The new era of positive psychology | Martin Seligman

Prevoditelj: Mladen Barešić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

When I was President of the American Psychological Association,

Dok sam bio predsjednik Američke psihološke udruge,

they tried to media-train me.

pokušali su me poučiti odnosu s medijima.

And an encounter I had with CNN summarizes

Susret sa CNN-om

sažima sve o čemu ću danas govoriti,

what I'm going to be talking about today,

a to je jedanaesti razlog da budete optimistični.

which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic.

The editor of Discover told us 10 of them;

Urednik Discovera naveo nam je njih deset.

I'm going to give you the eleventh.

Ja ću vam dati jedanaesti.

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, "Professor Seligman --

Dakle, prišao mi je CNN, i rekli su: "Profesore Seligman,

biste li nam opisali današnje stanje u psihologiji?

would you tell us about the state of psychology today?

We'd like to interview you about that."

Voljeli bismo vas intervjuirati." Rekoh ja: "Odlično."

And I said, "Great."

And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite."

A ona reče: "Ali ovo je CNN; moći ćemo emitirati samo kratku izjavu."

I said, "Well, how many words do I get?"

Pitao sam je: "Na koliko riječi imam pravo?"

And she said, "Well, one."

A ona će: "Jednu."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Kamere se pale, i ona reče: "Profesore Seligman,

And the cameras rolled, and she said,

"Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

u kakvom je stanju psihologija danas?"

"Good."

"Dobrom."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

"Cut! Cut. That won't do.

"Reži. Reži. Neće valjati.

Bolje da vam damo malo više prostora."

We'd really better give you a longer sound bite."

"How many words do I get this time?"

"Na koliko riječi imam pravo ovoga puta?" "Mislim da imate na dvije.

"Well, you get two."

(Laughter)

"Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Dr. Seligman, u kakvom je stanju psihologija danas?"

"Not good."

(Laughter)

"Ne dobrom."

(Smijeh)

"Gledajte, dr. Seligman,

"Look, Doctor Seligman,

we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium.

vidimo da vam nije ugodno u ovom situaciji.

We'd better give you a real sound bite.

Bolje da vam damo prostora za dulju izjavu.

This time you can have three words.

Ovoga puta recite u tri riječi.

Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?"

Profesore Seligman, u kakvom je stanju psihologija danas?"

"Not good enough."

"Ne dovoljno dobrom." O tome namjeravam govoriti.

That's what I'm going to be talking about.

I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good,

Želim reći zašto je psihologija bila dobra, zašto nije bila dobra,

and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough.

i kako bi, u sljedećih deset godina, mogla postati dovoljno dobra.

And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology,

Istodobno, istu stvar želim reći i o tehnologiji,

about entertainment and design,

o svijetu zabave i o dizajnu, jer vjerujem da su vrlo slični.

because I think the issues are very similar.

So, why was psychology good?

Dakle, zašto je psihologija bila dobra?

Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.

Više od 60 godina, psihologija je djelovala u okviru Modela bolesti.

Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane

Prije deset godina, kad sam se u avionu

and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did,

predstavljao suputnicima, i običavao reći čime se bavim,

they'd move away from me,

oni bi se odmaknuli od mene.

Zato što su, s pravom, znali reći

because, quite rightly, they were saying

psychology is about finding what's wrong with you.

da psihologija otkriva što nije u redu s tobom. "Skuži prolupalog."

Spot the loony.

And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.

Kažem li danas ljudima čime se bavim, oni mi se približe.

What was good about psychology --

A što je bilo dobro u vezi sa psihologijom,

s 30 milijardi dolara ulaganja Nacionalnog instituta za mentalno zdravlje,

about the $30 billion investment NIMH made,

about working in the disease model,

s radom u okviru Modela bolesti,

about what you mean by psychology --

s time što pod psihologijom smatrate,

is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable;

bilo je da se, prije 60 godina, nijedan od poremećaja nije mogao liječiti.

it was entirely smoke and mirrors.

