Archeology from space | Sarah Parcak

111,208 views ・ 2012-06-14

TED


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00:00
Translator: Jenny Zurawell
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翻译人员: Lyman Zhang 校对人员: Dennis Guo
当我在缅因州长大的时候,
00:16
When I was a child growing up in Maine,
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00:18
one of my favorite things to do
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一件我最喜欢做的事
是在海滩上找沙钱(一种贝壳)。
00:20
was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of Maine,
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00:23
because my parents told me it would bring me luck.
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因为大人说沙钱会带来好运。
但其实这些贝壳不好找,
00:26
But you know, these shells, they're hard to find.
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00:28
They're covered in sand, they're difficult to see.
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因为沙子会盖在上面,几乎看不到。
00:31
However, over time, I got used to looking for them.
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但是过了一段时间,我就找到诀窍了。
00:35
I started seeing shapes
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我开始习惯
沙钱的形状以及规律
00:37
and patterns that helped me to collect them.
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之后我养成了一股找东西的热情,
00:41
This grew into a passion for finding things,
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一股对古物和考古学的热爱。
00:44
a love for the past and archaeology.
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00:46
And eventually, when I started studying Egyptology,
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后来当我开始研究埃及的时候,
我意识到光用肉眼去看是不够的。
00:50
I realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasn't enough.
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00:54
Because all of the sudden, in Egypt,
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因为在埃及,忽然间
00:57
my beach had grown from a tiny beach in Maine
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我的沙滩,从一片缅因的小海滩
变成了800公里长,紧邻尼罗河的沙滩。
01:01
to one eight hundred miles long,
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01:03
next to the Nile.
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01:04
And my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities.
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而我的沙钱
也变得跟城市一样大。
这是我启用卫星照片的原因。
01:09
This is really what brought me to using satellite imagery.
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01:12
For trying to map the past, I knew that I had to see differently.
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为了画出过去的地图,我必须从另一个角度去观察。
让我来给你们一个例子,如何运用红外线
01:17
So I want to show you an example of how we see differently
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01:20
using the infrared.
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来从另一个角度观察。
这个遗址坐落在埃及三角洲东部,
01:22
This is a site located in the eastern Egyptian delta
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01:25
called Mendes.
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名叫班迪克斯。
01:26
And the site visibly appears brown,
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从肉眼看来,遗址看起来是褐色的。
但当我们用红外线时,
01:29
but when we use the infrared
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经过假色处理,忽然间,
01:31
and we process it, all of the sudden,
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01:34
using false color,
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01:35
the site appears as bright pink.
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遗址反映出亮粉色。
01:37
What you are seeing
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你看到的其实是
01:39
are the actual chemical changes to the landscape
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古埃及人的建筑施工的材料
01:42
caused by the building materials and activities
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对地面产生的化学影响。
01:46
of the ancient Egyptians.
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我今天想和你们分享的是
01:48
What I want to share with you today
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01:50
is how we've used satellite data
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我们是如何用卫星数据
01:53
to find an ancient Egyptian city,
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来找到一座已经失踪了数千年之久的
01:56
called Itjtawy,
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01:57
missing for thousands of years.
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埃及古城: “伊其塔维”。
01:59
Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital
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伊其塔维曾经是古埃及的首都,
历时400年,
02:03
for over four hundred years,
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02:04
at a period of time called the Middle Kingdom,
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当时古埃及处于中王国时期,
02:06
about four thousand years ago.
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大约4000年前。
02:08
The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt,
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遗址坐落在如今埃及的法尤姆。
02:11
and the site is really important,
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这座遗址非常珍贵,因为在中王国时期
02:13
because in the Middle Kingdom there was this great renaissance
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是一个古埃及艺术,建筑,宗教的复兴时期
02:16
for ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion.
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埃及学家很早就知道伊其塔维的大概位置,
02:20
Egyptologists have always known the site of Itjtawy
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02:22
was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it,
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在两位开城国王的金字塔附近,
也就是用红圈的区域,
02:27
indicated within the red circles here,
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02:29
but somewhere within this massive flood plain.
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在这片广阔的泛洪区的某处。
这篇区域非常广阔,
02:32
This area is huge --
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02:33
it's four miles by three miles in size.
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四公里长,三公里宽。
尼罗河曾经在“伊其塔维”古城周围流过
02:36
The Nile used to flow right next to the city of Itjtawy,
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02:39
and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east,
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随着河道变化,河流渐渐的向东移动
02:42
it covered over the city.
