Can we eat to starve cancer? | William Li

Translator: Snežana Stone Reviewer: Nina Jere

Good afternoon.

Dober dan.

There's a medical revolution happening all around us,

Okoli nas se dogaja medicinska revolucija.

and it's one that's going to help us conquer

Pomagala nam bo premagati

some of society's most dreaded conditions,

nekatere bolezni, ki se jih najbolj bojimo,

including cancer.

kot je rak.

The revolution is called angiogenesis,

Revolucija se imenuje angiogeneza.

and it's based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels.

Temelji na procesu,

s katerim naše telo razrašča krvne žile.

So why should we care about blood vessels?

Zakaj bi nas krvne žile sploh zanimale?

Well, the human body is literally packed with them --

Človeško telo je dobesedno prepredeno z njimi.

60,000 miles worth in a typical adult.

Povprečen odrasel človek jih ima okoli 96.000 km.

End to end, that would form a line that would circle the earth twice.

Po dolžini bi tvorile črto,

ki bi dvakrat obkrožila Zemljo.

The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries.

Najmanjše krvne žile so kapilare.

We've got 19 billion of them in our bodies.

V telesu jih je 19 milijard.

And these are the vessels of life,

Kapilare prinašajo življenje.

and as I'll show you, they can also be the vessels of death.

Kot vam bom pokazal,

pa lahko prinašajo tudi smrt.

Now, the remarkable thing about blood vessels

Posebnost krvnih žil je,

is that they have this ability

da se lahko prilagodijo okolju,

to adapt to whatever environment they're growing in.

v katerem rastejo.

V jetrih, na primer, tvorijo kanale

For example, in the liver, they form channels to detoxify the blood;

za razstrupljanje krvi.

in the lungs, they line air sacs for gas exchange.

V pljučih obdajajo pljučne mešičke za izmenjavo plinov.

In muscle, they corkscrew,

Spiralaste kapilare v mišicah omogočajo

so that muscles can contract without cutting off circulation.

krčenje mišic brez prekinjene prekrvavitve.

And in nerves, they course along like power lines,

V živčnem sistemu so kot električna napeljava,

keeping those nerves alive.

ki ohranja živčna vlakna pri življenju.

We get most of these blood vessels

Večina krvnih žil se razvije,

when we're actually still in the womb.

ko smo še v maternici.

To pomeni, da pri odraslih

And what that means is that as adults,

blood vessels don't normally grow.

krvne žile načeloma ne rastejo,

Except in a few special circumstances.

razen v nekaterih posebnih okoliščinah.

In women, blood vessels grow every month,

Pri ženskah rastejo krvne žile vsak mesec,

to build the lining of the uterus.

saj tvorijo sluznico maternice.

During pregnancy, they form the placenta,

Med nosečnostjo tvorijo posteljico,

which connects mom and baby.

ki povezuje mamo in otroka.

And after injury, blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab

Po poškodbi morajo krvne žile

zrasti pod krasto,

in order to heal a wound.

da se rana zaceli.

And this is actually what it looks like,

To je videti tako.

hundreds of blood vessels, all growing toward the center of the wound.

Na stotine krvnih žil

raste proti središču rane.

So the body has the ability to regulate

Naše telo je torej zmožno uravnavati

the amount of blood vessels that are present at any given time.

število krvnih žil.

It does this through an elaborate and elegant system of checks and balances,

To počne z izpopolnjenim

in elegantnim procesom samouravnavanja,

stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis,

s spodbujevalci in z zaviralci angiogeneze.

such that, when we need a brief burst of blood vessels,

Če nenadoma potrebujemo več krvnih žil,

the body can do this by releasing stimulators,

telo sprosti spodbujevalce - beljakovine,

proteins called angiogenic factors,

ki se imenujejo angiogeni faktorji.

that act as natural fertilizer, and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout.

Ti delujejo kot naravno gnojilo

in spodbudijo rast novih krvnih žil.

When those excess vessels are no longer needed,

Ko dodatnih krvnih žil ne potrebujemo več,

the body prunes them back to baseline,

jih telo skrči do osnovnega nivoja

using naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

z uporabo naravnih zaviralcev angiogeneze.

