The new era of positive psychology | Martin Seligman

Prevodilac: Radica Stojanović Lektor: Stevan Radanovic

When I was President of the American Psychological Association,

Kada sam bio predsednik Američke Asocijacije Psihologa

they tried to media-train me.

pokušali su da me medijski edukuju

And an encounter I had with CNN summarizes

i susret koji sam imao sa CNN-om

sažima ono o čemu ću pričati danas,

what I'm going to be talking about today,

a to je "11.ti razlog za optimizam."

which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.

The editor of Discover told us 10 of them;

Urednik Diskaverija nam je rekao njih deset,

I'm going to give you the eleventh.

ja ću vam dati 11.ti.

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, "Professor Seligman --

Tako su oni došli do mene, CNN, i rekli, "Profesore Selidžmen,

možete li nam reći nešto o stanju psihologije danas?

would you tell us about the state of psychology today?

We'd like to interview you about that."

Želeli bismo da Vas intervjuišemo o tome." Odgovorio sam, "Sjajno."

And I said, "Great."

And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."

A ona je rekla, "Ali ovo je CNN, tako da dobijate jako malo vremena."

I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"

Pitao sam, "Pa dobro, koliko ću dobiti reči?"

And she said, "Well, one."

Odgovorila je, "Pa, jednu."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Kamera je krenula i ona je rekla, "Profesore Selidžmen,

And the cameras rolled, and she said,

"Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"

"Good."

"Dobro."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

"Cut! Cut. That won't do.

"Rez. Rez. Tako neće ići.

Biće bolje da Vam ipak damo malo više vremena."

We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."

"How many words do I get this time?"

"Pa, koliko ću dobiti reči ovoga puta?" "Mislim, pa... Dobićete dve.

"Well, you get two."

(Laughter)

"Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Doktor Selidžmen, kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"

"Not good."

(Laughter)

"Nije dobro."

(Smeh)

"Vidite, doktor Selidžmen,

"Look, Doctor Seligman,

we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.

vidimo da Vam baš i ne ide sa ovim medijem.

We'd better give you a real sound bite.

Ipak će biti najbolje da Vam damo još više vremena.

This time you can have three words.

Ovoga puta imaćete tri reči.

Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Profesor Selidžmen, kakvo je stanje psihologije danas?"

"Not good enough."

"Nije dovoljno dobro." I o tome ću govoriti ovde.

That's what I'm going to be talking about.

I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good,

Želim da kažem zašto je psihologija bila dobro, zašto nije bila dobro

and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.

i kako može postati dovoljno dobra u narednih deset godina.

And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,

I kao poređenje, želeo bih da kažem istu stvar i o tehnologiji,

about entertainment and design,

zabavi, dizajnu, zato što mislim da je suština vrlo slična.

because I think the issues are very similar.

So, why was psychology good?

Pa zašto je psihologija bila dobro?

Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.

Više od 60 godina, psihologija je radila u okvirima bolesničkog modela.

Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane

Pre deset godina, prilikom jednog leta

and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,

predstavio sam se čoveku koji je sedeo do mene i rekao mu čime se bavim

they'd move away from me,

i on se odmakao.

Potpuno ispravno, jer se govorilo

because, quite rightly, they were saying

psychology is about finding what's wrong with you.

da psihologija samo traži ono što nije u redu sa tobom. "Uočite ludaka."

Spot the loony.

And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.

A sada kad kažem ljudima čime se bavim, oni mi prilaze.

What was good about psychology --

Ono što je bilo dobro u vezi sa psihologijom,

u vezi sa 30 milijardi vrednom investicijom NIMH-a (Nacionalni Institut za Mentalno Zdravlje),

about the $30 billion investment NIMH made,

about working in the disease model,

u vezi postojećeg "modela bolesti",

about what you mean by psychology --

u vezi onoga što ja podrazumevam pod psihologijom,

is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable;

jeste to da pre 60 godina nijedna od bolesti psihičke prirode nije bila izlečiva --

it was entirely smoke and mirrors.

stanje je bilo jako maglovito.