Bilo je to apsolutno "tapkanje u mraku".

And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable,

Danas, 14 se poremećaja može liječiti;

two of them actually curable.

dva od njih, zapravo, i izliječiti.

And the other thing that happened is that a science developed,

Sljedeće što se dogodilo bio je razvoj znanosti,

a science of mental illness.

znanosti o mentalnim bolestima.

We found out we could take fuzzy concepts

Otkrili smo da neke nejasne pojave, poput depresije ili alkoholizma,

like depression, alcoholism,

and measure them with rigor;

možemo podvrgnuti strogim mjerenjima.

that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses;

Da možemo klasificirati mentalne bolesti.

that we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses.

Da možemo razumjeti uzroke mentalnih bolesti.

We could look across time at the same people --

Da bismo iste ljude mogli pratiti tijekom vremena -

people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia --

ljude koji su, primjerice, genetski skloni shizofreniji -

and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are,

i ispitivati utjecaj odgoja, ili genetskih faktora,

a mogli bismo i izdvojiti treće varijable

and we could isolate third variables

by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

kroz pokuse s mentalnim bolestima.

And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years,

Konačno, u posljednjih smo 50 godina postali sposobni

to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments.

osmisliti i terapije lijekovima i psihološke terapije.

And then we were able to test them rigorously,

Bili smo ih potom u stanju i rigorozno testirati,

in random-assignment, placebo-controlled designs,

preko slučajnog uzorka, koristeći placebo,

throw out the things that didn't work,

odbaciti ono što ne djeluje, zadržati ono djeluje.

keep the things that actively did.

The conclusion of that is,

Zaključak je da, u posljednjih 60 godina, psihologija i psihijatrija

psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years

can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable.

mogu istinski tvrditi da nesretne ljude možemo učiniti manje nesretnima.

And I think that's terrific.

Mislim da je to sjajno. Ponosim se time.

I'm proud of it.

But what was not good, the consequences of that,

No, tri su posljedice onoga što nije bilo dobro...

were three things.

The first was moral;

Prva je moralna,

that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers;

psiholozi i psihijatri postali su viktimolozi, patologizatori.

that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble,

Gledali smo na ljudsku prirodu tako da ako ste bili u nevolji - nastradali ste.

bricks fell on you.

And we forgot that people made choices and decisions.

Zaboravili smo da su ljudi odabirali i odlučivali.

We forgot responsibility.

Zanemarili smo odgovornost. Bila je to prva nastala šteta.

That was the first cost.

The second cost was that we forgot about you people.

Druga je šteta bila ta što smo zanemarili vas, ljudi.

We forgot about improving normal lives.

Zanemarili smo poboljšavati normalne živote.

We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier,

Zaboravili smo na misiju da ljude koji nemaju većih problema učinimo sretnijima,

more fulfilled, more productive.

ispunjenijima, produktivnijima. "Genijima" i "talentima" nismo se bavili.

And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word.

No one works on that.

Nitko se njima nije bavio.

And the third problem about the disease model is,

Treći problem u vezi s Modelom bolesti jest što se

in our rush to do something about people in trouble,

žurimo učiniti nešto u vezi s ljudima u nevolji,

in our rush to do something about repairing damage,

žurimo se učiniti nešto da popravimo štetu,

it never occurred to us to develop interventions

pa nam nikad nije sinulo razviti metode

to make people happier -- positive interventions.

kojima bismo ljude učinili sretnijima.

So that was not good.

Dakle, to nije bilo dobro.

And so that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert,

To je bilo ono čime su se vodili ljudi poput Nancy Etcoff, Dana Gilberta,

Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself

Mikea Csikszentmihalyija i mene da poradimo na tzv. pozitivnoj psihologiji,

to work in something I call, "positive psychology,"

a što ima tri cilja.

which has three aims.

The first is that psychology should be just as concerned

Prvi je taj da bi se psihologija trebala jednako baviti

with human strength as it is with weakness.

ljudskim snagama kao što se bavi i slabostima.