There are other situations where we start beneath the baseline,

Včasih pa začnemo pod osnovnim nivojem,

in potrebujemo nove krvne žile, da dosežemo normalno količino.

and we need to grow more blood vessels, just to get back to normal levels --

Po poškodbi, na primer.

for example, after an injury --

Telo zmore tudi to,

and the body can do that too, but only to that normal level,

vendar samo do normalnega nivoja,

that set point.

do normalnega stanja.

But what we now know, is that for a number of diseases,

A pri številnih boleznih

there are defects in the system,

pride do napak v sistemu,

where the body can't prune back extra blood vessels,

ko telo ne more odstraniti dodatnih krvnih žil

or can't grow enough new ones in the right place at the right time.

ali ustvariti dovolj novih

ob pravem času na pravem mestu.

And in these situations, angiogenesis is out of balance.

V teh primerih angiogeneza

ni več v ravnotežju.

And when angiogenesis is out of balance,

Če angiogeneza ni uravnotežena,

a myriad of diseases result.

se pojavijo številne bolezni.

For example, insufficient angiogenesis -- not enough blood vessels --

Nezadostna angiogeneza

oziroma premalo krvnih žil,

leads to wounds that don't heal, heart attacks,

lahko povzroči razjede, srčno kap,

legs without circulation, death from stroke,

moteno prekrvavitev nog, smrt zaradi kapi

nerve damage.

ali poškodbe živčnega sistema.

And on the other end, excessive angiogenesis --

Po drugi strani pretirana angiogeneza,

preveč krvnih žil, požene bolezen.

too many blood vessels -- drives disease,

and we see this in cancer, blindness,

To vidimo pri raku, slepoti,

arthritis, obesity, Alzheimer's disease.

artritisu, debelosti,

alzheimerjevi bolezni.

In total, there are more than 70 major diseases

Skupaj poznamo več kot 70 težkih bolezni,

affecting more than a billion people worldwide,

ki prizadanejo več kot milijardo ljudi na svetu.

that all look on the surface to be different from one another,

Na prvi pogled so videti različne,

vendar imajo v resnici vse

but all actually share abnormal angiogenesis

skupen imenovalnik -

as their common denominator.

nepravilno angiogenezo.

And this realization is allowing us to re-conceptualize

To spoznanje nam omogoča,

da na te bolezni

the way that we actually approach these diseases,

pogledamo z novega vidika:

by controlling angiogenesis.

z nadzorom angiogeneze.

Now, I'm going to focus on cancer,

Zdaj se bom osredotočil na raka,

because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer --

kajti angiogeneza je značilnost raka,

every type of cancer.

vsake vrste raka.

So here we go.

Pa začnimo.

This is a tumor: dark, gray, ominous mass growing inside a brain.

To je tumor, temna, siva, grozeča snov,

ki raste v možganih.

And under the microscope,

Pod mikroskopom lahko vidite

you can see hundreds of these brown-stained blood vessels,

stotine rjavo obarvanih krvnih žil,

capillaries that are feeding cancer cells,

kapilar, ki hranijo rakave celice

bringing oxygen and nutrients.

s kisikom in hranljivimi snovmi.

But cancers don't start out like this,

A rak na začetku ni videti tak.

and in fact, cancers don't start out with a blood supply.

V resnici rak na začetku

ne dobiva krvi.

They start out as small, microscopic nests of cells,

Začne se kot mikroskopsko majhni skupki celic,

that can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size.

ki lahko zrastejo do največ

pol kubičnega milimetra.

That's the tip of a ballpoint pen.

To je velikost konice kemičnega svinčnika.

Then they can't get any larger because they don't have a blood supply,

Ne morejo se večati, ker niso prekrvavljeni,

torej nimajo dovolj kisika in hranljivih snovi.

so they don't have enough oxygen or nutrients.

In fact, we're probably forming these microscopic cancers

Takšni mikroskopski tumorji verjetno

nastajajo v našem telesu ves čas.

all the time in our body.

Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents

Obdukcije žrtev prometnih nesreč

have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50

so pokazale, da ima okoli 40 % žensk,

starih od 40 do 50 let,

actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts.

v dojkah prisotne

mikroskopske tumorje.

About 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s

Okoli 50 % moških, starih od 50 do 70 let,

have microscopic prostate cancers,

ima mikroskopske tumorje na prostati.

and virtually 100 percent of us, by the time we reach our 70s,

Pravzaprav bomo pri 70. letih

prav vsi tukaj

will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid.

imeli mikroskopskega raka ščitnice.