And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,

A sada se 14 poremećaja može tretirati,

two of them actually curable.

dva su izlečiva.

And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,

I druga stvar koja se desila jeste da se nauka razvila,

a science of mental illness.

nauka o mentalnim bolestima.

We found out we could take fuzzy concepts

Uspeli smo da tako nejasne koncepte bolesti kao što su depresija, alkoholizam,

like depression, alcoholism,

and measure them with rigor;

merimo strogom preciznošću.

that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses;

Moguće je napraviti klasifikaciju mentalnih poremećaja.

that we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.

Moguće je razumeti uzročnike poremećaja.

We could look across time at the same people --

Možemo pogledati kroz vreme iste ljude --

people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --

ljude, na primer, koji su genetski podložni shizofreniji,

and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,

i zapitati se koliki je doprinos sredine, a koliki genetike,

a potom izolovati treću varijablu

and we could isolate third variables

by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

eksperimentalnim ispitivanjem mentalnih bolesti.

And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,

A najbolje od svega je to što smo uspeli da, u poslednjih 50 godina,

to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.

osmislimo medikamentozne i psihološke tretmane,

And then we were able to test them rigorously,

i potom smo mogli da ih rigorozno ispitujemo

in random-assignment, placebo-controlled designs,

u nasumično izabranim grupama kontrolisanim placebom --

throw out the things that didn't work,

izbaciti stvari koje nisu radile, zadržati stvari koje aktivno jesu.

keep the things that actively did.

The conclusion of that is,

I zaključak svega toga je to što su psihologija i psihijatrija, u poslednjih 60 godina,

psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years

can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.

učinile nesrećne ljude manje nesrećnim.

And I think that's terrific.

Mislim da je to fenomenalno. Jako sam ponosan na to.

I'm proud of it.

But what was not good, the consequences of that,

Ali ono što nije dobro, posledice toga, su tri stvari.

were three things.

The first was moral;

Prva je vezana za moral --

that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers;

da su psiholozi i psihijatri stali u službu istraživanja žrtava i patologije;

that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble,

da je naš pogled na ljudsku prirodu bio takav da ako neko ima problem, to verovatno znači da mu je cigla pala na glavu.

bricks fell on you.

And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.

Zaboravili smo da ljudi prave izbore i donose odluke.

We forgot responsibility.

Zaboravili smo na odgovornost. To je bila prva cena.

That was the first cost.

The second cost was that we forgot about you people.

Druga je da smo zaboravili na vas ljudi.

We forgot about improving normal lives.

Zaboravili smo na poboljšavanje normalnih života.

We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,

Zaboravili smo na misiju da treba da učinimo ljude koji su relativno bez problema srećnijim,

more fulfilled, more productive.

ispunjenijim, produktivnijim, a "genijalac", "visoko talentovan", su postale "prljave" reči.

And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.

No one works on that.

Niko ne radi na tome.

And the third problem about the disease model is,

I treći problem u vezi sa tim postojećim modelom "bolesti" jeste da,

in our rush to do something about people in trouble,

u našoj trci da učinimo nešto za ljude koji imaju problema,

in our rush to do something about repairing damage,

u našoj trci da učinimo nešto kako bi popravljali štete,

it never occurred to us to develop interventions

nikada nam nije palo na pamet da razvijemo neke intervencije

to make people happier -- positive interventions.

kako bismo učinili ljude srećnijim, neke pozitivne intervencije.

So that was not good.

Tako da to nije bilo dobro.

And so that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,

I upravo je to navelo ljude kako što su Nensi Etkof, Den Gilbert,

Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself

Majk Čiksenmaji i mene da počnemo da radimo na nečemu što ja zovem pozitivna psihologija,

to work in something I call, "positive psychology,"

koja ima tri cilja.

which has three aims.

The first is that psychology should be just as concerned

Prvi je da psihologija treba da bude podjednako zabrinuta

with human strength as it is with weakness.

za ljudsku čvrstinu koliko i za bolest.