It should be just as concerned with building strength

Trebala bi se baviti izgrađivanjem snaga kao što se bavi i popravljanjem štete.

as with repairing damage.

It should be interested in the best things in life.

Trebala bi se baviti onim najboljim u životu.

And it should be just as concerned

Trebala bi se baviti i time kako ispuniti živote normalnih ljudi,

with making the lives of normal people fulfilling,

and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

te s genijem, s odgajanjem izvanserijskog talenta.

So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future,

U posljednjih deset godina i, nadamo se, u budućnosti,

we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology,

vidjeli smo početke znanosti pozitivne psihologije,

a science of what makes life worth living.

znanosti o onome što život čini vrijednim življenja.

It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness.

Ispostavlja se da možemo izmjeriti razne oblike sreće.

And any of you, for free, can go to that website --

Svatko od vas može besplatno na ovoj internetskoj stranici

[www.authentichappiness.org]

naći čitav spektar testova sreće.

and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning,

Možete se pitati kako izmjeriti pozitivne emocije, smisao

for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people?

ili "tok" u odnosu na desetke tisuća drugih ljudi?

We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities:

Stvorili smo suprotnost dijagnostičkog priručnika mentalnih bolesti:

a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio,

klasifikaciju snaga i vrlina, razmjeran spolnoj zastupljenosti;

how they're defined, how to diagnose them,

kako su definirane, kako ih dijagnosticirati,

what builds them and what gets in their way.

što ih sačinjava i što ih ometa.

We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states,

Pronašli smo da možemo otkrivati uzroke pozitivnih stanja,

the relationship between left hemispheric activity

odnos između aktivnosti lijeve hemisfere

and right hemispheric activity, as a cause of happiness.

i aktivnosti desne hemisfere kao uzroka sreće.

I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people,

Čitav sam život radio s izrazito ubogim ljudima,

and I've asked the question:

i postavljao sam si pitanje:

How do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?

Po čemu se izrazito ubogi ljudi razlikuju od svih ostalih?

And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people.

Unatrag šest godina pitamo se što je s izrazito sretnim ljudima.

How do they differ from the rest of us?

I po čemu se oni razlikuju od nas ostalih?

It turns out there's one way, very surprising --

Ispostavilo se da postoji jedna razlika.

they're not more religious, they're not in better shape,

Nisu religiozniji, nisu u boljoj formi,

they don't have more money, they're not better looking,

nemaju više novca, ne izgledaju bolje,

nemaju čak ni više dobrih i manje loših iskustava.

they don't have more good events and fewer bad events.

The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social.

Osnovna je razlika: izrazito su društveni.

They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning.

Ne sjede na seminarima u subotnje jutro.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Ne provode vrijeme sami.

They don't spend time alone.

Each of them is in a romantic relationship

Svatko je od njih u romantičnoj vezi

and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

i svatko ima širok krug prijatelja.

Ali, pripazite. Ovo su tek korelacije, ne uzroci,

But watch out here -- this is merely correlational data, not causal,

and it's about happiness in the first, "Hollywood" sense,

i radi se o sreći u izvornom holivudskom smislu;

I'm going to talk about,

happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer.

o provali oduševljenja, o kikotu, o veselju.

And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough,

Istaknut ću uskoro da to ni izbliza nije dovoljno.

in just a moment.

Zaključili smo da bismo mogli metode promotriti kroz stoljeća,

We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries,

from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

od Buddhe do Tonyja Robbinsa.

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.

Otkrili smo oko 120 pristupa

kojima se navodno moglo ljude učiniti sretnima.

And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them,

Mnoge smo od njih uobličili u priručnik,

and we actually carry out

i sada metodom slučaja provodimo

random-assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies.

studije djelotvornosti i učinkovitosti.

That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier?

Drugim riječima, koje metode čine ljude trajno sretnijima?

