The new era of positive psychology | Martin Seligman

Translator: Maja Budišin Lukin Reviewer: Nina Ivančič

When I was President of the American Psychological Association,

Ko sem bil predsednik Ameriškega psihološkega združenja,

they tried to media-train me.

so me poskušali izuriti v komuniciranju z mediji,

And an encounter I had with CNN summarizes

in srečanje s CNN

povzema to, o čemer bom govoril danes,

what I'm going to be talking about today,

kar je enajsti razlog, zakaj bi bili optimistični.

which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.

The editor of Discover told us 10 of them;

Urednik revije Discover nam jih je povedal deset,

I'm going to give you the eleventh.

jaz pa vam bom povedal enajstega.

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, "Professor Seligman --

In so prišli do mene -- CNN -- ter rekli, "Profesor Seligman,

bi nam lahko povedali kaj o stanju psihologije dandanes?"

would you tell us about the state of psychology today?

We'd like to interview you about that."

Radi bi naredili intervju z vami o tem." In jaz sem rekel, "Super."

And I said, "Great."

And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."

Nato je rekla, "Ampak to je CNN in na razpolago imate le majhen izseček."

I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"

Potem sem vprašač, "No, koliko besed pa dobim?"

And she said, "Well, one."

In ona reče, "Eno."

(Laughter)

(smeh)

Zaženejo kamere in ona reče, "Profesor Seligman,

And the cameras rolled, and she said,

"Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?

"Good."

"Dobro."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

"Cut! Cut. That won't do.

"Rez, rez. To ne bo dobro.

Mislim, da bi vam res morali dati daljši izseček."

We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."

"How many words do I get this time?"

"Koliko besed pa dobim tokret?" "Mislim, no, dve dobite.

"Well, you get two."

(Laughter)

"Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Doktor Seligman, kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?"

"Not good."

(Laughter)

"Ni dobro."

(Smeh)

"Poglejte, doktor Seligman,

"Look, Doctor Seligman,

we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.

videti je, da se ne počutite udobno s tem medijem.

We'd better give you a real sound bite.

Bolje bi bilo, ko bi vam dali pravi izseček.

This time you can have three words.

Tokrat dobite tri besede.

Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Profesor Seligman, kakšno je stanje v psihologiji dandanes?

"Not good enough."

"Ni dovolj dobro." In to je tema, o kateri bom govoril sedaj.

That's what I'm going to be talking about.

I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good,

Rad bi razložil, zakaj je bila psihologija dobro, zakaj ni bila dobro

and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.

in kako bi lahko, v naslednjih desetih letih, bila dovolj dobro.

And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,

In sočasno bi rad rekel nekaj podobnega glede tehnologije,

about entertainment and design,

zabave industrije in oblikovanja, saj se mi zdi, da se soočajo s podobnimi problemi.

because I think the issues are very similar.

So, why was psychology good?

Torej, zakaj je bila psihologija dobro?

Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.

Več kot 60 let je psihologija delovala znotraj boleznskega modela.

Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane

Pred desetimi leti, ko sem potoval z letalom,

and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,

in se predstavil svojim sopotnikom ter jim povedal, kaj počnem,

they'd move away from me,

so se presedli stran od mene.

Govorili so, pravzaprav pravilno,

because, quite rightly, they were saying

psychology is about finding what's wrong with you.

da je bistvo psihologije v iskanju tega, kar je z nekom narobe. Najdi čudaka.

Spot the loony.

And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.

Sedaj pa, ko ljudem povem, kaj počnem, se mi ljudje približajo.

What was good about psychology --

In kar je bilo dobro glede psihologije,

okoli 30 milijard dolarjev NIMH investicije,

about the $30 billion investment NIMH made,

about working in the disease model,

glede delavanja znotraj bolezenskega modela

about what you mean by psychology --

in glede tega, kako se dojema psihologijo,

is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable;

je, da pred 60 leti nobena bolezen bi bila ozdravljiva --

it was entirely smoke and mirrors.

šlo je za izkrivljanje resnice.

And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,

Sedaj se čahko 14 motenj zdravi,

two of them actually curable.

dve izmed teh pa sta dejansko ozdravljivi.