Yet, without a blood supply,

A brez oskrbe s krvjo

most of these cancers will never become dangerous.

večina teh tumorjev

nikoli ne bo postala nevarna.

Dr. Judah Folkman, who was my mentor

Dr. Judah Folkman, moj mentor

and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis field,

in začetnik področja angiogeneze,

once called this "cancer without disease."

je to poimenoval „rak brez bolezni“.

So the body's ability to balance angiogenesis,

Sposobnost telesa, da uravnava angiogenezo,

when it's working properly,

če ta pravilno deluje,

prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers.

preprečuje žilam, da bi hranile tumor.

And this turns out to be

Kot kaže, je to

one of our most important defense mechanisms

eden najpomembnejših obrambnih mehanizmov

against cancer.

proti raku.

In fact, if you actually block angiogenesis

Če ustavimo angiogenezo

and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells,

in krvnim žilam preprečimo dostop do rakavih celic,

tumorji enostavno ne morejo rasti.

tumors simply can't grow up.

But once angiogenesis occurs,

Ko pa se sproži angiogeneza,

cancers can grow exponentially.

začne rak eksponentno rasti.

And this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless,

Tako se tumor spremeni

iz neškodljivega

to being deadly.

v smrtno nevarnega.

Cancer cells mutate,

Rakave celice se spremenijo.

and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors,

Začnejo oddajati veliko

angiogenih faktorjev, naravnih spodbujevalcev.

natural fertilizer,

that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer.

To sproži rast krvnih žil,

ki prodirajo v tumor.

And once those vessels invade the cancer,

Ko krvne žile prodrejo v tumor,

it can expand, it can invade local tissues,

se ta lahko razširi in napade sosednja tkiva.

and the same vessels that are feeding tumors

Krvne žile, ki hranijo tumor,

allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases.

mu tudi omogočijo vstop v krvni obtok

v obliki metastaz.

And unfortunately, this late stage of cancer

Na žalost je ta pozni stadij raka tisti,

is the one at which it's most likely to be diagnosed,

ki bo najverjetneje

diagnosticiran.

when angiogenesis is already turned on,

Angiogeneza že poteka

and cancer cells are growing like wild.

in rakave celice rastejo kot nore.

So, if angiogenesis is a tipping point

Če je angiogeneza torej

prelomna točka

between a harmless cancer and a harmful one,

med nenevarnim in nevarnim rakom,

then one major part of the angiogenesis revolution

je pomen revolucije angiogeneze

is a new approach to treating cancer

nov pristop k zdravljenju raka:

by cutting off the blood supply.

prekiniti moramo oskrbo s krvjo.

We call this antiangiogenic therapy,

To je antiangiogena terapija.

and it's completely different from chemotherapy,

Je popolnoma drugačna od kemoterapije,

because it selectively aims

ker cilja izključno krvne žile,

at the blood vessels that are feeding the cancers.

ki hranijo raka.

We can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal, healthy vessels

To je mogoče,

ker so tumorske žile drugačne od zdravih krvnih žil,

ki jih najdemo v drugih delih telesa.

we see in other places of the body --

they're abnormal, they're very poorly constructed,

So nepravilne,

slabo oblikovane,

and because of that, they're highly vulnerable

in ravno zato zelo dovzetne

to treatments that target them.

za ciljno zdravljenje.

In effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy --

Če rakave bolnike zdravimo

z antiangiogeno terapijo -

here, an experimental drug for a glioma,

npr. s poskusnim zdravilom za gliom,

which is a type of brain tumor --

ki je vrsta možganskega tumorja -

you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur

lahko opazimo dramatične spremembe,

when the tumor is being starved.

saj tumor izstradamo.

Here's a woman with a breast cancer,

Ta ženska ima raka na dojki

being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called Avastin,

in prejema antiangiogeno zdravilo Avastin,

which is FDA approved.

ki ga je odobrila Ameriška agencija za zdravila.

And you can see that the halo of blood flow

Vidite lahko, da je sij pretoka krvi

disappears after treatment.

po zdravljenju izginil.

Well, I've just shown you two very different types of cancer

Ravnokar sem vam pokazal

dve popolnoma različni vrsti raka,

that both responded to antiangiogenic therapy.

ki se odzivata na antiangiogeno terapijo.

So a few years ago, I asked myself,

Pred nekaj leti sem se vprašal:

"Can we take this one step further and treat other cancers,

Ali gremo lahko en korak dalje

in zdravimo druge vrste raka,

even in other species?"

morda celo druge vrste živih bitij?