In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

Zakratko ću vam reći više o nekim rezultatima.

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have,

Međutim, krajnja moja želja jest da misija psihologije

in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill,

kao dodatak njenoj misiji liječenja mentalno oboljelih,

and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable,

i kao dodatak njenoj misiji da uboge ljude učini manje ubogima

is, can psychology actually make people happier?

bude: Može li psihologija učiniti ljude sretnijima?

And to ask that question -- "happy" is not a word I use very much --

A da bismo postavili to pitanje -- "sretan" nije riječ koju često koristim --

we've had to break it down

morali smo je razlomiti u dijelove za koje smatram da se mogu propitivati.

into what I think is askable about "happy."

And I believe there are three different --

Vjerujem da su tri različita...

Nazivam ih različitima, jer ih sačinjavaju različite metode;

I call them "different" because different interventions build them,

it's possible to have one rather than the other --

moguće je živjeti jednim, a ne i drugim životom --

three different happy lives.

tri različita sretna života.

The first happy life is the pleasant life.

Prvi sretan život je ugodan život.

This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion

U njemu proživljavate onoliko pozitivnih emocija koliko je god to moguće,

as you possibly can,

and the skills to amplify it.

i posjedujete vještine da ih iznova iskusite.

The second is a life of engagement:

Drugi je predan život.--

a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure;

Život na poslu, roditeljstvo, ljubav, dokolica, vrijeme za vas staje.

time stops for you.

That's what Aristotle was talking about.

O tome je i Aristotel govorio.

And third, the meaningful life.

I treći život, smislen život.

I want to say a little bit about each of those lives

Dakle, želim reći ponešto o svakome od tih života

and what we know about them.

i o onome što o njima znamo.

The first life is the pleasant life, and it's simply, as best we can find it,

Prvi je ugodan život i on, koliko o njemu znamo,

it's having as many of the pleasures as you can,

znači uživati što je moguće više,

as much positive emotion as you can,

sa što je moguće više pozitivnih emocija,

and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them,

i učiti se vještinama -- ukusu, svjesnosti -- koje ih osnažuju,

that stretch them over time and space.

koje ih produljuju u prostoru i vremenu.

But the pleasant life has three drawbacks,

No, ugodan život ima tri nedostatka.

and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology,

Zato pozitivna psihologija i nije srećologija i zato ne završava ovdje.

and why it doesn't end here.

The first drawback is, it turns out the pleasant life,

Prvi nedostatak je taj što je ugodan život,

your experience of positive emotion,

vaše iskustvo pozitivnih emocija - nasljedan;

is about 50 percent heritable,

oko 50 posto je nasljedno i ne odviše promjenljivo.

and, in fact, not very modifiable.

So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know

Stoga različiti trikovi koje Matthieu, ja i ostali znamo

about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life

o povećanju količine pozitivnih emocija u vlastitom životu

are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it.

su 15-20 posto - trikovi. Što više, to bolje.

Second is that positive emotion habituates.

Drugi je da se na pozitivne emocije uistinu vrlo brzo navikavamo.

It habituates rapidly, indeed.

It's all like French vanilla ice cream:

Sve je to poput sladoleda od vanilije, okus pri prvom kušanju je potpun;

the first taste is 100 percent;

by the time you're down to the sixth taste,

do trenutka kad ga po šesti put kušate, nestao je.

it's gone.

And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

Kao što sam rekao, na to ne možete osobito utjecati.

Što nas dovodi do drugoga života.

And this leads to the second life.

I have to tell you about my friend Len,

Moram vam ispričati o svom prijatelju, Lenu,

to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion,

o tome zašto je pozitivna psihologija više od pozitivne emocije,

more than building pleasure.

više od nakupljanja užitaka.

In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30,

Na dva od tri velika životna polja, dok još nije navršio ni 30-u,

Len was enormously successful.

Len je bio silno uspješan. Prvo je polje bio posao.

The first arena was work.