And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,

Poleg tega se je je prišlo do tehnološkega napredka,

a science of mental illness.

znanost mentalnih bolezni.

We found out we could take fuzzy concepts

Ugotovili smo, da lahko vzamemo meglene koncepte -- kot sta depresija, alkoholizem --

like depression, alcoholism,

and measure them with rigor;

in jih merimo z natančnostjo.

that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses;

Da lahko ustvarimo klasifikacijo mentalnih bolezni.

that we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.

Da lahko razumemo vzroke mentalnih bolezni.

We could look across time at the same people --

Da lahko gledamo preko časa na iste ljudi --

people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --

ljudje, na primer, ki si genetsko ranjivi za shizofrenijo --

and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,

in se vprašali, kakšna je prispevek materinske vloge neodvisno od genetike

in smo tako lahko izolirali tretje spremenljivke

and we could isolate third variables

by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

z izvajanjem eksperimentov o mentalnih bolezni.

And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,

Kar je najboljše, smo sposobni, v zadnjih 50 letih,

to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.

izumljati farmakološke in psihološkie tretmaje.

And then we were able to test them rigorously,

Nato smo bili jih bili sposobni rigorozno testirati

in random-assignment, placebo-controlled designs,

v naključnm dodeljevanju, placebo kontrolni dizajn,

throw out the things that didn't work,

in zavrgli tiste stvari, ki niso delovale in obdržali tiste, ki so.

keep the things that actively did.

The conclusion of that is,

Zaključek tega je, da psihologija in psihiatrija v zadnjih 60 letih

psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years

can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.

lahko dejanko trdita, da lahko naredimo nesrečne ljudi manj nesrečne.

And I think that's terrific.

Meni se zdi to čudovito. Ponosen sem na to.

I'm proud of it.

But what was not good, the consequences of that,

Ampak kar ni bilo v redu, so tri poledice, ki iz povedanega izhajajo.

were three things.

The first was moral;

Prva je morala,

that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers;

da so psihologi in psihiatri postali viktimologi in patologi,

that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble,

in je naš pogled na človeško naravo tak -- če se zanjdeš v teževah, bodo nate padale opeke.

bricks fell on you.

And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.

Pozabili smo, da ljudje sprejemajo odločitve in izbirajo.

We forgot responsibility.

Pozabili smo na odgovornost. To je bila prva napaka.

That was the first cost.

The second cost was that we forgot about you people.

Druga napaka je bila, da smo pozabili na ljudi.

We forgot about improving normal lives.

Pozabili smo na možnost izboljšanja normalnih življenj.

We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,

Pozabili smo na misijo narediti relativno zadovoljne ljudi še bolj srečne,

more fulfilled, more productive.

bolj izpolnjene, bolj produktivne. In "genij", "visoko talentiran" sta postali umazani besedi.

And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.

No one works on that.

Nihče ne deluje tako.

And the third problem about the disease model is,

In tretji problem bolezenskega modela je,

in our rush to do something about people in trouble,

da v naglici narediti nekaj za ljudi v težavah,

in our rush to do something about repairing damage,

da v naglici narediti nekaj, zato da bi popravili škodo,

it never occurred to us to develop interventions

nikoli nismo pomislili, da bi razvili intervencije,

to make people happier -- positive interventions.

ki bi naredile ljudi srečnejše, pozitivne intervencije.

So that was not good.

Torej to ni bilo dobro.

And so that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,

To je pripeljalo ljudi, kot so Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,

Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself

Mike Csikszentmihalyi in mene do delovanja v smeri, ki ji jaz pravim pozitivna psihologija,

to work in something I call, "positive psychology,"

ki ima tri cilje.

which has three aims.

The first is that psychology should be just as concerned

Prvi cilje je, da bi moralo biti psihologijo zanimati tako

with human strength as it is with weakness.

človeške moči kot človeške šibkosti.

It should be just as concerned with building strength

Prav tako bi se morala ukvarjati z gradnjo moči kot tudi s popravljanjem škode.

as with repairing damage.

It should be interested in the best things in life.