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最终覆盖了这座城市。
02:44
So, how do you find a buried city
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所以,如何在那么大的范围里
02:48
in a vast landscape?
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寻找一座被埋没的城市?
02:50
Finding it randomly would be the equivalent
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随機的去尋找这座城市
就好像在海底捞针的同时,
02:53
of locating a needle in a haystack,
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02:54
blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.
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还蒙着眼,带着棒球手套。
02:56
(Laughter)
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所以,我们用NASA的地形数据
02:58
So what we did is we used NASA topography data
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03:01
to map out the landscape, very subtle changes.
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来精确的画出地形图。
03:04
We started to be able to see where the Nile used to flow.
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然后看出尼罗河过去流经哪里。
但你可以看到更多细节——更有意思的是
03:08
But you can see in more detail, and even more interesting,
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这一小片略微隆起的区域
03:11
this very slight raised area
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03:13
seen within the circle up here
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就在这个圈内,是我们认为伊其塔维古城可能的位置
03:14
which we thought could possibly be the location of the city of Itjtawy.
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03:18
So we collaborated with Egyptian scientists
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所以我们和埃及的科学家合作
一起完成了取芯的工作,也就是你现在看到的
03:21
to do coring work, which you see here.
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03:23
When I say coring, it's like ice coring,
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我指的取芯工作,有点象是冰层取芯,
03:25
but instead of layers of climate change,
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但我们寻找的是有人类的痕迹的地层,而不是气候变化的痕迹。
03:27
you're looking for layers of human occupation.
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5米朝下,
03:30
And, five meters down,
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03:31
underneath a thick layer of mud,
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在一层厚厚的泥浆下,
我们发现了包含大量陶器的地层。
03:34
we found a dense layer of pottery.
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这说明,在这个可能的位置
03:37
What this shows is that at this possible location of Itjtawy,
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5米朝下
03:40
five meters down,
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03:41
we have a layer of occupation for several hundred years,
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是一层有几百年历史的地层,
03:44
dating to the Middle Kingdom,
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其历史可以追溯到中王国时期,正好是我们认为伊其塔维存在的时期。
03:45
dating to the exact period of time we think Itjtawy is.
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我们还找到了石料——
03:49
We also found work stone --
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03:51
carnelian, quartz and agate
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各种玛瑙,水晶,显示出
03:54
that shows that there was a jeweler's workshop here.
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这里曾经有一个珠宝作坊。
03:56
These might not look like much,
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这些可能看起来很普通,
但比较一下中王国时期
03:58
but when you think about the most common stones
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used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom,
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珠宝最常用的石料,
这就是那些最常见的石料。
04:04
these are the stones that were used.
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所以我们在这里找到了一层人类居住过的痕迹,
04:06
So, we have a dense layer of occupation
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一直追溯到中王国时期。
04:08
dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site.
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我们同样有一座名贵珠宝作坊的证据,
04:10
We also have evidence of an elite jeweler's workshop,
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显示不论如何,这是一座非常重要的城市。
04:13
showing that whatever was there was a very important city.
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04:16
No Itjtawy was here yet,
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这里还不一定是伊其塔维,
04:18
but we're going to be returning to the site
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但我们在不遠的未來就会回到这片遗址
04:20
in the near future to map it out.
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去进行绘图。
04:22
And even more importantly,
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更重要的是,
04:24
we have funding to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology
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我们筹资训练年轻的埃及人
使用卫星技术,
这样他们自己也能够做出这些重要发现了。
04:29
so they can be the ones making great discoveries as well.
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04:32
So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom --
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所以我想用中王国时期,我最喜欢的引述
来作为结尾——
04:37
it was probably written at the city of Itjtawy
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这句话很可能在4000年前,在伊其塔维写下的
04:40
four thousand years ago.
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“分享知识是最伟大的使命。
04:42
"Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings.
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世间没有其他事可以相提并论。”
04:45
There's nothing like it in the land."
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04:46
So as it turns out, TED was not founded in 1984 AD.
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结果你发觉,TED并不是公元1984年建立的。
04:52
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
这个想法其实是从公元前1984年,
04:55
Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC
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从一座“失落了没多久”,又这样被找到的古城开始的。
05:01
at a not-lost-for-long city, found from above.
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这也让人们对找贝壳这事有了新的理解。
05:04
It certainly puts finding seashells by the seashore in perspective.
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05:08
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
05:09
(Applause)
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(掌声)
05:11
Thank you.
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谢谢。
05:13
(Applause)
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