Leather and meat without killing animals | Andras Forgacs

284,377 views ใƒป 2013-09-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Poul Zar ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When my father and I started a company
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืงืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื”
00:15
to 3D print human tissues and organs,
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ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
00:18
some people initially thought we were a little crazy.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
00:21
But since then, much progress has been made,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื–, ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื”
00:24
both in our lab and other labs around the world.
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ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:27
And given this, we started getting questions like,
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ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
00:30
"If you can grow human body parts,
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"ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืื“ื,
00:33
can you also grow animal products like meat and leather?"
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขื•ืจ?"
00:39
When someone first suggested this to me,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:41
quite frankly I thought they were a little crazy,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
00:44
but what I soon came to realize
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”
00:46
was that this is not so crazy after all.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื’ืข.
00:49
What's crazy is what we do today.
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ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:52
I'm convinced that in 30 years,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 30 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:54
when we look back on today
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ื›ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:56
and on how we raise and slaughter billions of animals
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ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:00
to make our hamburgers and our handbags,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:03
we'll see this as being wasteful
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ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–
01:05
and indeed crazy.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
01:07
Did you know that today we maintain
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื
01:10
a global herd of 60 billion animals
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ืขื“ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:14
to provide our meat, dairy, eggs and leather goods?
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ื—ืœื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ?
01:19
And over the next few decades,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
01:21
as the world's population expands to 10 billion,
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ืขื ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
01:24
this will need to nearly double
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ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
01:26
to 100 billion animals.
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ืœืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
01:28
But maintaining this herd
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืจ ื›ื–ื”
01:30
takes a major toll on our planet.
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ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:32
Animals are not just raw materials.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื.
01:36
They're living beings,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:37
and already our livestock
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื ื•
01:39
is one of the largest users of land,
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ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”,
01:42
fresh water,
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ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
01:43
and one of the biggest producers of greenhouse gases
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
01:46
which drive climate change.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
01:48
On top of this,
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ,
01:49
when you get so many animals so close together,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
01:52
it creates a breeding ground for disease
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช
01:55
and opportunities for harm and abuse.
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ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ.
01:58
Clearly, we cannot continue on this path
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช
02:01
which puts the environment, public health,
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
02:05
and food security at risk.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
02:07
There is another way, because essentially,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ,
02:11
animal products are just collections of tissues,
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช,
02:15
and right now we breed and raise
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
02:17
highly complex animals
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:19
only to create products
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ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
02:21
that are made of relatively simple tissues.
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืงืžื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
02:24
What if, instead of starting with a complex
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ืžื” ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ื”
02:27
and sentient animal,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ื™ื ื”,
02:29
we started with what the tissues are made of,
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ืื ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•,
02:33
the basic unit of life,
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ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:35
the cell?
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ื”ืชื?
02:38
This is biofabrication, where cells themselves
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื
02:41
can be used to grow biological products
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ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
02:44
like tissues and organs.
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ื›ืžื• ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:46
Already in medicine,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”,
02:47
biofabrication techniques have been used
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ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
02:50
to grow sophisticated body parts,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:52
like ears, windpipes, skin, blood vessels and bone,
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืขื•ืจ, ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช,
02:57
that have been successfully implanted into patients.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
03:00
And beyond medicine, biofabrication can be
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ื•ื’ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
03:04
a humane, sustainable and scalable new industry.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
03:09
And we should begin by reimagining leather.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
03:15
I emphasize leather because it is so widely used.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
03:19
It is beautiful, and it has long been a part of our history.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื“ื ื™ืžื™ื.
03:24
Growing leather is also technically simpler
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:26
than growing other animal products like meat.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ.
03:29
It mainly uses one cell type,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื,
03:31
and it is largely two-dimensional.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™.
03:34
It is also less polarizing for consumers and regulators.
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ื’ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ืคืงื—ื™ื.
03:38
Until biofabrication is better understood,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:41
it is clear that, initially at least,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:43
more people would be willing to wear novel materials
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื
03:48
than would be willing to eat novel foods,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
03:50
no matter how delicious.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื.
03:52
In this sense, leather is a gateway material,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฉืขืจ,
03:55
a beginning for the mainstream biofabrication industry.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:00
If we can succeed here,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืืŸ,
04:02
it brings our other consumer bioproducts like meat
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ,
04:05
closer on the horizon.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืคืง.
04:08
Now how do we do it?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
04:11
To grow leather, we begin by taking cells
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ืจ, ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืชืื™ื
04:14
from an animal, through a simple biopsy.
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ืžื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
04:17
The animal could be a cow,
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื”,
04:19
lamb, or even something more exotic.
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ื›ื‘ืฉ, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™.
04:21
This process does no harm,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:24
and Daisy the cow can live a happy life.
