Leather and meat without killing animals | Andras Forgacs

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Maja Budišin Lukin

When my father and I started a company

Kada smo moj otac i ja osnovali kompaniju

to 3D print human tissues and organs,

kako bi štampali trodimenzionalna tkiva i organe,

some people initially thought we were a little crazy.

u početku su neki ljudi mislili da smo pomalo ludi.

But since then, much progress has been made,

Ali od tada se dosta napredovalo,

both in our lab and other labs around the world.

kako u našoj, tako i u laboratorijama širom sveta.

And given this, we started getting questions like,

S obzirom na ovo, počeli smo da dobijamo pitanja poput:

"If you can grow human body parts,

"Ako možete uzgajati delove ljudskog tela,

can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"

možete li da uzgajate životinjske proizvode poput mesa i kože?"

When someone first suggested this to me,

Kada mi je neko to prvi put predložio,

quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,

mislio sam da je ta osoba pomalo luda,

but what I soon came to realize

ali sam uskoro shvatio

was that this is not so crazy after all.

da to zapravo i nije tako ludo.

What's crazy is what we do today.

Ovo što danas radimo je ludo.

I'm convinced that in 30 years,

Uveren sam da ćemo za 30 godina,

when we look back on today

kada se osvrnemo na ovo danas,

and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals

kako uzgajamo i ubijamo milijarde životinja

to make our hamburgers and our handbags,

da bi pravili pljeskavice i tašne,

we'll see this as being wasteful

gledati na to kao da smo bili razmetljivi

and indeed crazy.

i zbilja ludi.

Did you know that today we maintain

Da li ste znali da danas održavamo

a global herd of 60 billion animals

globalno krdo od 60 milijardi životinja

to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?

za naše meso, mlečne proizvode, jaja i proizvode od kože?

And over the next few decades,

A u sledećih nekoliko decenija,

as the world's population expands to 10 billion,

kad svetska populacija naraste do 10 milijardi,

this will need to nearly double

ovaj broj će se morati skoro duplirati,

to 100 billion animals.

na 100 milijardi životinja.

But maintaining this herd

Ali održavanje ovog krda

takes a major toll on our planet.

veliki je napor za našu planetu.

Animals are not just raw materials.

Životinje nisu samo sirov materijal.

They're living beings,

One su živa bića

and already our livestock

i naša stoka već čini

is one of the largest users of land,

jednog od najvećih korisnika zemlje,

fresh water,

sveže vode

and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases

i jednog od najvećih proizvođača gasova staklene bašte

which drive climate change.

koji dovode do promene klime.

On top of this,

Povrh svega ovoga,

when you get so many animals so close together,

kada spojite toliko životinja jednu blizu druge,

it creates a breeding ground for disease

to je plodno tle za zaraze

and opportunities for harm and abuse.

i stvara priliku za povrede i zlostavljanje.

Clearly, we cannot continue on this path

Jasno je da ne možemo nastaviti ovim putem

which puts the environment, public health,

kojim dovodimo u opasnost životnu sredinu,

and food security at risk.

zdravlje javnosti i bezbednost hrane.

There is another way, because essentially,

Postoji drugi način, jer zapravo

animal products are just collections of tissues,

životinjski proizvodi su samo skup tkiva

and right now we breed and raise

i mi trenutno uzgajamo

highly complex animals

veoma kompleksne životinje

only to create products

da bismo stvorili proizvode

that are made of relatively simple tissues.

sačinjene od relativno jednostavnih tkiva.

What if, instead of starting with a complex

Šta ako bismo, umesto započinjanja sa kompleksnom

and sentient animal,

i živom životinjom,

we started with what the tissues are made of,

započeli sa onim od čega su stvorena tkiva,

the basic unit of life,

osnovnom jedinicom života,

the cell?

ćelijom?

This is biofabrication, where cells themselves

Ovo je bioproizvodnja, gde se same ćelije

can be used to grow biological products

mogu koristiti za stvaranje bioloških proizvoda

like tissues and organs.

poput tkiva i organa.