So here is a nine year-old boxer named Milo,

Na sliki je devetletni bokser Milo,

who had a very aggressive tumor

ki je imel na rami

called a malignant neurofibroma growing on his shoulder.

zelo agresiven tumor, maligni nevrofibrom.

It invaded into his lungs.

Prodrl je do pljuč.

His veterinarian only gave him three months to live.

Veterinar mu je napovedal tri mesece življenja.

So we created a cocktail of antiangiogenic drugs

Pripravili smo mešanico antiangiogenih zdravil,

that could be mixed into his dog food,

ki smo jo primešali pasji hrani,

as well as an antiangiogenic cream,

in antiangiogeno kremo

that could be applied on the surface of the tumor.

za mazanje površine tumorja.

And within a few weeks of treatment,

Po nekaj tednih zdravljenja

we were able to slow down that cancer's growth,

smo upočasnili rast raka do te mere,

such that we were ultimately able to extend Milo’s survival

da smo Milu podaljšali življenje

to six times what the veterinarian had initially predicted,

kar za šestkrat glede na prognozo,

all with a very good quality of life.

hkrati pa ohranili kakovost njegovega življenja.

And we've subsequently treated more than 600 dogs.

Po tem smo zdravili več kot 600 psov.

We have about a 60 percent response rate,

Uspešni smo v približno 60 % primerov.

and improved survival for these pets

Tako imajo psi, ki so jih skoraj uspavali,

that were about to be euthanized.

večjo možnost preživetja.

So let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples.

Rad bi vam pokazal

še dva zanimiva primera.

This is 20-year-old dolphin living in Florida,

To je dvajsetletna delfinka s Floride

and she had these lesions in her mouth

z razjedami v ustih,

that, over the course of three years,

ki so se v treh letih

developed into invasive squamous cell cancers.

razvile v invazivno obliko kožnega raka.

So we created an antiangiogenic paste.

Pripravili smo antiangiogeno kremo.

We had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week.

Trikrat na teden smo jo

nanesli na površino tumorja.

And over the course of seven months,

V sedmih mesecih

the cancers completely disappeared,

je rak popolnoma izginil

and the biopsies came back as normal.

in rezultati biopsije so bili normalni.

Here's a cancer growing on the lip

Na sliki vidimo tumor na ustnici

of a Quarter Horse named Guinness.

jahalnega konja Guinessa.

It's a very, very deadly type of cancer called an angiosarcoma.

To je smrtno nevarna vrsta raka, ki se imenuje angiosarkom.

It had already spread to his lymph nodes,

Razširil se je že na limfne žleze,

so we used an antiangiogenic skin cream for the lip,

zato smo uporabili antiangiogeno kremo za ustnico

and the oral cocktail, so we could treat from the inside as well as the outside.

in mešanico zdravil, da smo lahko

konja zdravili notranje in zunanje.

And over the course of six months,

Po šestih mesecih

he experienced a complete remission.

se je rak popolnoma umaknil.

And here he is six years later,

Tukaj ga vidimo šest let pozneje -

Guinness, with his very happy owner.

Guiness s svojo srečno lastnico.

(Applause)

(aplavz)

Now obviously, antiangiogenic therapy could be used for a wide range of cancers.

Antiangiogeno terapijo lahko

uporabimo za številne vrste raka.

And in fact, the first pioneering treatments

Prve terapije za ljudi

for people as well as dogs,

in za pse

are already becoming available.

so že na voljo.

There are 12 different drugs, 11 different cancer types.

Imamo 12 različnih zdravil za 11 različnih vrst raka,

But the real question is:

a pravo vprašanje je:

How well do these work in practice?

Kako učinkovita so v praksi?

So here's actually the patient survival data

To so podatki o preživetju bolnikov

from eight different types of cancer.

za osem različnih vrst raka.

The bars represent survival time

Grafikon kaže preživetje v letih

taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy,

iz obdobja, ko smo

imeli na voljo le kemoterapijo,

or surgery, or radiation available.

operacijo ali obsevanje.

But starting in 2004,

Od leta 2004,

when antiangiogenic therapies first became available,

od prve uporabe antiangiogene terapije,

se je, kot vidite,

you can see that there has been a 70 to 100 percent improvement in survival

preživetje bolnikov podaljšalo

za od 70 do 100 odstotkov

for people with kidney cancer, multiple myeloma,

za bolnike z rakom ledvic, kostnega mozga,

colorectal cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

debelega črevesa in danke ter rakom prebavil.