By the time he was 20, he was an options trader.

Već u 20-oj trgovao je opcijama.

By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire

Prije 25-e bio je multimilijunaš

and the head of an options trading company.

i čelnik tvrtke za trgovanje opcijama.

Second, in play, he's a national champion bridge player.

Drugo, bio je nacionalni prvak u bridžu.

No, na trećem životnom polju, u ljubavi, Len je bio beznadno neuspješan.

But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure.

And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.

Razlog: Len je hladna riba.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Len is an introvert.

Len je introvert.

American women said to Len, when he dated them,

Žene koje su s Lenom bile izlazile govorile su mu:

"You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost."

"Nisi zabavan. Nemaš pozitivnih emocija. Nestani."

And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst,

A Len je bio dovoljno imućan i mogao si je priuštiti psihoanalitičara s Park Avenuea,

who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma

koji je pet godina pokušavao pronaći seksualnu traumu

that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.

koja je nekako pozitivne emocije zatočila u njemu.

But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.

Ispostavilo se da nije bilo nikakve seksualne traume.

It turned out that --

Len je odrastao na Long Islandu,

Len grew up in Long Island

and he played football and watched football, and played bridge.

igrao je i gledao američki nogomet, igrao je bridž --

Len je u donjih 5% onoga što nazivamo pozitivnim afektivnostima.

Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.

The question is: Is Len unhappy?

Pitanje je: Je li Len nesretan? Ja bih rekao da nije.

And I want to say, not.

Contrary to what psychology told us

Suprotno onome što psihologija kaže o donjih 50%

about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity,

ljudske rase u pogledu pozitivne afektivnosti,

I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.

mislim da je Len jedan od najsretnijih ljudi koje poznajem.

He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness,

Nije prepušten paklu nesretnosti

and that's because Len, like most of you,

i to stoga što je Len, poput većine vas, silno sposoban postići stanje obuzetosti.

is enormously capable of flow.

When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange

Kad stupi na pozornicu američke burze, u 9.30 ujutro,

at 9:30 in the morning,

time stops for him.

za njega vrijeme staje. I stoji do završnog zvona.

And it stops till the closing bell.

When the first card is played till 10 days later,

Pošto netko baci prvu kartu,

sljedećih 10 dana, dok turnir ne završi, za Lena vrijeme stoji.

when the tournament is over,

time stops for Len.

And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi

Upravo je to ono o čemu je govorio Mike Csikszentmihalyi,

has been talking about, about flow.

o obuzetosti: On se od užitka razlikuje u nečemu vrlo bitnom.

And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way:

pleasure has raw feel -- you know it's happening; it's thought and feeling.

Sirovi osjeti su užitak: znate da se zbiva. On je misao i osjećaj.

But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow ...

No, Mike je jučer rekao da kad ste obuzeti, ništa ne osjećate!

you can't feel anything.

You're one with the music.

Jedno ste s glazbom. Vrijeme staje.

Time stops.

You have intense concentration.

Snažno ste usredotočeni.

And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.

To je pravo obilježje onoga što smatramo dobrim životom.

And we think there's a recipe for it,

Vjerujemo da za to postoji recept,

and it's knowing what your highest strengths are --

trebate spoznati svoje najizrazitije vrline.

again, there's a valid test

Naravno, postoji valjan test kojim

možete utvrditi tih svojih pet najizrazitijih vrlina.

of what your five highest strengths are --

and then re-crafting your life

Potom preoblikujte svoj život kako biste ih što više koristili.

to use them as much as you possibly can.

Re-crafting your work, your love,

Preoblikujte svoj posao, svoju ljubav,

your play, your friendship, your parenting.

svoju igru, svoja prijateljstva, svoje roditeljstvo.

Just one example.

Primjerice, osoba s kojom sam radio pakirala je proizvode u Genuardi'su.

One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's.

Mrzila je taj posao.

Hated the job.

She's working her way through college.

Nastojala je završiti fakultet.