It should be just as concerned with building strength

Podjednako usmerena na izgradnju te čvrstine koliko i na popravljanje štete.

as with repairing damage.

It should be interested in the best things in life.

Trebalo bi da bude zainteresovana za one najbolje stvari u životu

And it should be just as concerned

i trebalo bi da radi na onim stvarima koje ljudski život čine ispunjenijim

with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,

and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

kao i da se bavi genijima i načinima za odgoj visoko talentovanih.

So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,

Tako smo u proteklih 10 godina, i nadam se i u budućnosti,

we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,

imali prilike da vidimo početke nauke o pozitivnoj psihologiji:

a science of what makes life worth living.

nauke o tome šta život čini zbilja vrednim življenja.

It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.

Ispostavlja se da možemo meriti različite oblike sreće.

And any of you, for free, can go to that website --

I svako od vas, besplatno, može otići na taj vebsajt

[www.authentichappiness.org]

i uraditi čitav spektar testova koji mere sreću.

and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,

Možete proveriti kako stojite sa pozitivnim emocijama, na primer,

for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?

kakav je vaš flow (vrsta emocije - vrhunsko zadovoljstvo), u odnosu na desetine hiljada drugih.

We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:

Kreirali smo pandan dijagnostičkog priručnika mentalnih bolesti:

a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,

klasifikaciju snaga i vrlina u odnosu na to

how they're defined, how to diagnose them,

kako su definisane, kako ih dijagnostikovati,

what builds them and what gets in their way.

šta ih čini i šta im stoji na putu.

We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,

Ustanovili smo da možemo da otkrijemo uzročnike pozitivnih stanja,

the relationship between left hemispheric activity

veze između aktivnosti leve hemisfere

and right hemispheric activity, as a cause of happiness.

i aktivnosti desne kao uzročnike stanja sreće.

I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,

Proveo sam život radeći sa ekstremno nesrećnim ljudima,

and I've asked the question:

i postavljao sam pitanje,

How do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?

kako se ekstremno nesrećni ljudi razlikuju od vas?

And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.

I počevši od pre šest godina, zapitali smo se oko ekstremno srećnih ljudi,

How do they differ from the rest of us?

na koji način se oni razlikuju od ostalih?

It turns out there's one way, very surprising --

I ispostavilo se da postoji odgovor.

they're not more religious, they're not in better shape,

Oni nisu religiozniji, nisu boljeg zdravstvenog stanja,

they don't have more money, they're not better looking,

nemaju više novca, ne izgledaju ništa bolje,

ne dešava im se više dobrih nego loših stvari.

they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.

The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.

Ali u jednoj stvari se razlikuju: oni su ekstremno socijalni.

They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.

Ne sede na seminarima nedeljom ujutro.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Ne provode vreme u samoći.

They don't spend time alone.

Each of them is in a romantic relationship

Svako od njih je u romantičnoj vezi

and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

i svako od njih ima puno prijatelja.

Ali malo opreza ovde. Ovo su samo korelacioni podaci, nisu uzročni,

But watch out here -- this is merely correlational data, not causal,

and it's about happiness in the first, "Hollywood" sense,

i radi se o sreći u holivudskom smislu o kojoj ću govoriti:

I'm going to talk about,

happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.

stanju razdraganosti i kikotanja i opšte veselosti.

And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough,

Ali sugerisaću vam za trenutak da to nije ni približno dovoljno.

in just a moment.

Otkrili smo da je moguće početi sa traženjem intervencija tokom vekova,

We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,

from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

od Bude do Tonija Robinsa.

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.

Predloženo je oko 120 intervencija

koje navodno čine ljude srećnijim.

And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,

Našli smo da smo u stanju da radimo na mnogima od njih,

and we actually carry out

i izneli smo jedno istraživanje

random-assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies.

efikasnosti i efektivnosti.

That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?

A to je, koja od njih čini ljude dugoročno srećnim?

In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

Za nekoliko minuta reći ću vam nešto o tim rezultatima.