Moralo bi jo zanimati, kar je v življenju najboljšega.

And it should be just as concerned

Moralo bi jo zanimati, kako narediti življenja normalnih ljudi še bolj zadovoljujoča,

with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,

and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

prav tako delo z geniji in z vzgajanjem visokih talentov.

So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,

V zadnjih 10 letih in z upanem za prihodnost,

we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,

smo videli začetke znanosti pozitivne psihologije,

a science of what makes life worth living.

znanost o tem, kaj naredi življenje vredno živeti.

It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.

Zdi se, da lahko merimo različne oblike sreče.

And any of you, for free, can go to that website --

Kdor koli med vami, lahko brezplačno obišče to spletno stran

[www.authentichappiness.org]

in izpolni velik nabor testov, ki merijo srečo.

and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,

Lahko me vprašate, kako lahko postavite pozitivne emocije, pomen,

for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?

zanos nasproti dobesedno na desettisoče drugih ljudi?

We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:

Naredili smo nasprotje diagnostičnega priročnika mentalnih bolezni,

a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,

klasifikacija moči in verlin, ki zajame razmerje med spoloma,

how they're defined, how to diagnose them,

kako jih definitati, kako jih diagnosticirati,

what builds them and what gets in their way.

kaj jih gradi in kaj so njihove ovire na poti.

We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,

Ugotovili smo, da lahko raziščemo vzroke pozitivnim strategijam,

the relationship between left hemispheric activity

odnos med levo hemisferično aktivnostjo

and right hemispheric activity, as a cause of happiness.

in desno hemisferično aktivnostjo kot vzrok za srečo.

I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,

Celo življenje se ukvarjam z resnično nesrečnimi ljudmi,

and I've asked the question:

in vprašal sem jih,

How do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?

kako se ekstremno nesrečni ljudje razlikujejo od ostalih?

And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.

Pred šestimi leti smo vprašali ekstremno srečne ljudi.

How do they differ from the rest of us?

In kako se oni rezlikujejo od vseh nas?

It turns out there's one way, very surprising --

Izkazalo se je, da obstaja ena pot.

they're not more religious, they're not in better shape,

Niso bolj religiozni, niso v boljpi telesni formi,

they don't have more money, they're not better looking,

nimajo več denarja, niso bolj privlačni,

niso doživeli več dobrih kot slabih dogodkov v življenju.

they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.

The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.

Edina razlika med njimi in ostalimi je: so izredno družabi.

They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.

Ne sedijo na seminarju v nedeljo dopoldne.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Ne preživljajo časa v samoti.

They don't spend time alone.

Each of them is in a romantic relationship

Vsak med njimi je v romantičnem razmerju

and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

in vsak med njimi ima bogat nabor prijateljev.

Ampak pozor. To so komaj korelacijski podatki, niso vzročni,

But watch out here -- this is merely correlational data, not causal,

and it's about happiness in the first, "Hollywood" sense,

in na tem mestu govorim o sreči v prvem, hollywoodskem, pomenu:

I'm going to talk about,

happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.

sreča kot veseljačenje, hihitanje in dobra volja.

And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough,

Čez trenutek vam bom povedal, zakaj to niti približno ni dovolj.

in just a moment.

Ugotovili smo, da lahko pregledamo intervencije v zadnjih nekaj stoletjih.

We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,

from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

od Buddhe do Tonyja Robbinsa.

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.

Predlaganih je bilo približno 120 intervencij,

ki načeloma naredijo ljudi bolj srečne.

And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,

Ugotovili smo, da jih lahko strnemo

and we actually carry out

in smo dejansko izvedli eksperiment z naključnim dodeljevanjem,

random-assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies.

študije učinkovitosti in efekta.

That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?

Katere intervencije dejansko naredi ljudi dolgotrajno srečnejše?

In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

V nekaj mintuah, vam bom razložil nekaj rezultetov teh raziskav.

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,

Bistveno je, da je misija, za katero si želim bi psihologija prevzela

in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,

kot dodatek k misijam, usmerjenim v mentalne bolezni,

and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,

in kot dodatek k misijam, kako narediti nesrečne ljudi manj nesrečne,

is, can psychology actually make people happier?

ta, kako lahko psihologija dejansko naredi ljudi srečnejše?