Already in medicine,

Tehnike bioproizvodnje

biofabrication techniques have been used

su se već koristile u medicini

to grow sophisticated body parts,

kako bi se proizveli sofisticirani delovi tela

like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,

poput ušiju, dušnika, kože, krvnih sudova i kostiju,

that have been successfully implanted into patients.

koji su uspešno presađeni u pacijente.

And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be

I izvan medicine, bioproizvodnja može biti

a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.

humana, održiva i skalabilna nova grana privrede.

And we should begin by reimagining leather.

Treba da počnemo sa novom vizijom kože.

I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.

Ističem kožu jer je toliko rasprostranjena.

It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.

Prelepa je i dugo je deo naše istorije.

Growing leather is also technically simpler

Proizvodnja kože je takođe tehnički jednostavnija

than growing other animal products like meat.

od proizvodnje drugih životinjskih proizvoda poput mesa.

It mainly uses one cell type,

Uglavnom se koristi jedan tip ćelija

and it is largely two-dimensional.

i većinom je dvodimenzionalan.

It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.

Takođe manje polarizuje potrošače i regulatore.

Until biofabrication is better understood,

Dok ne bude postojalo bolje razumevanje bioproizvodnje,

it is clear that, initially at least,

jasno je da će, makar na početku

more people would be willing to wear novel materials

više ljudi biti voljno da nosi nove materijale

than would be willing to eat novel foods,

nego što će biti onih koji bi jeli novu hranu,

no matter how delicious.

koliko god bila ukusna.

In this sense, leather is a gateway material,

U ovom smislu, koža je polazni materijal,

a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.

početak za komercijalnu industriju bioproizvodnje.

If we can succeed here,

Ako tu uspemo,

it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat

to će približiti druge bioproizvode

closer on the horizon.

poput mesa.

Now how do we do it?

Kako to uraditi?

To grow leather, we begin by taking cells

Da bismo proizveli kožu, prvo uzimamo ćelije

from an animal, through a simple biopsy.

od životinja, kroz jednostavnu biopsiju.

The animal could be a cow,

Životinja može biti krava,

lamb, or even something more exotic.

jagnje ili čak nešto egzotičnije.

This process does no harm,

Procesom se ne oštećuje

and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.

i krava Šarulja može da nastavi da živi srećno.

We then isolate the skin cells

Onda izdvojimo ćelije kože

and multiply them in a cell culture medium.

i umnožavamo ih u sredini za kulturu ćelije.

This takes millions of cells

Ovo zahteva milione ćelija

and expands them into billions.

i umnožava ih na milijarde.

And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,

Onda privolimo ove ćelije da proizvode kolagen,

as they would naturally.

što bi radile prirodno.

This collagen is the stuff between cells.

Kolagen je materija između ćelija,

It's natural connective tissue.

prirodno vezivno tkivo.

It's the extracellular matrix,

To je vanćelijska matrica,

but in leather, it's the main building block.

ali kod kože je on glavni gradivni materijal.

And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen

Onda uzimamo ćelije i njihov kolagen

and we spread them out to form sheets,

i širimo ih da bismo oformili listove

and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,

i onda slažemo ove tanke listove jedan na drugi

like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,

kao lisnato testo, kako bi stvorili deblje listove

which we then let mature.

koje ostavljamo da sazru.

And finally, we take this multilayered skin

Konačno uzimamo ovu višeslojnu kožu

and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,

i kroz kraći proces štavljenja sa mnogo manje hemikalija,

we create leather.

stvaramo kožu.

And so I'm very excited to show you,

Veoma sam uzbuđen da vam ovo pokažem,

for the first time,

po prvi put,

the first batch of our cultured leather,

prvu turu naše veštačke kože,

fresh from the lab.

sveže iz laboratorije.

This is real, genuine leather,

Ovo je prava pravcata koža,

without the animal sacrifice.

bez žrtvovanja životinja.