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,

Ali ishod ovoga jeste da misija koju ja želim da psihologija ima,

in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,

uz svoju misiju vezanu za izlečenje mentalno obolelih,

and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,

i uz misiju da učini nesrećne ljude manje nesrećnim,

is, can psychology actually make people happier?

jeste da li psihologija zbilja može učiniti ljude srećnijim?

And to ask that question -- "happy" is not a word I use very much --

A da bih postavio to pitanje -- sreća nije reč koju tako često koristim --

we've had to break it down

moramo da je raščlanimo na ono što ja smatram da je moguće da se ispituje kada je sreća u pitanju.

into what I think is askable about "happy."

And I believe there are three different --

Mislim da postoje tri različita --

a zovem ih različita zato što ih čine različite intervencije,

I call them "different" because different interventions build them,

it's possible to have one rather than the other --

moguće je imati jednu pre nego drugu --

three different happy lives.

tri različita srećna načina življenja.

The first happy life is the pleasant life.

Prvi srećni oblik života je zadovoljan život.

This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion

To je život u kome imate najviše moguće pozitivnih emocija,

as you possibly can,

and the skills to amplify it.

i sposobnosti koje to pojačavaju.

The second is a life of engagement:

Drugi oblik jeste angažovani život:

a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure;

život na poslu, roditeljstvo, ljubav, slobodno vreme.

time stops for you.

That's what Aristotle was talking about.

O tome je Aristotel govorio.

And third, the meaningful life.

I treći oblik, život koji je ispunjen smislom.

I want to say a little bit about each of those lives

Želim da pričam po malo o svakom od ovih oblika života

and what we know about them.

i šta mi znamo o tome.

The first life is the pleasant life, and it's simply, as best we can find it,

Prvi oblik je zadovoljan život i najjednostavniji način za njegovo postizanje,

it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,

jeste da imate zadovoljstava što je moguće više,

as much positive emotion as you can,

što više pozitivnih emocija

and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,

i naučenih veština kojima ćete to pojačati

that stretch them over time and space.

i razvući to stanje kroz prostor i vreme.

But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,

Ali takav život vuče za sobom tri nusprodukta

and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology,

i to iz razloga što psihologija nije "srećologija" i zato što se ne završava tu.

and why it doesn't end here.

The first drawback is, it turns out the pleasant life,

Prva mana je ta što se ispostavlja da je zadovoljstvo životom,

your experience of positive emotion,

vaš doživljaj pozitivnih emocija, naslednog karaktera,

is about 50 percent heritable,

oko 50 procenata je nasledno i u suštini nepromenljivo.

and, in fact, not very modifiable.

So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know

Tako da različiti trikovi koje Metju [Ričard], ja i ostali znamo

about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life

o povećanju pozitivnih emocija u vašem životu

are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.

uzimaju samo 15 do 20 procenata udela.

Second is that positive emotion habituates.

Druga mana je ta da su pozitivne emocije stvar navike. Na njih se brzo navikne.

It habituates rapidly, indeed.

It's all like French vanilla ice cream:

To je nešto nalik francuskom sladoledu, kada ga prvi put probate ukus je 100 procentan;

the first taste is 100 percent;

by the time you're down to the sixth taste,

do trenutka kada ga probate šesti put, čarolija je nestala.

it's gone.

And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

I, kao što sam spomenuo već, nije previše podložna uticajima.

A to vodi onom drugom obliku života.

And this leads to the second life.

I have to tell you about my friend Len,

Moram vam reći nešto o mom prijatelju, Lenu,

to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,

da bih vam objasnio zašto je pozitivna psihologija više od pozitivnih emocija,

more than building pleasure.

više od postizanja zadovoljstva.

In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,

Na dva od tri bitna aspekta života, kada je Len imao 30 godina,

Len was enormously successful.

Len je bio neverovatno uspešan. Prvi aspekt se ticao posla.

The first arena was work.

By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.

Kada je imao 20, bio je prodavac opcija (finansijskih derivativa).

By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire

Kada je imao 25, bio je multimilioner

and the head of an options trading company.

i na čelu kompanije koja je trgovala opcijama.