And to ask that question -- "happy" is not a word I use very much --

Da si zastavimo to vprašanje -- sreča ni beseda, ki bi jo pogosto uporabljali --

we've had to break it down

smo morali reducirati na tisto, kar je po mojem mnenju vprašljivo glede sreče.

into what I think is askable about "happy."

And I believe there are three different --

Jaz verjamem v obstoj treh različnih --

lahko jim rečem različnih, saj so jih zgradile različne intervencije --

I call them "different" because different interventions build them,

it's possible to have one rather than the other --

možno je imeti eno, bolj kot drugo --

three different happy lives.

tri različna srečna življenja.

The first happy life is the pleasant life.

Prvo srečno življenje je prijetno življenje.

This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion

To je življenje, v katerem je toliko pozitivnih emocij, kot jih je možno imeti,

as you possibly can,

and the skills to amplify it.

in v katerem posedujemo sposobnosti za njihovo razširitev.

The second is a life of engagement:

Drugo življenje je življenje udejstvovanja --

a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure;

življenje v delu, partnerstvu, ljubezeni, prostem času, ko se čas ustavi zate.

time stops for you.

That's what Aristotle was talking about.

O tem je govoril Aristotelj.

And third, the meaningful life.

Tretje je življenje smisla.

I want to say a little bit about each of those lives

Sedaj želim povedati nekaj o vsakem izmed teh življenj

and what we know about them.

in o tem, kar vem o njih.

The first life is the pleasant life, and it's simply, as best we can find it,

Prvo živlenje je prijetno življenje in je tako dobro kot bi si ga vsak želel,

it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,

gre za doživljenja čim več prijetnih dogodkov,

as much positive emotion as you can,

čim več pozitivnih emocij,

and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,

in učenje veščin -- okušanje in čuješnost -- da bi jih razširili,

that stretch them over time and space.

da bi jih raztegnili čez čas in prostor.

But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,

Ampak prijetno življenje ima tri slabosti,

and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology,

in sicer je to razlog, zakaj pozitivna psihologija ni srečo-logija in zakaj se ne zaključi tukaj.

and why it doesn't end here.

The first drawback is, it turns out the pleasant life,

Prva slabost prijetnega življenja,

your experience of positive emotion,

izkušenj pozitivnih emocij, je dedljivost,

is about 50 percent heritable,

okoli 50 procentov take sreče je dedljive in dejansko se je ne da veliko modificirati.

and, in fact, not very modifiable.

So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know

Različni triki, ki jih Matthieu [Ricard] in jaz ter drugi poznamo

about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life

o višanju nivoja pozitivnih emocj v življenju

are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.

so v 15 do 20 procenrov triki, kako iz življenja dobiti več.

Second is that positive emotion habituates.

Drugi razlog je ta, da pozitivna emocija habituira. Hitro doseže platfon.

It habituates rapidly, indeed.

It's all like French vanilla ice cream:

Je precej tako kot francoski vaniljin sladoled, prva pokušnja je vreden 100 procentov;

the first taste is 100 percent;

by the time you're down to the sixth taste,

z vsako pokušnjo do šeste, užitek izgine.

it's gone.

And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

In, kot sem že rekel, ni pretirano flaksibilna.

To nas pripelje do drugega življenja.

And this leads to the second life.

I have to tell you about my friend Len,

Povedati vam moram zgodbo o svojem prijatelji Lenu,

to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,

da bi vam lahko razložil, zakaj je pozitivna psihologija več kot pozitivna emocija,

more than building pleasure.

več kot gradnja užitka.

In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,

V dveh od treh veličastnih arenah življenja, je Len, dokler je dosegel 30 let,

Len was enormously successful.

bil izredno uspešen. Prva arena je delo.

The first arena was work.

By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.

Do svojega 20 leta je postal delničar,

By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire

do svojega 25 leta je postal miltimilijonar

and the head of an options trading company.

in voditel trgovsko-delniško družbo.