That's impressive.

To je res velik uspeh.

But for other tumors and cancer types,

A pri drugih vrstah raka

the improvements have only been modest.

je prišlo le do skromnega izboljšanja.

So I started asking myself,

Zato sem se vprašal:

"Why haven't we been able to do better?"

"Zakaj nismo dosegli več?"

And the answer, to me, is obvious:

Odgovor mi je popolnoma jasen:

we're treating cancer too late in the game,

zato ker zdravimo raka prepozno,

when it's already established,

ko se je že razvil

and oftentimes, it's already spread or metastasized.

in pogosto že razširil v obliki metastaz.

And as a doctor,

Kot zdravnik vem,

I know that once a disease progresses to an advanced stage,

da je ozdravitev težka,

achieving a cure can be difficult, if not impossible.

če ne celo nemogoča,

ko bolezen enkrat napreduje.

So I went back to the biology of angiogenesis, and started thinking:

Zato sem se vrnil

k biologiji angiogeneze

in začel razmišljati:

Could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis,

Ali bi lahko raka premagali

z zaustavitvijo angiogeneze?

beating cancer at its own game,

Ali lahko premagamo raka,

so the cancers could never become dangerous?

še preden postane nevaren?

This could help healthy people,

To bi lahko pomagalo tako zdravim ljudem

as well as people who've already beaten cancer once or twice,

kakor tistim, ki so že

premagali raka in želijo

and want to find a way to keep it from coming back.

preprečiti njegovo ponovitev.

So to look for a way to prevent angiogenesis in cancer,

Hotel sem preprečiti angiogenezo pri raku,

I went back to look at cancer's causes.

zato sem si ponovno ogledal vzroke raka.

And what really intrigued me,

Zanimanje mi je zbudilo dejstvo,

was when I saw that diet accounts for 30 to 35 percent

da predstavlja prehrana

kar od 30 do 35 odstotkov

of environmentally-caused cancers.

zunanjih dejavnikov, ki povzročajo raka.

Now the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet,

Najprej bi seveda pomislili,

kaj naj umaknemo, odstranimo iz prehrane.

what to strip out, take away.

But I actually took a completely opposite approach,

Jaz pa sem se tega lotil ravno obratno:

and began asking: What could we be adding to our diet

kaj naj dodamo prehrani,

that's naturally antiangiogenic,

kaj je naravno antiangiogeno zdravilo,

and that could boost the body's defense system,

ki lahko izboljša obrambni mehanizem telesa

and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers?

in premaga krvne žile, ki hranijo tumor?

In other words, can we eat to starve cancer?

Ali lahko s hrano izstradamo raka?

(Laughter)

Odgovor je - da.

Well, the answer is yes, and I'm going to show you how.

Pokazal vam bom, kako.

And our search for this has taken us to the market,

Raziskava nas je popeljala

na tržnico, na kmetije in med začimbe,

the farm and to the spice cabinet,

because what we've discovered

saj smo odkrili,

is that Mother Nature has laced a large number

da je mati narava številnim

of foods and beverages and herbs

živilom, pijačam in zeliščem

with naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

dodala naravne zaviralce

angiogeneze.

Here's a test system we developed.

To je naš testni sistem.

At the center is a ring

V središču je krog, iz katerega rastejo

from which hundreds of blood vessels are growing out in a starburst fashion.

krvne žile kot eksplozija zvezde.

To lahko uporabimo

And we can use this system to test dietary factors

za testiranje učinkovin iz prehrane

at concentrations that are obtainable by eating.

v količinah, ki jih dobimo s hrano.

Let me show you what happens

Poglejmo, kaj se zgodi,

when we put in an extract from red grapes.

če dodamo izvleček rdečega grozdja.

The active ingredient is resveratrol,

Učinkovina se imenuje resveratrol.

it's also found in red wine.

Nahaja se tudi v rdečem vinu.

This inhibits abnormal angiogenesis,

Resveratrol zavira nepravilno angiogenezo

by 60 percent.

za 60 odstotkov.

Here's what happens when we added an extract from strawberries.

To se zgodi, če dodamo izvleček jagod.

It potently inhibits angiogenesis.

Močno zavira angiogenezo.

