The new era of positive psychology | Martin Seligman

1,471,383 views ใƒป 2008-07-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: keren aharoni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomo Adam
00:12
When I was President of the American Psychological Association,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:15
they tried to media-train me.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
00:17
And an encounter I had with CNN summarizes
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื ื”-ืกื™.ืืŸ.ืืŸ
ืžืกื›ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:23
what I'm going to be talking about today,
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”-11 ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:25
which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.
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00:28
The editor of Discover told us 10 of them;
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ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”"ื“ื™ืกืงื‘ืจ" ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื• 10 ืžื”ื,
00:34
I'm going to give you the eleventh.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”-11.
00:36
So they came to me, CNN, and they said, "Professor Seligman --
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ืกื™.ืืŸ.ืืŸ, ืคื ื• ืืœื™, ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกืœื™ื’ืžืŸ
ื”ืื ืชื•ืื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?
00:41
would you tell us about the state of psychology today?
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00:44
We'd like to interview you about that."
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ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ื›ืš." ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื ืคืœื".
00:46
And I said, "Great."
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00:48
And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."
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ื”ืžืจืื™ื™ื ืช ืืžืจื”, "ื–ื” ื”ืกื™.ืืŸ.ืืŸ, ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืงืฆืจืฆืจ."
00:53
I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"
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ืฉืืœืชื™, "ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ?"
00:56
And she said, "Well, one."
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช".
00:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกืœื™ื’ืžืŸ,
01:00
And the cameras rolled, and she said,
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01:02
"Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?"
01:07
"Good."
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"ื˜ื•ื‘"
01:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:10
"Cut! Cut. That won't do.
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"ืงืื˜! ืงืื˜! ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ."
01:15
We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."
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01:17
"How many words do I get this time?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื?" "ื˜ื•ื‘. ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
01:19
"Well, you get two."
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01:21
(Laughter)
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01:22
"Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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ื“"ืจ ืกืœื™ื’ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?"
01:27
"Not good."
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01:28
(Laughter)
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"ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘"
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
"ื”ื‘ื˜, ื“"ืจ ืกืœื™ื’ืžืŸ,
01:40
"Look, Doctor Seligman,
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01:41
we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ื ืš ื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:44
We'd better give you a real sound bite.
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืžืžืฉื™.
01:47
This time you can have three words.
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ื”ืคืขื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
01:50
Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกืœื™ื’ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?"
01:55
"Not good enough."
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"ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘." ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
01:58
That's what I'm going to be talking about.
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02:00
I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
02:04
and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘-10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
02:08
And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:13
about entertainment and design,
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
02:14
because I think the issues are very similar.
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02:17
So, why was psychology good?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
02:20
Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-60 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
02:25
Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก
02:27
and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,
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ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืฆื™ื“ื™, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง,
02:31
they'd move away from me,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื™.
ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง
02:34
because, quite rightly, they were saying
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02:36
psychology is about finding what's wrong with you.
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ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืฆืœืš. ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข.
02:39
Spot the loony.
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02:40
And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง, ื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™.
02:44
What was good about psychology --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
ื‘-30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
02:49
about the $30 billion investment NIMH made,
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02:52
about working in the disease model,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
02:54
about what you mean by psychology --
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ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื,
02:56
is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable;
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื”, ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ -
03:01
it was entirely smoke and mirrors.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื–ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:02
And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 14 ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
03:05
two of them actually curable.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™.
03:07
And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืžื“ืข,
03:12
a science of mental illness.
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ืžื“ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
03:14
We found out we could take fuzzy concepts
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื,
03:19
like depression, alcoholism,
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03:22
and measure them with rigor;
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืงืคื“ื”.
03:24
that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses;
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
03:28
that we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
03:33
We could look across time at the same people --
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื --
03:37
people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
03:41
and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื,
ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
03:46
and we could isolate third variables
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03:48
by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
03:51
And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•
03:55
to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.
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ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
03:59
And then we were able to test them rigorously,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”
04:03
in random-assignment, placebo-controlled designs,
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช --
04:06
throw out the things that didn't work,
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื•.
04:08
keep the things that actively did.
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04:10
The conclusion of that is,
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ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘-60 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:14
psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years
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04:17
can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
04:22
And I think that's terrific.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื. ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ื‘ื–ื”.