Second, in play, he's a national champion bridge player.

Drugo, u igri: bio je nacionalni šampion u bridžu (igri kartama).

Ali na trećem važnom aspektu života, ljubavi, Len je imao neizmerne promašaje.

But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.

And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.

A razlog tome je taj što je Len bio hladan kao led.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Len is an introvert.

Len je introvert.

American women said to Len, when he dated them,

Amerikanke sa kojima je Len izlazio su mu govorile,

"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."

"Uopšte nisi zabavan. Nemaš pozitivnih emocija. Gubi se."

And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,

Len je bio dovoljno imućan da je mogao sebi priuštiti psihoanalitičara sa Park Avenije,

who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma

koji je pet godina protraćio pokušavajući da pronađe kakvu seksualnu traumu

that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.

koja je nekako zaključala pozitivne emocije unutar njega.

But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.

Ali ispostavilo se da nije u pitanju nikakva seksualna trauma.

It turned out that --

Ispostavilo se da... Len je odrastao na Long Ajlandu

Len grew up in Long Island

and he played football and watched football, and played bridge.

i igrao je i gledao fudbal, igrao je bridž...

Len je u poslednjih pet procenata onoga što zovemo pozitivni afektivitet.

Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.

The question is: Is Len unhappy?

Pitanje je, da li je Len nesrećan? Želim da kažem ne.

And I want to say, not.

Contrary to what psychology told us

Suprotno onome šta nam psihologija govori o donjih 50 procenata

about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity,

ljudi na lestvici pozitivnog afektiviteta,

I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.

mislim da je Len jedan od najsrećnijih osoba koju poznajem.

He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness,

On nije predodređen paklu nesrećnih

and that's because Len, like most of you,

i to zbog toga što je Len, kao i većina vas, izuzetno sposoban za doživljaj "flow"-a.

is enormously capable of flow.

When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange

Kada on stupi na pod American Exchange u 9:30 ujutro,

at 9:30 in the morning,

time stops for him.

vreme se zaustavlja za njega. I stoji dok god zvonce ne označi kraj.

And it stops till the closing bell.

When the first card is played till 10 days later,

Kada se prva karta odigra,

pa do isteka desetog dana, dok se takmičenje ne završi, vreme se zaustavlja za Lena.

when the tournament is over,

time stops for Len.

And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi

A to je upravo ono o čemu je Majk Čiksenmaji govorio,

has been talking about, about flow.

o flow-u i njegovom razlikovanju od običnog zadovoljstva na veoma značajan način.

And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way:

pleasure has raw feel -- you know it's happening; it's thought and feeling.

Zadovoljstvo ima sled osećanja: znate da vam se to dešava. Tu su misli i osećanja.

But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow ...

Ali tokom flow-a, o čemu je Majk juče govorio, ne možete osetiti ništa.

you can't feel anything.

You're one with the music.

Vi ste jedno sa muzikom. Vreme se zaustavlja.

Time stops.

You have intense concentration.

Imate veoma intenzivnu koncentraciju.

And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.

I to je karakteristika onoga što mi mislimo da je dobar život.

And we think there's a recipe for it,

I smatramo da postoji recept za to,

and it's knowing what your highest strengths are --

a to je saznanje o tome koje su tvoje najveće mogućnosti.

again, there's a valid test

I ponovo, postoji validan test

o tome koje su tvojih pet najvećih sposobnosti/prednosti.

of what your five highest strengths are --

and then re-crafting your life

A potom reorganizujete svoj život da bi to iskoristili najbolje moguće.

to use them as much as you possibly can.

Re-crafting your work, your love,

Reorganizujete svoj posao, ljubav,

your play, your friendship, your parenting.

igre, prijateljstva, roditeljstvo.

Just one example.

Samo jedan primer: jedna osoba sa kojom sam radio, radila je kod Genardija.

One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.

Mrzela je svoj posao.

Hated the job.

She's working her way through college.

Radila je tokom celog svog studiranja.

Her highest strength was social intelligence.