Second, in play, he's a national champion bridge player.

Druga arena, igra -- bil je nacionalen prvak v bridžu.

Ampak v tretju veliki areni življenja, ljubezen, je Len poplen polom.

But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.

And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.

Razlog je v tem, da je Len kot mrzla riba.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Len is an introvert.

Len je introverten.

American women said to Len, when he dated them,

Ameriška ženska je Lenu rekla, ko sta bila še par,

"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."

"Nisi zabaven. Ne čutiš pozitivnih emocj. Spravi se stran."

And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,

Len je bil dovolj premožen, da si je lahko privoščil pshianalitika iz Park Avenue,

who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma

ki ga je obravnaval pet let, da bi našel seksualno travmo,

that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.

ki je v njem nekako zaklenila pozitivne emocije.

But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.

Ampak izkazalo se je, da ni šlo za nikakršno seksualno travmo.

It turned out that --

Izakazao se je -- Len je odraščal v Long Isladnu

Len grew up in Long Island

and he played football and watched football, and played bridge.

in je igral nogomet in gledal nogomet in igral bridž --

Len se nahaja v spodnjih petih procentih tistih, za katere pravimo, da posedujejo pozitivno afektivnost.

Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.

The question is: Is Len unhappy?

Vprašanje je, je Len nesrečen? Jaz mislim, da ne.

And I want to say, not.

Contrary to what psychology told us

V nasprotju s tem, kar so nam psihologi govorilo o spodnjih 50 procentih

about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity,

človeške rase in pozitivni afektivnosti,

I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.

jaz mislim, da je Len eden izmed najbolj srečnih ljudi, kar jih poznam.

He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness,

Ni obsojen na pekel nesreče

and that's because Len, like most of you,

in to zato, ker je Len, tako kot večina vas, izredno sposoben preiti v stanje zanosa.

is enormously capable of flow.

When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange

Ko ob 9:30 zjutraj vstopi na tla American Exchange ,

at 9:30 in the morning,

time stops for him.

se zanj čas ustavi. Ustavi se, dokler ne zazvoni zvonec, ki naznanja konec.

And it stops till the closing bell.

When the first card is played till 10 days later,

Ko se odigra prve karte,

in 10 dni, dokler se turnir ne zaključi, se čas za Lena ustavi.

when the tournament is over,

time stops for Len.

And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi

Gre za, kot je govoril Mike Csikszentmihalyi,

has been talking about, about flow.

zanos. Razlikuje se od ugodja na zelo pomemben način.

And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way:

pleasure has raw feel -- you know it's happening; it's thought and feeling.

Ugodje vsebuje surove občutke: veš kaj se ti dogaja. Je misel in občutek.

But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow ...

Ampak, kot vam je Mike včeraj povedal -- med zanosm, ne čutiš ničesar.

you can't feel anything.

You're one with the music.

Postaneš eno z glasbo. Čas se ustavi.

Time stops.

You have intense concentration.

Doživljaš izredno koncentracijo.

And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.

To je zančilno tudi za kar mi mislimo, da je dobro življenje.

And we think there's a recipe for it,

Mislimo, da imamo recept zanj,

and it's knowing what your highest strengths are --

kar naj bi bilo poznavanje svojih moči.

again, there's a valid test

In spet, obstaja veljaven test,

ki testira, katerih pet moči je pri vas prisotnih.

of what your five highest strengths are --

and then re-crafting your life

Potem sledi preurejanje življenja tako, da bi jih uporabil čim več.

to use them as much as you possibly can.

Re-crafting your work, your love,

Preurejanje svojega dela, ljubezni,

your play, your friendship, your parenting.

iger, prijateljstev in svojega starševstva.

Just one example.

Samo en primer. Ena oseba je delala kot polnilec paketov v Genuardi.

One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.

Sovražila je delo.

Hated the job.

She's working her way through college.

Poskuša se je prebiti skozi collage.

Her highest strength was social intelligence.

Njena najvišja moč je socialna inteligentnost,

So she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her

zato je preuredila pakiranje tako, da je za stranke naredila

the social highlight of every customer's day.

srečanje z njo, višek njihovega dneva.