04:24
I'm proud of it.
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04:29
But what was not good, the consequences of that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:33
were three things.
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04:35
The first was moral;
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ -
04:36
that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers;
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
04:41
that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble,
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ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ืืชื ื‘ืฆืจื”, ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจืœื›ื.
04:44
bricks fell on you.
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04:46
And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.
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ื•ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
04:49
We forgot responsibility.
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ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:51
That was the first cost.
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04:53
The second cost was that we forgot about you people.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืชื›ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
04:57
We forgot about improving normal lives.
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ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
05:01
We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,
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ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื-ืžื•ืคืจืขื™ื ืœืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:07
more fulfilled, more productive.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืœื™ื ื’ืกื•ืช.
05:09
And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.
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05:13
No one works on that.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:15
And the third problem about the disease model is,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื,
05:19
in our rush to do something about people in trouble,
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ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื”,
05:22
in our rush to do something about repairing damage,
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ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื,
05:27
it never occurred to us to develop interventions
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœืคืชื— ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
05:30
to make people happier -- positive interventions.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
05:34
So that was not good.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:36
And so that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื ืกื™ ืื˜ืงื•ืฃ, ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜,
05:41
Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself
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ืžื™ื™ืง ืฆื™ืงื–ื ื˜ืžื™ื”ืœื™ ื•ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
05:43
to work in something I call, "positive psychology,"
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ื•ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
05:46
which has three aims.
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05:47
The first is that psychology should be just as concerned
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:52
with human strength as it is with weakness.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืชื™ื•.
05:56
It should be just as concerned with building strength
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื.
06:00
as with repairing damage.
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06:02
It should be interested in the best things in life.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:05
And it should be just as concerned
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ื”-ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืงื™ื
06:07
with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,
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06:11
and with genius, with nurturing high talent.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช.
06:16
So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,
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ืื– ื‘-10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
06:20
we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช:
06:24
a science of what makes life worth living.
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ืžื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื.
06:26
It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ.
06:31
And any of you, for free, can go to that website --
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื—ื™ื ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืืชืจ.
06:34
[www.authentichappiness.org]
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืกื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
06:36
and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.
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06:38
You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
06:43
for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?
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ื–ืจื™ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
06:47
We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:
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ืื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช:
06:53
a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,
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ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื
06:58
how they're defined, how to diagnose them,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ,
07:00
what builds them and what gets in their way.
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ืžื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ.
07:05
We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
07:09
the relationship between left hemispheric activity
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
07:13
and right hemispheric activity, as a cause of happiness.
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ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ.
07:20
I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื,
07:23
and I've asked the question:
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
07:25
How do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?
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ื‘ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื?
07:28
And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›-6 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
07:33
How do they differ from the rest of us?
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ื‘ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•?
07:35
It turns out there's one way, very surprising --
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“.
07:39
they're not more religious, they're not in better shape,
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:41
they don't have more money, they're not better looking,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:45
they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.
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07:47
The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื: ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
07:52
They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
07:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื“.
08:00
They don't spend time alone.
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08:01
Each of them is in a romantic relationship
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
08:03
and each has a rich repertoire of friends.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืชืื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
08:07
But watch out here -- this is merely correlational data, not causal,
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08:11
and it's about happiness in the first, "Hollywood" sense,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™:
08:15
I'm going to talk about,
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08:16
happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.
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ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื—ืงื•ืงื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช.
08:20
And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough,
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
08:23
in just a moment.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
08:25
We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,
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08:29
from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ื•ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก.
08:31
About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.
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ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ืžืื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ.
08:37
And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื,
08:41
and we actually carry out
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ื•ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
08:43
random-assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
08:47
That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข?
08:51
In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
08:54
But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื”,
09:01
in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ืœืจืคื ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ,
09:04
and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื,
09:08
is, can psychology actually make people happier?
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื?
09:12
And to ask that question -- "happy" is not a word I use very much --
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• - ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” 'ืื•ืฉืจ' -
09:17
we've had to break it down
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
09:19
into what I think is askable about "happy."
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09:21
And I believe there are three different --
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื,
09:25
I call them "different" because different interventions build them,
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09:28
it's possible to have one rather than the other --
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ --
09:31
three different happy lives.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ.
09:33
The first happy life is the pleasant life.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื.