Njena najveća prednost je bila socijalna inteligencija,

So she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her

tako da je reorganizovala svoj posao tako da susreti sa njom

the social highlight of every customer's day.

doprinesu ulepšavanju dana mušterijama.

E sada očigledno je da nije uspela.

Now, obviously she failed.

But what she did was to take her highest strengths,

Ali ono što je ona uradila jeste da je upotrebila svoje najveće prednosti,

and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.

i reorganizovala posao što je moguće više.

What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.

Ono što se dobije iz toga nije više smeha.

You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.

Nećete izgledati kao Debi Rejnolds.

You don't giggle a lot.

Nećete se mnogo kikotati. Ono što dobijate je veća udubljenost.

What you get is more absorption.

So, that's the second path.

To je druga staza. Prva je - pozitivne emocije.

The first path, positive emotion;

the second path is eudaemonian flow;

Druga je eudemonijski (božanstveno blaženi - kod starih Grka) flow.

and the third path is meaning.

I treća staza je značenje.

This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.

Ovo je, tradicionalno, najvredniji aspekt sreće.

And meaning, in this view, consists of --

A značenje u ovom smislu se sastoji od -- veoma slično eudemoniji,

very parallel to eudaemonia --

it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are,

sastoji se od saznanja o tome koje su vam najveće prednosti i njihove upotrebe

and using them to belong to and in the service of

da bi ste se predali nečemu što je veće od vas samih.

something larger than you are.

I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives --

Spomenuo sam da za sva ova tri oblika života, zadovoljni život,

the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life --

dobar život, život ispunjen smislom, ljudi sada naporno rade na pitanju,

people are now hard at work on the question:

Are there things that lastingly change those lives?

da li postoje stvari koje zauvek menjaju te živote?

And the answer seems to be yes.

A deluje da je odgovor pozitivan. Daću vam neke primere toga.

And I'll just give you some samples of it.

It's being done in a rigorous manner.

Radi se na rigorozan način.

It's being done in the same way that we test drugs

Radi se na isti način kao što se rade testovi na tabletama da bi se videlo da li zaista rade.

to see what really works.

So we do random-assignment, placebo-controlled,

Tako da imamo ispitivanje u kontrolisanim uslovima, placebo kontrolu,

long-term studies of different interventions.

dugoročne studije sa različitim intervencijama.

Just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect:

I samo da prikažem neke intervencije koje smo pronašli da imaju efekta,

when we teach people about the pleasant life,

kada smo podučavali ljude o zadovoljnom životu,

how to have more pleasure in your life,

kako da imaju više zadovoljstva u životu,

one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills,

jedan od zadataka jeste da se preduzmu najbolje veštine

the savoring skills,

and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.

i jedan lep dan je osiguran.

Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,

Sledeće subote uredite i dizajnirajte jedan lep dan

and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.

i upotrebite punoću svog uma i svoje prednosti da povećate zadovoljstvo.

And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

Možemo vam dokazati takvim načinom da je zadovoljan život uvećan.

Gratitude visit.

Poseta zahvalnosti. Želim da svi to uradite sada sa mnom.

I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.

Close your eyes.

Zatvorite oči.

I'd like you to remember someone

Želim da se setite nekoga ko je uradio nešto izuzetno važno

who did something enormously important

that changed your life in a good direction,

što je promenilo vaš život na bolje

and who you never properly thanked.

i kome se nikada niste zahvalili kako treba.

The person has to be alive.

Ta osoba treba da bude živa. U redu.

Now, OK, you can open your eyes.

Sada možete otvoriti oči.

I hope all of you have such a person.

Nadam se da svi imate takvu osobu.

Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,

Vaš zadatak kada učite o poseti zahvalnosti

is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,

jeste da napišete pismo od 300 reči toj osobi,

call them on the phone in Phoenix,

pozovete je,

ask if you can visit, don't tell them why.

pitate da li joj možete doći u posetu, ne kažete razlog, pojavite se na vratima,

Show up at their door,

you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.

pročitate pismo -- svi plaču kada se ovo desi --

And what happens is, when we test people

i ono šta se dešava jeste da kada testiramo te ljude nedelju dana kasnije, mesec dana kasnije,

one week later, a month later, three months later,

tri meseca kasnije, oboje su srećniji i manje depresivni.

they're both happier and less depressed.