Seveda ji je spodletelo.

Now, obviously she failed.

But what she did was to take her highest strengths,

Vzela je torej svoje najvišje moči

and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.

in preuredila delo tako, da bi jih čim več uporabljala.

What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.

Kar dobiš iz tega ni nenehno smehljanje.

You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.

Ne izgledaš kot Debbie Reynolds.

You don't giggle a lot.

Ne hihitaš se veliko. Dobiš pa več absorpcije.

What you get is more absorption.

So, that's the second path.

Torej to je druga pot. Prva pot, pozitivne emocije.

The first path, positive emotion;

the second path is eudaemonian flow;

Druga pot je zanos.

and the third path is meaning.

In tretja pot je smisel.

This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.

To ni tako veličastna sreča, kot si jo tradicionalno predstavljamo.

And meaning, in this view, consists of --

Pomen, v tem smislu vsebuje -- zelo podobno kot dobrobit --

very parallel to eudaemonia --

it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are,

zavedanje, katere so tvoje moči in njihova uporaba,

and using them to belong to and in the service of

da bi pripadali oziroma da bi služili nečemu večjemu kot samo mi sami.

something larger than you are.

I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives --

Omenil sem, da glede vseh vrst življenj, torej prijetno življenje,

the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life --

dobro življenje in življenje smisla, ljudje sprašujejo

people are now hard at work on the question:

Are there things that lastingly change those lives?

ali obstajajo stvari, ki trajno spremenijo ta življenja?

And the answer seems to be yes.

Zdi se, da je odgovor pritrdilen. Podal vam bom nekaj enostavnih primerov.

And I'll just give you some samples of it.

It's being done in a rigorous manner.

To so raziskovali na strog način.

It's being done in the same way that we test drugs

Tezo so testirali na podoben način kot testirajo zdravila, da bi ugotovili, katera delujejo.

to see what really works.

So we do random-assignment, placebo-controlled,

Z naključno razdelitvijo, placebo in kontrolna skupina,

long-term studies of different interventions.

longitudinalne študije različnih intervencij.

Just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect:

Naj vam orišem, za kakšne intervencije smo ugotovili, da imajo učinek.

when we teach people about the pleasant life,

Ko ljudi učimo o prijetnem življenju,

how to have more pleasure in your life,

kako živeti bolj prijetno življenje,

one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills,

je ena izmed nalog najti sposobnosti čuječnosti, sposobnosti okušanja,

the savoring skills,

and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.

in osebi je dodeljeno, naj si sestavi čudovit dan.

Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,

Naslednjo soboto si vazmi čas in si ustvari čudovit dan,

and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.

uporabi sposobnosti okušanja in čuječnosti, da bi povečal te užitke.

And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

Na tak način lahko pokažemo, kako lahko prijetno življenje opolnomočimo.

Gratitude visit.

Hvaležnostni obisk. Prosil bi vas, da vsi to naredite skupaj z mano.

I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.

Close your eyes.

Zaprite oči.

I'd like you to remember someone

Prosil bi vas, da se spomnite na nekoga, ki je naredil nekaj zelo pomembnega,

who did something enormously important

that changed your life in a good direction,

kar je spremenilo vaše življenje na bolje,

and who you never properly thanked.

tej osebo pa se niste nikoli primerno zahvalili.

The person has to be alive.

Ta oseba mora biti živa. OK.

Now, OK, you can open your eyes.

Sedaj, OK, lahko odprete oči.

I hope all of you have such a person.

Upam, da imate vsi tako osebo.

Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,

Vaša naloga, ko se učite o hvaležnostem obisku, je,

is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,

da napišete 300 besed dolgo sporočilo tej osebi,

call them on the phone in Phoenix,

pokličite jih po telefonu v Phoenix,

ask if you can visit, don't tell them why.

vprašajte jih, ali jih lahko obiščete, pojavite se na njihovih vratih,

Show up at their door,

you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.

preberite jim spročilo -- vsakdo pade v jok, ko se mu to zgodi.