09:36
This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion
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ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
09:39
as you possibly can,
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09:41
and the skills to amplify it.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
09:43
The second is a life of engagement:
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช:
09:45
a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure;
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ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ืคื ืื™, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš ืขื•ืฆืจ.
09:50
time stops for you.
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09:53
That's what Aristotle was talking about.
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ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
09:55
And third, the meaningful life.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.
09:57
I want to say a little bit about each of those lives
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
10:00
and what we know about them.
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ื•ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
10:02
The first life is the pleasant life, and it's simply, as best we can find it,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ,
10:07
it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,
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ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช,
10:09
as much positive emotion as you can,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
10:11
and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชืขื ื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
10:18
that stretch them over time and space.
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ืฉืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
10:21
But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช,
10:25
and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ืข ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืืŸ.
10:28
and why it doesn't end here.
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10:31
The first drawback is, it turns out the pleasant life,
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ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
10:34
your experience of positive emotion,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™,
10:36
is about 50 percent heritable,
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ื›- 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
10:41
and, in fact, not very modifiable.
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10:45
So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
10:49
about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
10:53
are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.
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ื”ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ื ืขื•ื“ 15 ืขื“ 20 ืื—ื•ื–.
10:57
Second is that positive emotion habituates.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืœื”ืจื’ืœื™ื.
11:01
It habituates rapidly, indeed.
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11:05
It's all like French vanilla ice cream:
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ื“ืช ืคืจื ืฅ ื•ื ื™ืœื”, ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื 100 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
11:08
the first taste is 100 percent;
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11:10
by the time you're down to the sixth taste,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ื ืขืœื.
11:12
it's gone.
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11:15
And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:20
And this leads to the second life.
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11:22
I have to tell you about my friend Len,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืœืŸ,
11:24
to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
11:30
more than building pleasure.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช.
11:32
In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืœืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 30,
11:36
Len was enormously successful.
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ืœืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:38
The first arena was work.
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11:42
By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 20, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
11:44
By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 25, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจ
11:47
and the head of an options trading company.
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ื•ืจืืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืกื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
11:50
Second, in play, he's a national champion bridge player.
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ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื: ื”ื•ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืœืื•ืžื™.
ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืชื”ื•ืžื™.
11:57
But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.
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12:02
And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ ืงืจ.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:10
Len is an introvert.
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ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืžื•ืคื ื.
12:14
American women said to Len, when he dated them,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืœืœืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืื™ืชืŸ,
12:18
"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."
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ืืชื” ืœื ื›ื™ืคื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืชืชื—ืคืฃ.
12:22
And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,
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ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ืž"ืคืืจืง ืื‘ื ื™ื•",
12:28
who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma
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ืฉื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช
12:31
that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.
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ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
12:35
But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.
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ืืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
12:39
It turned out that --
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“
12:41
Len grew up in Long Island
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12:43
and he played football and watched football, and played bridge.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฆืคื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
ืœืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
12:50
Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.
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12:54
The question is: Is Len unhappy?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืœืŸ ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจ? ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื.
12:56
And I want to say, not.
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12:58
Contrary to what psychology told us
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœ 50 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:01
about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
13:05
I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ.
13:08
He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื "ื”ืชืžืกืจ" ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช
13:11
and that's because Len, like most of you,
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืขืฆื•ื.
13:14
is enormously capable of flow.
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13:17
When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘-9:30 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
13:20
at 9:30 in the morning,
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13:22
time stops for him.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืœื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื”.
13:23
And it stops till the closing bell.
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13:25
When the first card is played till 10 days later,
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ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ 10 ื™ืžื™ื , ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืŸ.
13:28
when the tournament is over,
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13:29
time stops for Len.
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13:31
And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืง ืฆื™ืงื–ื ื˜ืžื™ื”ืœื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
13:35
has been talking about, about flow.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžื”ื ืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
13:36
And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way:
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13:40
pleasure has raw feel -- you know it's happening; it's thought and feeling.
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ืœื”ื ืื” ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช: ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”. ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื”.
13:45
But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow ...
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืง ืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื›ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ.
13:51
you can't feel anything.
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13:54
You're one with the music.
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ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ.
13:56
Time stops.
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13:58
You have intense concentration.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืขื–.
