Archeology from space | Sarah Parcak

Translator: Jenny Zurawell

Translator: Anteja Jež Reviewer: Irma Sutlic

Ko sem odraščala v Mainu,

When I was a child growing up in Maine,

one of my favorite things to do

je bila ena mojih najljubših stvari

was to look for sand dollars on the seashores of Maine,

iskanje lupin morskih ježkov na obalah Maina.

because my parents told me it would bring me luck.

Starši so mi namreč rekli, da mi bodo prinesli srečo.

Ampak te lupine je zelo težko najti.

But you know, these shells, they're hard to find.

They're covered in sand, they're difficult to see.

Pokriva jih pesek. Težko jih je opaziti.

However, over time, I got used to looking for them.

Sčasoma pa sem jih vedno lažje našla.

I started seeing shapes

Pozorna sem postala na oblike

and patterns that helped me to collect them.

in vzorce, po katerih sem se pri iskanju orientirala.

Ta igra je prerasla v strast po odkrivanju stvari,

This grew into a passion for finding things,

a love for the past and archaeology.

v ljubezen do preteklosti in arheologije.

And eventually, when I started studying Egyptology,

Ko sem začela študirati egiptologijo,

I realized that seeing with my naked eyes alone wasn't enough.

sem spoznala, da iskanje le s pomočjo lastnih oči ne bo dovolj.

Because all of the sudden, in Egypt,

V Egiptu je namreč moja obala

my beach had grown from a tiny beach in Maine

iz majcene obale Maina zrastla

to one eight hundred miles long,

v več kot tisoč kilometrov dolgo obalo

next to the Nile.

ob Nilu

And my sand dollars had grown to the size of cities.

in moje ježkove lupine so postale

velike kot mesta.

This is really what brought me to using satellite imagery.

To je bil razlog, da sem pričela uporabljati satelitske posnetke.

For trying to map the past, I knew that I had to see differently.

Vedela sem, da moram videti na drug način, če želim orisati preteklost.

Želim vam pokazati primer, kako lahko vidimo na drugačen način,

So I want to show you an example of how we see differently

using the infrared.

z uporabo infrardeče svetlobe.

This is a site located in the eastern Egyptian delta

To nahajališče je v zahodnem delu Egipčanske delte,

called Mendes.

imenuje se Bendix.

And the site visibly appears brown,

Na sliki je področje videti rjavo,

but when we use the infrared

če pa uporabimo infrardečo svetlobo

and we process it, all of the sudden,

in sliko obdelamo, potem je iznenada, z umetnim obarvanjem,

using false color,

the site appears as bright pink.

nahajališče videti kot svetlo roza.

What you are seeing

Kar vidite,

are the actual chemical changes to the landscape

so dejanske kemične spremembe v pokrajini,

caused by the building materials and activities

ki so jih povzročili grabdeni materiali in obrtne dejavnosti

starodavnih Egipčanov.

of the ancient Egyptians.

What I want to share with you today

Danes vam želim predstaviti način,

is how we've used satellite data

kako si s satelitskimi podatki pomagali

to find an ancient Egyptian city,

pri iskanju starodavnega egipčanskega mesta,

called Itjtawy,

imenovanega Itjtawy,

missing for thousands of years.

za katerega tisočletja nismo vedeli, kje leži.

Itjtawy was ancient Egypt's capital

Itjtawy je bilo glavno mesto starodavnega Egipta

več kot štiristo let,

for over four hundred years,

at a period of time called the Middle Kingdom,

v obdobju, ki ga imenujemo Srednja država,

about four thousand years ago.

pred približno štiri tisoč leti.

The site is located in the Faiyum of Egypt,

Nahajališče leži v oazi Fajum v Egiptu

and the site is really important,

in je pomembno, saj je bil v času Srednje države

because in the Middle Kingdom there was this great renaissance

velik preporid starodavne egipčanske umetnosti,

for ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion.

arhitekture in religije.

Egiptologi so vedeli, da nahajališče Itjtawy

Egyptologists have always known the site of Itjtawy

was located somewhere near the pyramids of the two kings who built it,

leži nekje blizu piramid

dveh kraljev, ki sta ga zgradila, označeno tukaj z rdečima krogoma,

indicated within the red circles here,

but somewhere within this massive flood plain.

a nekje na tej velikanski poplavni ravnini.

To področje je ogormno,

This area is huge --

it's four miles by three miles in size.

velikost i štiri krat tri milje.

The Nile used to flow right next to the city of Itjtawy,

Nil je nekoč tekel tik ob mestu Itjtawy.

and as it shifted and changed and moved over time to the east,

Ko se je struga skozi čas pomikala vedno bolj proti vzhodu,

it covered over the city.

je prekrila mesto.

