

Stoga želim da vam pokažem primer kako vidimo drugačije

using the infrared.

koristeći infracrvene zrake.

This is a site located in the eastern Egyptian delta

Ovo je predeo u istočnoj egipatskoj delti

called Mendes.

zvani Bendiz.

And the site visibly appears brown,

I predeo na pogled deluje da je braon boje,

but when we use the infrared

ali kad upotrebimo infracrvene zrake

and we process it, all of the sudden,

i obradimo ih, odjednom, upotrebom neprirodnih boja,

using false color,

the site appears as bright pink.

predeo deluje da je jarko roze boje.

What you are seeing

Ono što vidite

are the actual chemical changes to the landscape

su postojeće hemijske promene u zemljištu

caused by the building materials and activities

prouzrokovane građevinskim materijalom i aktivnostima

starih Egipćana.

of the ancient Egyptians.

What I want to share with you today

Ono što želim da danas podelim sa vama

is how we've used satellite data

je to kako smo korišćenjem podataka prikupljenih satelitom

to find an ancient Egyptian city,

pronašli antički egipatski grad,

called Itjtawy,

zvani Ičtavi,

missing for thousands of years.

koji nije bio otkriven hiljadama godina.

Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital

Ičtavi je bio glavni grad starog Egipta

više od četiri stotine godina,

for over four hundred years,

at a period of time called the Middle Kingdom,

u periodu zavnom srednje carstvo

about four thousand years ago.

pre otprilike četiri hiljade godina.

The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt,

Ovo mesto se nalazi u predelu Egipta zvanom Fajum

and the site is really important,

i ono je veoma važno zato što je u srednjem carstvu

because in the Middle Kingdom there was this great renaissance

bio veliki preporod staroegipatske umetnosti,

for ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion.

arhitekture i religije.

Egiptolozi su oduvek znali da se Ičtavi

Egyptologists have always known the site of Itjtawy

was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it,

nalazio negde blizu piramida

dva faraona koja su ga izgradila, ovde označenim crvenim krugovima,

indicated within the red circles here,

but somewhere within this massive flood plain.

ali negde unutar ove masivne plavne ravnice.

Ova površina je ogromna;

This area is huge --

it's four miles by three miles in size.

veličine je 6,4 puta 4,8 kilometara.

The Nile used to flow right next to the city of Itjtawy,

Nil je nekada proticao tik pored grada Ičtavi,

and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east,

i kako se vremenom pomerao i menjao tok prema istoku,

it covered over the city.

pokrio je grad.

So, how do you find a buried city

Dakle, kako pronaći zatrpani grad

in a vast landscape?

u ogromnom prostoru?

Finding it randomly would be the equivalent

Pronaći ga slučajno bi bilo isto kao

pronalaženje igle u plastu sena

of locating a needle in a haystack,

blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.

vezanih očiju noseći rukavice za bejzbol.

(Laughter)

Stoga smo uradili sledeće.

So what we did is we used NASA topography data

Iskoristili smo Nasine topografske podatke

to map out the landscape, very subtle changes.

da bismo napravili mapu predela do veoma sitnih promena.

We started to be able to see where the Nile used to flow.

Došli smo u stanje gde smo mogli da vidimo kuda je Nil nekada proticao.

Ali vi možete još detaljnije videti, čak i još interesantnije,

But you can see in more detail, and even more interesting,

ovu blago izbočenu oblast

this very slight raised area

seen within the circle up here

koja je ovde zaokružena, za koju smo mislili da može biti

which we thought could possibly be the location of the city of Itjtawy.

lokacija grada Ičtavi.

So we collaborated with Egyptian scientists

Potom smo u saradnji sa egipatskim naučnicima

radili na iskopavanju jezgra, što ovde možete i videti.

to do coring work, which you see here.

When I say coring, it's like ice coring,

Kad kažem iskopavanje jezgra, to je slično kao kopanje leda,

but instead of layers of climate change,

ali umesto slojeva klimatskih promena, traže se slojevi ljudskog zanimanja.

you're looking for layers of human occupation.

And, five meters down,

I na dubini od pet metara,

underneath a thick layer of mud,

ispod debelog sloja blata,

našli smo gust sloj grnčarstva.

we found a dense layer of pottery.

What this shows is that at this possible location of Itjtawy,

Ovo znači da na ovoj mogućoj lokaciji grada Ičtavi,

five meters down,

pet metara ispod zemlje,

we have a layer of occupation for several hundred years,

imamo sloj ljudskog zanimanja dugog više stotina godina

dating to the Middle Kingdom,

koje datira iz doba srednjeg carstva, odnosno tačnog vremenskog perioda

dating to the exact period of time we think Itjtawy is.

iz kog mislimo da je Ičtavi.

We also found work stone --

Takođe smo našli obrađeno kamenje,

carnelian, quartz and agate

korneol, kvarc i ahat što pokazuje

that shows that there was a jeweler's workshop here.

da je ovde bila juvelirska radionica.

These might not look like much,

Ovo možda ne izgleda bitno,

ali kada se pitate koje se kamenje najčešće koristilo

but when you think about the most common stones

used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom,

kao nakit u srednjem carstvu,

odgovor je ovo kamenje.

these are the stones that were used.

Dakle, na ovoj lokaciji imamo gust sloj zanimanja

So, we have a dense layer of occupation

dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site.

koje datira iz doba srednjeg carstva.

We also have evidence of an elite jeweler's workshop,

Takođe imamo dokaze o radionicama za elitni nakit

što pokazuje da koji god da se grad ovde nalazio, bio je veoma značajan.

showing that whatever was there was a very important city.

No Itjtawy was here yet,

Još uvek nema dokaza da je ovde bio grad Ičtavi,

but we're going to be returning to the site

ali mi ćemo se uskoro vratiti na ovo mesto

in the near future to map it out.

da bismo ga mapirali.

And even more importantly,

I ono što je još važnije,

we have funding to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology

imamo sredstva za obuku mladih egipćana

za korišćenje satelitske tehnologije

so they can be the ones making great discoveries as well.

kako bi i oni takođe mogli da dođu do velikih otkrića.

So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom --

Želela bih da završim svojim omiljenim citatom

iz srednjeg carstva

it was probably written at the city of Itjtawy

koji je verovatno napisan u gradu Ičtavi pre četiri hiljade godina.

four thousand years ago.

"Deljenje znanja je najznačajnije od svih zanimanja.

"Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings.

There's nothing like it in the land."

Ne postoji ništa poput toga na svetu."

So as it turns out, TED was not founded in 1984 AD.

Dakle kako stvari stoje, TED nije osnovan 1984. godine nove ere.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC

Stvaranje ideja je zapravo počelo 1984. godine pre nove ere

u ne tako dugo izgubljenom gradu pronađenom iz svemira.

at a not-lost-for-long city, found from above.

It certainly puts finding seashells by the seashore in perspective.

To svakako stavlja pronalaženje školjki na obali mora u perspektivu.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)