Another example is a strengths date,

Drugi primer je sastanak snaga u kom nalazimo parove

in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths

i navodimo ih da identifikuju svoje najveće snage na testu

on the strengths test,

and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths.

i potom da organizuju veče u kom će oboje koristiti svoje najveće snage,

We find this is a strengthener of relationships.

otkrili smo da je ovo osnaživač veze.

And fun versus philanthropy.

I zabava nasuprot filantropije.

It's so heartening to be in a group like this,

Ali vrlo je emotivno biti u grupi kao što je ova,

in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.

u kojoj je toliko vas preokrenulo svoje živote u pravcu filantropije.

Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,

Moji studenti i ljudi sa kojima radim nisu otkrili ovo,

so we actually have people do something altruistic

tako da imamo ljude koji rade nešto altruistično

and do something fun,

i nešto zabavno, kao kontrast tome.

and contrast it.

And what you find is when you do something fun,

I ono što se otkrije jeste da kada radite nešto zabavno,

it has a square wave walk set.

to ima kvadratno talasno kretanje.

When you do something philanthropic to help another person,

Kada uradite nešto filantropski da pomognete drugoj osobi, to traje i traje.

it lasts and it lasts.

So those are examples of positive interventions.

To su bili primeri pozitivnih intervencija.

So the next to last thing I want to say is:

Sledeća od poslednjih stvari koje hoću da vam kažem je

we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.

da smo mi zainteresovani za to koliko su ljudi zadovoljni životom

This is really what you're about.

i to je zapravo ono što vas čini takvima. I to je naša ciljana varijabla.

And that's our target variable.

And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,

Postavljamo pitanje koje je funkcija tri različita života,

how much life satisfaction do you get?

koliko životnog zadovoljstva dobijate?

So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications,

Tako smo pitali -- a to smo uradili sa 15 ponavljanja uključivši hiljade ljudi --

involving thousands of people:

To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,

u kojoj meri potraga za zadovoljstvom,

the pursuit of positive emotion,

potraga za pozitivnim emocijama, zadovoljnim životom,

the pleasant life,

the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,

potraga za obavezivanjem, za momentima u kojim se vreme zaustavlja,

and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?

i potraga za smislom, doprinosi opštoj životnoj satisfakciji?

And our results surprised us; they were backward of what we thought.

Rezultati su nas iznenadili, bili su u suprotnosti onome što smo mislili.

It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution

Ispostavilo se da potraga za zadovoljstvima ne doprinosi životnoj satisfakciji.

to life satisfaction.

The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.

Potraga za smislom je najjača.

The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.

Potraga za obavezivanjem je takođe veoma jaka.

Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement

Tamo gde zadovoljstvo ima doprinos, jeste na mestima gde imate prisutno i obavezivanje

and you have meaning,

i smisao, tako da je zadovoljstvo onda samo višnja na šlagu torte.

then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.

Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts,

Tako da ispunjen život, ukoliko imate sva tri aspekta, veći je od pojedinih elemenata koji ga čine.

if you've got all three.

Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life,

Isto tako, ako nemate nijedan od ova tri,

prazan život, proizvod je manji od njegovih pojedinih delova.

the sum is less than the parts.

And what we're asking now is: Does the very same relationship --

Ono što se mi pitamo sada je

da li ista veza - fizičko zdravlje, bolest,

physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity --

koliko dugo živite i produktivnost - prati ista povezanost?

follow the same relationship?

That is, in a corporation,

To jest,

is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?

da li je produktivnost funkcija pozitivnih emocija, obavezivanja i smisla?

Is health a function of positive engagement,

Da li je zdravlje funkcija pozitivnog angažovanja,

of pleasure, and of meaning in life?

zadovoljstva i smisla u životu?