And what happens is, when we test people

Kar se zgodi, ko testiramo ljudi en teden kasneje, en mesec kasneje,

one week later, a month later, three months later,

tri mesece kasneje je, da so bolj srečni in manj depresivni.

they're both happier and less depressed.

Another example is a strengths date,

Še en primer je zmenek moči, v katerem dobimo par,

in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths

vsak pri sebi najde najvišje moči na testu moči,

on the strengths test,

and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths.

in potem si skupaj sestavita večer, v katerem oba uporabita svoje moči.

We find this is a strengthener of relationships.

Ugotovili smo, da to opolnomoči partnerski odnos.

And fun versus philanthropy.

In zabava nasproti filatropiji.

It's so heartening to be in a group like this,

Tako je lepo biti v skupini kot je ta,

in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.

kjer vas je veliko namenilo življenje filantropnosti.

Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,

No, moji študentje in ljudje, s katerimi delam tega niso spoznali,

so we actually have people do something altruistic

torej dejansko pripravimo ljudi, da strorijo neko altruistično dejanje

and do something fun,

in da naredijo nekaj zabavnega, kar predstavlja kotrast.

and contrast it.

And what you find is when you do something fun,

Kasneje smo ugotovili, da ko storimo nekaj zabavnega,

it has a square wave walk set.

dobimo kvadratno krivuljo.

When you do something philanthropic to help another person,

Ko pa naredimo neko filantropsko dejanje da bi pomagali drugemu, pa dober občutek traja in traja.

it lasts and it lasts.

So those are examples of positive interventions.

To so torej bili primeri pozitivnih intervencij.

So the next to last thing I want to say is:

Zadnja stvar, o kateri bi govoril je,

we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.

da nas zanimajo, kako zelo so ljudje zadovoljni z življenjem.

This is really what you're about.

To je pa redko tisto, kar delate vi. To je naša ciljna spremenljivka.

And that's our target variable.

And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,

Postavimo vprašanje kot funkcijo treh različnih življenj,

how much life satisfaction do you get?

kako zelo so zadovoljno z življenjem?

So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications,

Vprašamo -- in to smo naredili v 15 replikacijah ter tako vključili na tisoče ljudi --

involving thousands of people:

To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,

v kolikšni meri prizadevanje za užitek,

the pursuit of positive emotion,

prizadevanje za pozitivne emocije, za prijetno življenje,

the pleasant life,

the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,

prizadevanje za vključevanje, ustavljanje časa zase

and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?

in prizadevanje za smisel pripomore k višjemu zadovoljstvu z življenjem?

And our results surprised us; they were backward of what we thought.

Dobljeni rezultati so nas presenetili, vendar so bili obratni kot smo pričakovali.

It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution

Izkazalo se je, da prizadevanje za užitek skoraj nič ne pripomore k višjemu zadovoljstvu z življenjem.

to life satisfaction.

The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.

Prizadevanje za smisel je najmočnejše.

The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.

Prizadevanje za udejstvovanje je prav tako zelo močno.

Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement

Užitek je pomemben, ko sta prisotna tako udejstvovanje

and you have meaning,

kot tudi smisel, saj je takrat užitek le češnja na vrh torte.

then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.

Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts,

Kar pomeni, da je polno življenje -- celota je večja od svojih delov -- ko imaš na razpolago vse tri.

if you've got all three.

Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life,

Po drugi strani, če nimaš nobene izmed treh,

torej prazno življenje, je celota manj od svojih delov.

the sum is less than the parts.

And what we're asking now is: Does the very same relationship --

In kar sedaj sprašujemo je,

ali isti odnos, fizično zdravje, morbidnost,

physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity --

kako dolgo živiš in produktivnost, sledijo istemu odnosu?

follow the same relationship?

That is, in a corporation,

Torej, je v skupnem delovanju

is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?

produktivnost funkcija pozitivnih emocij, vključevanja in smisla?

Is health a function of positive engagement,

Je zdravje funkcija pozitivnega vključevanja,

of pleasure, and of meaning in life?

užitke ali smisla življenja?

And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.

Obstaja razlog, zakaj bi lahko na obe vprašanji odgovorili pritrdilno.