It can have all the characteristics of leather

Može da ima sve karakteristike kože

because it is made of the same cells,

jer je napravljena od istih ćelija

and better yet,

i još bolje,

there is no hair to remove,

nema krzna za uklanjanje,

no scars or insect's bites,

nema ožiljaka ili ujeda insekata

and no waste.

i nema otpada.

This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,

Ova koža se može napraviti u obliku novčanika,

a handbag or a car seat.

torbe ili sedišta automobila.

It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow

Nije ograničena na nepravilni oblik krave

or an alligator.

ili aligatora.

And because we make this material,

I zato što kožu stvaramo,

we grow this leather from the ground up,

gajimo je od samog početka,

we can control its properties in very interesting ways.

možemo da kontrolišemo njene osobine na veoma zanimljive načine.

This piece of leather

Ovaj komad kože

is a mere seven tissue layers thick,

je tanak samo sedam slojeva,

and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.

i kao što možete da vidite, skoro je providan.

And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.

A ovaj komad ima 21 sloj i prilično je neproziran.

You don't have that kind of fine control

Takvu vrstu fine kontrole

with conventional leather.

nemate sa tradicionalnom kožom.

And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,

I možemo da podešavamo ovu kožu sa drugim poželjnim osobinama

like softness, breathability,

poput mekoće, disanja,

durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.

izdržljivosti, elastičnosti i čak i stvarima poput šare.

We can mimic nature,

Možemo da imitiramo prirodu

but in some ways also improve upon it.

ali na neki način čak i da je poboljšamo.

This type of leather can do what today's leather does,

Ova vrsta kože može da uradi isto što i današnja

but with imagination, probably much more.

ali uz maštu, verovatno i mnogo više.

What could the future of animal products look like?

Kako bi mogla da izgleda budućnost životinjskih proizvoda?

It need not look like this,

Ne mora da izgleda ovako,

which is actually the state of the art today.

što je zapravo današnja najmodernija tehnologija.

Rather, it could be much more like this.

Mogla bi da izgleda više ovako.

Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures

Već hiljadama godina proizvodimo

for thousands of years, beginning with products

sa kulturama ćelija, počev od proizvoda

like wine, beer and yogurt.

poput vina, piva i jogurta.

And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,

Govoreći o hrani, naša hrana koju uzgajamo se razvila

and today we prepare cultured food

i danas pripremamo hranu

in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.

u predivnim sterilnim postrojenjima poput ovog.

A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.

Pivara je u suštini bioreaktor.

It is where cell culture takes place.

Tu se odvija kultura ćelija.

Imagine that in this facility,

Zamislite da u ovom postrojenju

instead of brewing beer,

umesto proizvodnje piva

we were brewing leather

pravimo kožu

or meat.

ili meso.

Imagine touring this facility,

Zamislite da prolazite kroz ovo postrojenje

learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,

i učite kako se stvara koža ili meso

seeing the process from beginning to end,

gledajući proces od početka do kraja,

and even trying some.

i čak probate nešto od toga.

It's clean, open and educational,

Čisto je, otvoreno i obrazovno,

and this is in contrast to the hidden,

nasuprot sakrivenim

guarded and remote factories

udaljenim fabrikama sa čuvarima

where leather and meat is produced today.

gde se danas proizvode koža i meso.

Perhaps biofabrication

Možda je bioproizvodnja

is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.

prirodna evolucija proizvodnje za ljudsku rasu.

It's environmentally responsible,

Ekološki je odgovorna,

efficient and humane.

efikasna i humana.

It allows us to be creative.

Dozvoljava nam da budemo kreativni.

We can design new materials, new products,

Možemo da dizajniramo nove materijale, nove proizvode

and new facilities.

i nova postrojenja.

We need to move past just killing animals

Moramo da pređemo sa ubijanja životinja

as a resource

kao resursa

to something more civilized and evolved.

na nešto civilizovanije i naprednije.

Perhaps we are ready for something

Možda smo spremni za nešto

literally and figuratively more cultured.

što je bukvalno i metaforički kulturnije.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)