And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.

Tu je i razlog za mišljenje da bi odgovor na to mogao da bude da.

So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance

Kris je rekao da poslednji govornik ima priliku da integriše sve što je čuo,

to try to integrate what he heard,

and so this was amazing for me.

tako da je ovo bilo neverovatno za mene. Nikada nisam bio na sličnom skupu.

I've never been in a gathering like this.

I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,

Nikada nisam video govornike koji se protežu toliko izvan sebe,

which was one of the remarkable things.

što je jedna izuzetna stvar.

But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel

Ali sam otkrio da je problem psihologije sličan

to the problems of technology, entertainment and design

problemima tehnologije, zabave i dizajna na sledeći način.

in the following way:

we all know that technology, entertainment and design

Svi znamo da tehnologija, zabava i dizajn

have been and can be used for destructive purposes.

mogu biti i jesu, upotrebljivani za destruktivne namene.

We also know that technology, entertainment and design

Takođe znamo da tehnologija, zabava i dizajn

can be used to relieve misery.

mogu biti upotrebljeni da smanje nesreću.

And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery

I uzgred, distinkcija između smanjenja nesreće

and building happiness is extremely important.

i građenja sreće je izuzetno važna.

I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,

Mislio sam, kada sam postao terapeut pre trideset godina,

that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,

da ukoliko budem dovoljno dobar da učinim da neko ne bude depresivan,

not anxious, not angry,

da ne bude anksiozan, da ću ga učiniti srećnim.

that I'd make them happy.

And I never found that;

Nikada to nisam otkrio. Otkrio sam da najbolje što ćeš ikada uraditi jeste da to svedeš na nulu.

I found the best you could ever do

was to get to zero;

that they were empty.

Ali oni su onda bili prazni.

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,

I ispostavilo se da su sposobnosti za sreću, sposobnosti za zadovoljan život,

the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,

za obavezivanje, za smisao,

are different from the skills of relieving misery.

drugačije od sposobnosti za oslobađanje od nesreće.

And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment

Tako se istovetne stvari drže

sa tehnologijom, zabavom i dizajnom, verujem.

and design, I believe.

That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world

Moguće je da se ova tri pokretača našeg sveta

to increase happiness,

upotrebe da povećaju sreću, da povećaju pozitivne emocije,

to increase positive emotion.

And that's typically how they've been used.

i tipično je da se koriste na takav način.

But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --

Kada jednom raščlanite sreću na način na koji sam ja to učinio,

not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --

ne samo pozitivne emocije -- to nije ni izbliza dovoljno --

there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.

postoji flow u životu i postoji smisao.

As Laura Lee told us,

Kao što nam je Loreli rekla,

design and, I believe, entertainment and technology,

dizajn, a ja mislim i zabava i tehnologija,

can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.

takođe mogu biti upotrebljeni da povećaju smisao i obavezivanje u životu.

So in conclusion,

Kao zaključak, 11.ti razlog za optimizam,

the eleventh reason for optimism,

in addition to the space elevator,

pored svemirskog lifta,

is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,

jeste da ja mislim da sa tehnologijom, zabavom i dizajnom,

we can actually increase the amount of tonnage

možemo povećati količinu

of human happiness on the planet.

ljudske sreće na planeti.

And if technology can, in the next decade or two,

I ukoliko tehnologija može u sledećoj dekadi ili dve povećati zadovoljstvo životom,

increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life,

dobar život i život ispunjen smislom, to će biti dovoljno dobro.

it will be good enough.

If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,

Ukoliko zabava može biti preusmerena takođe na povećanje pozitivnih emocija,

meaning eudaemonia,

značenja, eudemonije, to će biti dovoljno dobro.

it will be good enough.

And if design can increase positive emotion,

I ako dizajn može povećati pozitivne emocije,

eudaemonia, and flow and meaning,

eudemoniju, i flow, i smisao,

what we're all doing together will become good enough.

sve ono što radimo zajedno biće dovoljno dobro. Hvala vam.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)