Archeology from space | Sarah Parcak

111,536 views ใƒป 2012-06-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Jenny Zurawell
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
00:16
When I was a child growing up in Maine,
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00:18
one of my favorite things to do
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:20
was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of Maine,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื,
00:23
because my parents told me it would bring me luck.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืžื–ืœ.
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
00:26
But you know, these shells, they're hard to find.
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00:28
They're covered in sand, they're difficult to see.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:31
However, over time, I got used to looking for them.
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:35
I started seeing shapes
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
00:37
and patterns that helped me to collect them.
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ.
ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:41
This grew into a passion for finding things,
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00:44
a love for the past and archaeology.
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ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ, ืœืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:46
And eventually, when I started studying Egyptology,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ื’'ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:50
I realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasn't enough.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
00:54
Because all of the sudden, in Egypt,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืข, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื,
00:57
my beach had grown from a tiny beach in Maine
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ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืŸ
01:01
to one eight hundred miles long,
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ืœ-800 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฃ
01:03
next to the Nile.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก,
01:04
And my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื’ื“ืœื•
ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ.
01:09
This is really what brought me to using satellite imagery.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:12
For trying to map the past, I knew that I had to see differently.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”
01:17
So I want to show you an example of how we see differently
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01:20
using the infrared.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื.
01:22
This is a site located in the eastern Egyptian delta
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื“ืœืชื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
01:25
called Mendes.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืก.
01:26
And the site visibly appears brown,
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ื”ืืชืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ื,
01:29
but when we use the infrared
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื
01:31
and we process it, all of the sudden,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืคืชืื•ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™,
01:34
using false color,
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01:35
the site appears as bright pink.
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ื”ืืชืจ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
01:37
What you are seeing
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
01:39
are the actual chemical changes to the landscape
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ
01:42
caused by the building materials and activities
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ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:46
of the ancient Egyptians.
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01:48
What I want to share with you today
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
01:50
is how we've used satellite data
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
01:53
to find an ancient Egyptian city,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
01:56
called Itjtawy,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™,
01:57
missing for thousands of years.
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ืฉืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืขืœืžื• ืœืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:59
Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital
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ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
ืœืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
02:03
for over four hundred years,
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02:04
at a period of time called the Middle Kingdom,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช
02:06
about four thousand years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-4000 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:08
The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt,
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ื”ืืชืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืœ-ืคื™ื•ื" ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื
02:11
and the site is really important,
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ื•ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช
02:13
because in the Middle Kingdom there was this great renaissance
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
02:16
for ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
ืื™ื’'ื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™
02:20
Egyptologists have always known the site of Itjtawy
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02:22
was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it,
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ืžืžื•ืงื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื”, ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
02:27
indicated within the red circles here,
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02:29
but somewhere within this massive flood plain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืง -
02:32
This area is huge --
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02:33
it's four miles by three miles in size.
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื•.
02:36
The Nile used to flow right next to the city of Itjtawy,
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ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืจื ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™,
02:39
and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื– ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื–ืจื™ืžืชื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:42
it covered over the city.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:44
So, how do you find a buried city
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื”
02:48
in a vast landscape?
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื›ื–ื”?
02:50
Finding it randomly would be the equivalent
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœ
ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื—ืช,
02:53
of locating a needle in a haystack,
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02:54
blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.
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ืขื ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
02:56
(Laughter)
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื
02:58
So what we did is we used NASA topography data
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03:01
to map out the landscape, very subtle changes.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:04
We started to be able to see where the Nile used to flow.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื–ืจื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ -- ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ --
03:08
But you can see in more detail, and even more interesting,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”
03:11
this very slight raised area
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03:13
seen within the circle up here
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
03:14
which we thought could possibly be the location of the city of Itjtawy.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™.
03:18
So we collaborated with Egyptian scientists
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ืื– ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
03:21
to do coring work, which you see here.
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03:23
When I say coring, it's like ice coring,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื
03:25
but instead of layers of climate change,
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:27
you're looking for layers of human occupation.
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:30
And, five meters down,
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03:31
underneath a thick layer of mud,
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ืชื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฅ,
ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืจืกื™ื.
03:34
we found a dense layer of pottery.
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03:37
What this shows is that at this possible location of Itjtawy,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™, ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:40
five meters down,
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03:41
we have a layer of occupation for several hundred years,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
03:44
dating to the Middle Kingdom,
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ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ื•ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ
03:45
dating to the exact period of time we think Itjtawy is.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:49
We also found work stone --
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช --
03:51
carnelian, quartz and agate
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ืงืจื ืœื™ืืŸ, ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืจืงืช ืฉืžืจืื•ืช
03:54
that shows that there was a jeweler's workshop here.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื“ื ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:56
These might not look like much,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช
03:58
but when you think about the most common stones
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04:00
used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom,
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช,
ืืœื• ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•.
04:04
these are the stones that were used.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช
04:06
So, we have a dense layer of occupation
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04:08
dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site.
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ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ื ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
04:10
We also have evidence of an elite jeweler's workshop,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:13
showing that whatever was there was a very important city.
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04:16
No Itjtawy was here yet,
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ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:18
but we're going to be returning to the site
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืชืจ
04:20
in the near future to map it out.
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:22
And even more importantly,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš,
04:24
we have funding to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
04:29
so they can be the ones making great discoveries as well.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
04:32
So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom --
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™
ืžื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช --
04:37
it was probably written at the city of Itjtawy
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื’'ื˜ืื•ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 4000 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:40
four thousand years ago.
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"ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ.
04:42
"Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings.
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04:45
There's nothing like it in the land."
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื."
04:46
So as it turns out, TED was not founded in 1984 AD.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉ-TED ืœื ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:55
Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”"ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืœืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ" ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
05:01
at a not-lost-for-long city, found from above.
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05:04
It certainly puts finding seashells by the seashore in perspective.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”.
05:08
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
05:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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