14:00
And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
14:05
And we think there's a recipe for it,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ,
14:08
and it's knowing what your highest strengths are --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
14:10
again, there's a valid test
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ื•ื’ื ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืชืงืฃ
ืฉืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
14:13
of what your five highest strengths are --
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14:15
and then re-crafting your life
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ื•ืื– ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืš ื›ืš ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ.
14:18
to use them as much as you possibly can.
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14:21
Re-crafting your work, your love,
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืื”ื‘ื”,
14:24
your play, your friendship, your parenting.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช.
14:26
Just one example.
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ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช: ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจื–ืช ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื‘"ื’ื ื•ืืจื“ื™'ืก".
14:29
One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.
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ืฉื ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
14:33
Hated the job.
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14:34
She's working her way through college.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžื ื” ื›ืš ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื’' ืฉืœื”.
14:36
Her highest strength was social intelligence.
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
14:40
So she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืืจื™ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืชื”
14:44
the social highlight of every customer's day.
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ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื—.
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื”.
14:48
Now, obviously she failed.
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14:49
But what she did was to take her highest strengths,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
14:53
and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.
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ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:57
What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืžื›ืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื•ืช.
14:59
You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.
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ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืก.
15:01
You don't giggle a lot.
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ืœื ืžืฆื—ืงืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
15:02
What you get is more absorption.
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15:06
So, that's the second path.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
15:08
The first path, positive emotion;
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15:10
the second path is eudaemonian flow;
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”.
15:13
and the third path is meaning.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
15:16
This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.
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ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:20
And meaning, in this view, consists of --
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ื•'ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช' ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
15:23
very parallel to eudaemonia --
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15:26
it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
15:30
and using them to belong to and in the service of
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืฉืจืชื•.
15:34
something larger than you are.
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15:39
I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives --
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
15:43
the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life --
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”,
15:46
people are now hard at work on the question:
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15:48
Are there things that lastingly change those lives?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช?
15:53
And the answer seems to be yes.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืŸ. ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
15:56
And I'll just give you some samples of it.
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15:59
It's being done in a rigorous manner.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช.
16:01
It's being done in the same way that we test drugs
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“.
16:04
to see what really works.
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16:06
So we do random-assignment, placebo-controlled,
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ืื ื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ืžื”,
16:11
long-term studies of different interventions.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
16:14
Just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect:
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
16:18
when we teach people about the pleasant life,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
16:22
how to have more pleasure in your life,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
16:24
one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืขื ื’ื•ืช,
16:28
the savoring skills,
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16:30
and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื”.
16:34
Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื‘ืขื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื”,
16:39
and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชืขื ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’.
16:43
And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื.
16:49
Gratitude visit.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ ื›ืขืช.
16:53
I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.
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16:55
Close your eyes.
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ืขื™ืฆืžื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื.
16:58
I'd like you to remember someone
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
17:03
who did something enormously important
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17:06
that changed your life in a good direction,
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™,
17:10
and who you never properly thanked.
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ื•ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชื ืœื•.
17:13
The person has to be alive.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
17:16
Now, OK, you can open your eyes.
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ื›ืขืช - ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื.
17:18
I hope all of you have such a person.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
17:20
Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,
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ื”ืžื˜ืœื”, ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื”
17:24
is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืขื 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
17:28
call them on the phone in Phoenix,
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ื˜ืœืคื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ืงืก,
17:31
ask if you can visit, don't tell them why.
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ืฉืืœื• ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ, ืืœ ืชืกืคืจื• ืœื”ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื•ืชื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืคืชื— ื“ืœืชื,
17:33
Show up at their door,
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17:36
you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ - ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื -
17:41
And what happens is, when we test people
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
17:44
one week later, a month later, three months later,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.
17:47
they're both happier and less depressed.
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17:51
Another example is a strengths date,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื” 'ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช' ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’
17:54
in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช,
17:58
on the strengths test,
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17:59
and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths.
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ื•ืื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
18:04
We find this is a strengthener of relationships.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
18:08
And fun versus philanthropy.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื”.
18:10
It's so heartening to be in a group like this,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื–ื•,
18:13
in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื”.
18:17
Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื–ืืช,
18:20
so we actually have people do something altruistic
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™
18:24
and do something fun,
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื™ืคื™, ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
18:26
and contrast it.