Her highest strength was social intelligence.

Najjača njena vrlina bila je socijalna inteligencija,

So she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her

pa je preoblikovala svoj posao tako što je susret kupca sa sobom

the social highlight of every customer's day.

pretvorila u socijalni vrhunac dana u životu svakoga kupca.

Očito, nije uspjela,

Now, obviously she failed.

But what she did was to take her highest strengths,

ali pokušala je izdvojiti najveće vlastite vrline

and re-craft work to use them as much as possible.

i preoblikovati posao kako bi ih koristila što je više moguće.

What you get out of that is not smiley-ness.

Ono što tako dobijete nije smješkovitost.

You don't look like Debbie Reynolds.

Ne izgledate poput Debbie Reynolds.

You don't giggle a lot.

Ne kikoćete se često. Dobijete više zaokupljenosti.

What you get is more absorption.

So, that's the second path.

To je, dakle, drugi put. Prvi put - pozitivna emocija.

The first path, positive emotion;

the second path is eudaemonian flow;

Drugi put je eudaimonijska, očaravajuća obuzetost.

and the third path is meaning.

A treći put je smisao.

This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally.

On je najdostojniji sreće, u tradicionalnom smislu.

And meaning, in this view, consists of --

Vrlo slično eudaimoniji, smisao se sastoji od

very parallel to eudaemonia --

it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are,

poznavanja najvećih vlastitih vrlina i od njihova korištenja

and using them to belong to and in the service of

radi pripadanja i služenja nečemu većemu od sebe.

something larger than you are.

I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives --

Spomenuo sam da za sve tri vrste života, ugodan život,

the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life --

dobar život i smislen život, ljudi uporno nastoje naći odgovor

people are now hard at work on the question:

Are there things that lastingly change those lives?

na pitanje postoje li stvari koje trajno mijenjaju te živote?

And the answer seems to be yes.

Čini se da je odgovor da. Dat ću vam nekoliko primjera.

And I'll just give you some samples of it.

It's being done in a rigorous manner.

To se radi na rigorozan način.

It's being done in the same way that we test drugs

Na isti način na koji testiramo lijekove da bismo utvrdili koji djeluju.

to see what really works.

So we do random-assignment, placebo-controlled,

Služimo se slučajnim odabirom, eksperimentalnim nacrtom s placebom,

long-term studies of different interventions.

provodimo longitudinalne studije različitih metoda.

Just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect:

Dat ću vam primjer pristupa kakve nalazimo djelotvornima.

when we teach people about the pleasant life,

Kad poučavamo ljude ugodnom životu,

how to have more pleasure in your life,

kako da više uživaju u životu,

one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills,

moraju se osloniti se na svoju svjesnost i na vlastit ukus

the savoring skills,

and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.

i osmisliti prelijep dan.

Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day,

Sljedeće subote, izdvojite vrijeme i osmislite sebi prelijep dan;

and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.

upotrijebite sav svoj ukus i svjesnost, kako biste uživali u životu.

And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

Tako možemo pokazati da je ugodan život moguće obogatiti.

Gratitude visit.

Posjet zahvalnosti. Molim vas, učinite sljedeće...

I want you all to do this with me now, if you would.

Close your eyes.

Zaklopite oči.

I'd like you to remember someone

Prisjetite se nekoga tko je učinio nešto iznimno važno,

who did something enormously important

that changed your life in a good direction,

a što je na vaš život utjecalo u dobrom smjeru,

and who you never properly thanked.

i kome nikad niste primjereno zahvalili.

The person has to be alive.

Osoba treba biti živa. Dobro?

Now, OK, you can open your eyes.

Sad možete otvoriti oči.

I hope all of you have such a person.

Nadam se da ste se svi prisjetili takve osobe.

Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit,

Dok učite posjet zahvalnosti, vaš je zadatak

is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person,

u 300 riječi sročiti izjavu toj osobi;

call them on the phone in Phoenix,

nazvati je u Phoenix;

ask if you can visit, don't tell them why.

najaviti posjet, nemojte joj reći razlog; pojaviti se pred vratima;

Show up at their door,

you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens.

pročitati izjavu -- Svi plaču dok se to zbiva.

And what happens is, when we test people

Kad testiramo ljude tjedan dana kasnije, mjesec dana,

one week later, a month later, three months later,

tri mjeseca kasnije, oni su i sretniji i manje potišteni.

they're both happier and less depressed.

Another example is a strengths date,

Sljedeći je primjer spoj vrlina, na kojemu od parova očekujemo

in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths

da na testu vrlina prepoznaju glavne svoje vrline

on the strengths test,

and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths.

pa osmisle večer tijekom koje će oboje izražavati svoje vrline.

We find this is a strengthener of relationships.

To osnažuje odnos.

And fun versus philanthropy.

I zabava naspram filantropije.

It's so heartening to be in a group like this,

Ohrabrujuće je biti u skupini poput ove,

in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.

u kojoj se toliko mnogo vas posvetilo filantropiji.

Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this,

Moji studenti i ljudi s kojima radim nisu ovo otkrili,

so we actually have people do something altruistic

što znači da imamo ljude koji čine nešto altruistično

and do something fun,

i istodobno zabavno.

and contrast it.

And what you find is when you do something fun,

Dok činite nešto zabavno,

it has a square wave walk set.

to ima oblik kvadratnog vala.

When you do something philanthropic to help another person,

Kad činite nešto iz čovjekoljublja, pomažete drugome i to traje.

it lasts and it lasts.

So those are examples of positive interventions.

Dakle, to su primjeri pozitivnih pristupa.

So the next to last thing I want to say is:

Pretposljednje što bih želio reći jest

we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.

da nas zanima koliko životnog zadovoljstva ljudi osjećaju.

This is really what you're about.

To je suština. Naša ciljna varijabla.

And that's our target variable.

And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives,

Pitanje vidimo kao funkciju tri različita života:

how much life satisfaction do you get?

Koliko vam život donosi zadovoljstva?

So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications,

Zato pitamo, i učinili smo to u 15 navrata uključivši tisuće ljudi --

involving thousands of people:

To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure,

U kojoj mjeri potraga za užitkom,

the pursuit of positive emotion,

potraga za pozitivnim emocijama, za ugodnim životom;

the pleasant life,

the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you,

potraga za predanošću, za vremenom koje staje;

and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?

i potraga za smislom, doprinose životnom zadovoljstvu?

And our results surprised us; they were backward of what we thought.

Rezultati su iznenađujući, oprečni onome što smo pretpostavljali.

It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution

Potraga za užitkom, za ugodom, uopće ne doprinosi životnom zadovoljstvu.

to life satisfaction.

The pursuit of meaning is the strongest.

Potraga za smislom je najsnažnija.

The pursuit of engagement is also very strong.

Težnja za predanošću je, također, vrlo snažna.

Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement

Užitak je važan i kad imate i predanost

and you have meaning,

i smisao, tad je užitak šlag na torti.

then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry.

Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts,

Dakle, život je potpun -- cjelina veća od sume dijelova, ako imate sve troje.

if you've got all three.

Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life,

Naprotiv, ako nemate nijedno,

isprazan život, suma je manja od pojedinih dijelova.

the sum is less than the parts.

And what we're asking now is: Does the very same relationship --

Sad se, pak, pitamo

jesu li iste kategorije: tjelesno zdravlje, incidencije,

physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity --

duljina života i produktivnost u jednakome odnosu?

follow the same relationship?

That is, in a corporation,

Odnosno, u korporacijama,

is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning?

je li produktivnost posljedica pozitivnih emocija, predanosti i smisla?

Is health a function of positive engagement,

Je li zdravlje posljedica pozitivne predanosti,

of pleasure, and of meaning in life?

užitka i životnog smisla?

And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.