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ื•ื“ื™ื™ื–ื™ ื”ืคืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื.
04:26
We then isolate the skin cells
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ
04:28
and multiply them in a cell culture medium.
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืื™ื.
04:31
This takes millions of cells
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื
04:32
and expands them into billions.
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ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื.
04:35
And we then coax these cells to produce collagen,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžืฉื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
04:38
as they would naturally.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:39
This collagen is the stuff between cells.
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ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื.
04:42
It's natural connective tissue.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
04:44
It's the extracellular matrix,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื—ื•ืฅ-ืชืื™ืช,
04:46
but in leather, it's the main building block.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
04:49
And what we next do is we take the cells and their collagen
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
04:53
and we spread them out to form sheets,
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ื•ืœืคื–ืจื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช,
04:55
and then we layer these thin sheets on top of one another,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:58
like phyllo pastry, to form thicker sheets,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืง ืคื™ืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:02
which we then let mature.
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ืฉืœื”ื ืื ื• ืื– ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื’ืจ.
05:03
And finally, we take this multilayered skin
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™
05:07
and through a shorter and much less chemical tanning process,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ ืงืฆืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
05:11
we create leather.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืจ.
05:13
And so I'm very excited to show you,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื,
05:15
for the first time,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
05:17
the first batch of our cultured leather,
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ืžื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:21
fresh from the lab.
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ื˜ืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
05:23
This is real, genuine leather,
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืžืงื•ืจื™,
05:26
without the animal sacrifice.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:30
It can have all the characteristics of leather
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ
05:33
because it is made of the same cells,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ืชืื™ื.
05:36
and better yet,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:38
there is no hair to remove,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ,
05:42
no scars or insect's bites,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆืœืงืช ืื• ืขืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื,
05:45
and no waste.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
05:46
This leather can be grown in the shape of a wallet,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื ืง,
05:50
a handbag or a car seat.
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ืชื™ืง ืื• ืžื•ืฉื‘.
05:53
It is not limited to the irregular shape of a cow
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื”
05:56
or an alligator.
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ืื• ืชื ื™ืŸ.
05:59
And because we make this material,
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:01
we grow this leather from the ground up,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“,
06:04
we can control its properties in very interesting ways.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
06:07
This piece of leather
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ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ืืช
06:09
is a mere seven tissue layers thick,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
06:13
and as you can see, it is nearly transparent.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืงื•ืคื”.
06:17
And this leather is 21 layers thick and quite opaque.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื ืœืžื“ื™.
06:26
You don't have that kind of fine control
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
06:29
with conventional leather.
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ืขื ืขื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
06:31
And we can tune this leather for other desirable qualities,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:34
like softness, breathability,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื•ืช, ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
06:38
durability, elasticity and even things like pattern.
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ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืคื•ืก.
06:43
We can mimic nature,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
06:45
but in some ways also improve upon it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
06:49
This type of leather can do what today's leather does,
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
06:53
but with imagination, probably much more.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:56
What could the future of animal products look like?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื™ืจืื”?
07:00
It need not look like this,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš,
07:03
which is actually the state of the art today.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:05
Rather, it could be much more like this.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
07:08
Already, we have been manufacturing with cell cultures
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื•ื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
07:11
for thousands of years, beginning with products
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ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื
07:13
like wine, beer and yogurt.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜.
07:16
And speaking of food, our cultured food has evolved,
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•,
07:19
and today we prepare cultured food
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ
07:22
in beautiful, sterile facilities like this.
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ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
07:24
A brewery is essentially a bioreactor.
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ืžื‘ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:27
It is where cell culture takes place.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช.
07:30
Imagine that in this facility,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื”,
07:32
instead of brewing beer,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื”,
07:34
we were brewing leather
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื™ื ืขื•ืจ
07:37
or meat.
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ.
07:40
Imagine touring this facility,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
07:42
learning about how the leather or meat is cultured,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
07:46
seeing the process from beginning to end,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•,
07:49
and even trying some.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืงืฆืช.
07:50
It's clean, open and educational,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงื™, ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™,
07:53
and this is in contrast to the hidden,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื
07:56
guarded and remote factories
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื,
07:58
where leather and meat is produced today.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:01
Perhaps biofabrication
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ
08:04
is a natural evolution of manufacturing for mankind.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
08:08
It's environmentally responsible,
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
08:11
efficient and humane.
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ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืžื ื™.
08:14
It allows us to be creative.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
08:16
We can design new materials, new products,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
08:19
and new facilities.
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ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:22
We need to move past just killing animals
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื•ืช
08:26
as a resource
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ื›ืžืฉืื‘
08:28
to something more civilized and evolved.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:34
Perhaps we are ready for something
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•
08:37
literally and figuratively more cultured.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
08:42
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
08:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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