So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance

Torej, Chris je rekel, da ima zadnji predavatelj priložnost združiti vse, kar smo do sedaj slišali

to try to integrate what he heard,

and so this was amazing for me.

in to je bilo zame izjemno. Nikoli nisem bil vklučen v podobno srečanje kot je to.

I've never been in a gathering like this.

I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,

Nikoli nisem slišal predavatelje govoriti preko sebe,

which was one of the remarkable things.

kar je bila ena izmed izjemnih stvari.

But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel

Ugotovil sem, da se problemi v psihologiji zdijo vzporedni

to the problems of technology, entertainment and design

problemov v tehnologiji, zabavni industriji in oblikovanju na naslednji način.

in the following way:

we all know that technology, entertainment and design

Vsi vemo, da so bili tehnologija, zabavna industrija in oblikovanje

have been and can be used for destructive purposes.

uporabljeni za destruktivne namene.

We also know that technology, entertainment and design

Vemo tudi, da se tehnologija, zabava in oblikovanje

can be used to relieve misery.

lahko uprabljajo za olajšanje bolečin.

And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery

Mimogrede, razlika med lajšanjem nesreče

and building happiness is extremely important.

in gradnjo sreče je izredno pomembna.

I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,

Ko sem pred 30 leti postal terapevt, sem mislil,

that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,

da je dovolj dobro, če nekoga pripravimo, do tega, da ni depresiven,

not anxious, not angry,

da ni anksiozen, jezen, ampak jih naredimo srečne.

that I'd make them happy.

And I never found that;

Tega nisem nikoli našel. Ugotovil sem, da je najbolje kar lahko narediš, da prideš do ničle.

I found the best you could ever do

was to get to zero;

that they were empty.

Ampak bili so prazni.

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,

Izkazalo se je, da se veščine sreče, veščine prijetnega življenja,

the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,

veščine vključevanja, veščine pomena

are different from the skills of relieving misery.

razlikujejo od veščin lajšanja nesreče.

And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment

In s tem lahko po mojem mnenju potegnemo vzporednico

s tehnologijo, zabavno industrijo in oblikovanjem.

and design, I believe.

That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world

Torej je mogoče za te tri voznike našega sveta,

to increase happiness,

da povišajo srečo, da povišajo pozitivno emocionalnost

to increase positive emotion.

And that's typically how they've been used.

in to so tipični načini njihove uporabe.

But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --

Ampak ko enkrat razdelite srečo, kot sem to storil jaz --

not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --

ne samo pozitvnih emocij, to ni niti približno dovolj --

there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.

bo prisoten zanos v življenju in prisoten bo občutek smisla.

As Laura Lee told us,

Laura Lee nam je povedala, da je

design and, I believe, entertainment and technology,

oblikovanje, po mojem mnenju tudi zabavna industrija in tehnologija,

can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.

lahko uporabljen za povišanje udejstvovanja v življenju.

So in conclusion,

Torej, če zaključim, enajsti razlog za optimizem,

the eleventh reason for optimism,

in addition to the space elevator,

poleg vesoljsega dvigala, je,

is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,

da lahko po mojem mnenju s pomočjo tehnologije, zabavne indrustije in oblikovanja

we can actually increase the amount of tonnage

povišamo količino sreče

of human happiness on the planet.

pri ljudeh na Zemlji.

And if technology can, in the next decade or two,

Če lahko tehnologija, v naslednjem desetletju ali dveh poviša prijetno življenje,

increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life,

dobro življenje in smiselno življenje, bo dovolj dobro.

it will be good enough.

If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,

Če zabavno industrijo pravilno predstavimo, lahko poviša pozitivno emocionalnost,

meaning eudaemonia,

pomen, navdušenje, bo dovolj dobro.

it will be good enough.

And if design can increase positive emotion,

Če lahko oblikovanje poviša pozitivno emocionalnost,

eudaemonia, and flow and meaning,

navdušenje, zanos in smisel,

what we're all doing together will become good enough.

kar delamo mi vsi skupaj, bo dovolj dobro. Hvala.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)