So, how do you find a buried city

Kako torej najti zakopano mesto

in a vast landscape?

na tako velikem področju?

Finding it randomly would be the equivalent

Če bi se iskanja lotili nenačrtno, bi bilo, kot da bi

iskali iglo v kopici sena,

of locating a needle in a haystack,

blindfolded, wearing baseball mitts.

s prevezo čez oči, v debelih rokavicah.

(Laughter)

Tako smo se poslužili Nasinih topografskih podatkov,

So what we did is we used NASA topography data

to map out the landscape, very subtle changes.

da bi katrografirali področje in majhne razlike.

We started to be able to see where the Nile used to flow.

Kmalu se nam je pred očmi zarisala struga, po kateri je nekoč tekel Nil.

Še natančnejša analiza nam razkrije še nekaj bolj zanimivega.

But you can see in more detail, and even more interesting,

Rahlo dvignjeno območje,

this very slight raised area

seen within the circle up here

označuje ga tale krog, za katerega smo domnevali, da bi lahko bila

which we thought could possibly be the location of the city of Itjtawy.

lokacija mesta Itjtawy.

So we collaborated with Egyptian scientists

S pomočjo egipčanskih znanstvenikov smo se tako lotili

vrtanja izvrtin, kar lahko vidite na tej sliki.

to do coring work, which you see here.

When I say coring, it's like ice coring,

S tem imam v mislih izvrtine kot izvrtine v polarni led, a namesto

but instead of layers of climate change,

plasti podnebnih sprememb iščemo dokaze o človeški poselitvi.

you're looking for layers of human occupation.

Na globini petih metrov,

And, five meters down,

underneath a thick layer of mud,

pod debelim slojem blata,

smo tako našli debelo plast lončenine.

we found a dense layer of pottery.

What this shows is that at this possible location of Itjtawy,

To prikazuje, da smo na tej možni lokaciji

mesta Itjtawy, pet metrov globoko

five meters down,

we have a layer of occupation for several hundred years,

naleteli na plast, ki nakazuje na večstoletno poselitev,

dating to the Middle Kingdom,

ki sega v čas Srednjega kraljestva in se sklada z obdobljem,

dating to the exact period of time we think Itjtawy is.

v katerem naj bi obstajalo mesto Itjtawy.

We also found work stone --

Našli smo tudi obdelane poldrage kamne, na primer

carnelian, quartz and agate

karneol, kremenjak in ahtat, kar nakazuje,

that shows that there was a jeweler's workshop here.

da so tukaj nekoč izdelovali nakit.

These might not look like much,

Na prvi pogled to mogoče ni kaj veliko,

a če pomislimo, katere kamne so najpogosteje uporabljali

but when you think about the most common stones

used in jewelry from the Middle Kingdom,

pri izdelovanju nakita v času Srednje države,

so bili v uporabi prav ti kanmi.

these are the stones that were used.

Imamo torej debelo plast, ki kaže na poselitev.

So, we have a dense layer of occupation

dating to the Middle Kingdom at this site.

ki sega v obdobje Srednje države na tem območju.

Imamo tudi dokaze prestižni delavnici nakita,

We also have evidence of an elite jeweler's workshop,

kar nakazuje, da je šlo za zelo pomembno mesto.

showing that whatever was there was a very important city.

No Itjtawy was here yet,

Na tej stopnji še ne govorimo o mestu Itjtawy,

but we're going to be returning to the site

a na to nahajališče se bomo še vračali

in the near future to map it out.

v bljižni prihodnosti, da bi ga kartirali.

And even more importantly,

še pomembnejše pa je,

we have funding to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology

da imamo sredstva za izobraževanje mladih raziskovalcev iz Egipta

o uporabi satelitske tehnologije,

so they can be the ones making great discoveries as well.

da jo bodo v prihodnje tudi sami uporabljali pri lovu na velika odkritja.

So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom --

Predstavitev želim zaključiti z meni najljubšim citatom

iz časa Srednje države --

it was probably written at the city of Itjtawy

najbrž je napis krasil vhod v mesto Itytawy, štiri tisoč let nazaj.

four thousand years ago.

"Širjenje znanja je največje poslanstvo.

"Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings.

There's nothing like it in the land."

Ničesar večjega ni v deželi."

So as it turns out, TED was not founded in 1984 AD.

Vse kaže, da TED ni bil ustanovljen leta 1948 n. š.,

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Making ideas actually started in 1984 BC

Širjenje idej se je pravzaprav začelo 1984 pr.n.št.,

v za-kratek-čas-izgubljenem mestu, ki smo ga odkrili.

at a not-lost-for-long city, found from above.

It certainly puts finding seashells by the seashore in perspective.

Vsekakor dokritje postavlja iskanje školjk na obali v drugačno luč.

Thank you very much.

Hvala za vašo pozornost.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)