Imamo razloga vjerovati da bi odgovor na oba pitanja mogao biti da..

So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance

Chris je najavio da će posljednji govornik imati prigodu objediniti sve što je čuo.

to try to integrate what he heard,

and so this was amazing for me.

Meni je ovo bilo čudesno. Nikad nisam bio dio ovakvoga skupa.

I've never been in a gathering like this.

I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much,

Nisam vidio da govornici toliko nadmaše sami sebe

which was one of the remarkable things.

što je doista izuzetna stvar.

But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel

No, otkrio sam da problemi u psihologiji prate

to the problems of technology, entertainment and design

probleme u sferi tehnologije (T), zabave (E) i dizajna (D).

in the following way:

we all know that technology, entertainment and design

Svi znamo da su tehnologija, industrija zabave i dizajn

have been and can be used for destructive purposes.

bili i mogu biti korišteni u vrlo štetne svrhe.

We also know that technology, entertainment and design

Svi znamo da se tehnologija, industrija zabave i dizajn

can be used to relieve misery.

mogu upotrijebiti radi ublažavanja patnje.

And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery

Napominjem, razlika između ublažavanja patnje

and building happiness is extremely important.

i kreiranja sreće iznimno je važna.

I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago,

Kad sam prije 30 godina postao terapeut, mislio sam

that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed,

da je dovoljno nekoga učiniti ne-depresivnim,

not anxious, not angry,

ne-anksioznim, ne-bijesnim, pa da ga time učinim sretnim.

that I'd make them happy.

And I never found that;

Nikad to nisam potvrdio. Najviše što možete učiniti je doći do nule.

I found the best you could ever do

was to get to zero;

that they were empty.

Ali, ostat će prazan.

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life,

Ispostavlja se da su vještine sreće, vještine ugodnog života,

the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning,

vještine predanosti, vještine smisla,

are different from the skills of relieving misery.

različite od vještina ublažavanja patnje.

And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment

Vjerujem da isto vrijedi i za

tehnologiju, industriju zabave i za dizajn.

and design, I believe.

That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world

Moguće je da ova tri zamašnjaka našega svijeta

to increase happiness,

povećaju sreću, povećaju pozitivnu emociju,

to increase positive emotion.

And that's typically how they've been used.

i obično se s tim ciljem oni i upotrebljavaju.

But once you fractionate happiness the way I do --

Ali pošto raščlanite sreću onako kako ja to činim --

not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough --

ne samo uz pozitivnu emociju, to nije dovoljno --

there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.

tu su još i obuzetost i životni smisao.

As Laura Lee told us,

Kao što nam je Laura Lee rekla,

design and, I believe, entertainment and technology,

dizajn, zabava i tehnologija,

can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.

mogu se upotrijebiti da bi se u životu uvećala i smislena predanost.

So in conclusion,

Da zaključim, jedanaesti razlog za optimizam,

the eleventh reason for optimism,

in addition to the space elevator,

kao dodatak svemirskom dizalu,

is that I think with technology, entertainment and design,

jest taj da tehnologijom, zabavom i dizajnom

we can actually increase the amount of tonnage

možemo, zapravo, uvećati količinu

of human happiness on the planet.

ljudske sreće na planetu.

And if technology can, in the next decade or two,

Ako, u sljedećem desetljeću ili dva, tehnologija donese ugodan život,

increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life,

dobar život i smislen život, bit će to dovoljno dobro.

it will be good enough.

If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion,

Ako zabavu preusmjerimo kako bi i ona umnažala pozitivnu emociju,

meaning eudaemonia,

smisao, blaženstvo, bit će to dovoljno dobro.

it will be good enough.

And if design can increase positive emotion,

I ako dizajnom budemo umnažali pozitivnu emociju,

eudaemonia, and flow and meaning,

blaženstvo, obuzetost i smisao,

what we're all doing together will become good enough.

ono što svi zajedno činimo postat će dovoljno dobro. Hvala vam.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)