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18:27
And what you find is when you do something fun,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื™ืคื™,
18:30
it has a square wave walk set.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืœ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
18:32
When you do something philanthropic to help another person,
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ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื ืžืฉืš.
18:35
it lasts and it lasts.
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18:38
So those are examples of positive interventions.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
18:42
So the next to last thing I want to say is:
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืคื ื™-ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื
18:47
we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.
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ืื ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
18:50
This is really what you're about.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื. ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”-ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
18:52
And that's our target variable.
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18:54
And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
18:58
how much life satisfaction do you get?
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?
19:00
So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื - ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘-15 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืขื ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื -
19:04
involving thousands of people:
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19:06
To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช,
19:08
the pursuit of positive emotion,
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ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
19:11
the pleasant life,
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19:12
the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,
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ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš,
19:15
and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?
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ื•ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?
19:19
And our results surprised us; they were backward of what we thought.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
19:22
It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
19:26
to life satisfaction.
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19:28
The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.
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ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:30
The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.
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ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
19:35
Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement
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ืœื”ื ืื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช
19:39
and you have meaning,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืคืช ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ.
19:41
then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.
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19:43
Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts,
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื• ืื ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
19:50
if you've got all three.
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19:51
Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life,
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื›ืš, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื•.
19:55
the sum is less than the parts.
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19:56
And what we're asking now is: Does the very same relationship --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื
ื”ืื ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื“ื›ื“ื•ืš,
20:00
physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity --
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื?
20:05
follow the same relationship?
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20:07
That is, in a corporation,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“
20:09
is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?
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ื”ืื ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?
20:15
Is health a function of positive engagement,
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ื”ืื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
20:18
of pleasure, and of meaning in life?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื”, ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื?
20:21
And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ.
20:28
So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance
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ืื– ื›ืจื™ืก ืืžืจ ืฉืœื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืข,
20:32
to try to integrate what he heard,
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20:35
and so this was amazing for me.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ื–ื”.
20:36
I've never been in a gathering like this.
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20:40
I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื,
20:44
which was one of the remarkable things.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
20:47
But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช
20:51
to the problems of technology, entertainment and design
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื.
20:55
in the following way:
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20:56
we all know that technology, entertainment and design
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
21:00
have been and can be used for destructive purposes.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ, ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.
21:06
We also know that technology, entertainment and design
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
21:10
can be used to relieve misery.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
21:13
And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช
21:17
and building happiness is extremely important.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
21:20
I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”,
21:23
that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,
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ืฉืื ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื›ื,
21:29
not anxious, not angry,
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ืœื ื—ืจื“, ืœื ื›ืขื•ืก, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ืจืžืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
21:33
that I'd make them happy.
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21:35
And I never found that;
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื–ืืช. ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืคืก.
21:36
I found the best you could ever do
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21:38
was to get to zero;
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21:40
that they were empty.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื™ืงื™ื.
21:41
And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ, ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
21:47
the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช, ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
21:49
are different from the skills of relieving misery.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœืช ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
21:54
And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”
ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ.
21:59
and design, I believe.
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22:01
That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
22:08
to increase happiness,
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ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ, ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
22:10
to increase positive emotion.
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22:13
And that's typically how they've been used.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื.
22:16
But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --
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ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™,
22:19
not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --
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ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื - ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื -
22:22
there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.
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ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
22:25
As Laura Lee told us,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืจื”-ืœื™ ืืžืจื” ืœื ื•,
22:27
design and, I believe, entertainment and technology,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
22:30
can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
22:35
So in conclusion,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”- 11 ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
22:37
the eleventh reason for optimism,
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22:39
in addition to the space elevator,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืขืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
22:42
is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
22:48
we can actually increase the amount of tonnage
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคื—
22:51
of human happiness on the planet.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
22:54
And if technology can, in the next decade or two,
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ื•ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
22:58
increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
23:02
it will be good enough.
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23:04
If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,
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ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
23:10
meaning eudaemonia,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
23:13
it will be good enough.
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23:14
And if design can increase positive emotion,
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ื•ืื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
23:20
eudaemonia, and flow and meaning,
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ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘, ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
23:23
what we're all doing together will become good enough.
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
23:27
Thank you.
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23:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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