And extract from soybeans.

Še izvleček soje.

And here is a growing list

To je vedno daljši seznam

of antiangiogenic foods and beverages that we're interested in studying.

antiangiogenih živil in pijače,

ki jih želimo preučiti.

For each food type,

Različne vrste hrane imajo

we believe that there are different potencies

različno močan učinek,

within different strains and varietals.

glede na vrsto ali sorto rastline.

And we want to measure this because,

To bi radi izmerili.

well, while you're eating a strawberry

Ko jeste jagode

or drinking tea,

ali pijete čaj,

why not select the one that's most potent

se splača izbrati najbolj učinkovito

for preventing cancer?

vrsto za preprečevanje raka.

So here are four different teas that we've tested.

To so štiri vrste čaja, ki smo jih testirali.

They're all common ones: Chinese jasmine, Japanese sencha,

Vsi so precej običajni:

kitajski jasminov čaj, japonski sencha,

Earl Grey and a special blend that we prepared,

Earl Grey in naša posebna mešanica.

and you can see clearly that the teas vary in their potency,

Jasno lahko vidite,

da so različno učinkoviti,

from less potent to more potent.

nekateri bolj, drugi manj.

Najboljše odkritje pa je,

But what's very cool

is when we combine the two less potent teas together,

da je mešanica

dveh manj močnih čajev,

the combination, the blend, is more potent than either one alone.

nova kombinacija,

močnejša od vsakega posebej.

This means there's food synergy.

Sinergija hrane torej obstaja.

Here's some more data from our testing.

Še nekaj podatkov iz naših poskusov.

Now in the lab, we can simulate tumor angiogenesis,

V laboratoriju lahko simuliramo angiogenezo tumorja,

represented here in a black bar.

ki jo predstavlja črna črta.

And using this system, we can test the potency of cancer drugs.

Tako lahko preverimo učinkovitost zdravil proti raku.

So the shorter the bar,

Krajša črta pomeni

the less angiogenesis -- that's good.

manj angiogeneze, kar je dobro.

And here are some common drugs

To pa je nekaj običajnih zdravil,

that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people.

ki so povezana z zmanjšanjem tveganja

za nastanek raka pri ljudeh.

Statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

Statini, nesteroidna protivnetna zdravila

in še nekaj drugih -

and a few others -- they inhibit angiogenesis, too.

tudi ta zdravila zavirajo angiogenezo.

And here are the dietary factors

Pa poglejmo še živila

going head-to-head against these drugs.

in jih primerjajmo z zdravili.

You can see they clearly hold their own,

Kot vidite, so jim kos,

and in some cases, they're more potent than the actual drugs.

v nekaterih primerih

so celo učinkovitejša od zdravil.

Soy, parsley, garlic, grapes, berries.

Soja, peteršilj, česen,

grozdje, jagodičevje.

I could go home and cook a tasty meal using these ingredients.

Vsakdo lahko doma skuha slasten obrok

iz teh sestavin.

Imagine if we could create the world's first rating system,

Predstavljajte si

prvo svetovno lestvico

in which we could score foods

za ocenjevanje hrane

according to their antiangiogenic, cancer-preventative properties.

glede na njene antiangiogene lastnosti,

ki preprečujejo raka.

And that's what we're doing right now.

To pripravljamo zdaj.

Now, I've shown you a bunch of lab data,

Pokazal sem vam laboratorijske podatke,

and so the real question is:

a pravo vprašanje je:

What is the evidence in people

Ali je kakšen dokaz,

that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer?

da uživanje določene hrane

zmanjša angiogenezo pri raku?

Well, the best example I know

Najboljši primer, ki ga poznam,

is a study of 79,000 men followed over 20 years,

je študija, v kateri so 20 let

spremljali 79.000 moških:

in which it was found that men who consumed cooked tomatoes

pri moških, ki so jedli

kuhan paradižnik dva- do trikrat na teden,

two to three times a week,

had up to a 50 percent reduction

se je tveganje raka na prostati

in their risk of developing prostate cancer.

zmanjšalo za do 50 odstotkov.

Now, we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene,

Paradižnik je dober vir likopena,

and lycopene is antiangiogenic.

likopen pa je antiangiogen.

But what's even more interesting from this study,

Še bolj zanimivo v tej študiji je,

is that in those men who did develop prostate cancer,

da so moški, pri katerih se je rak prostate razvil,

those who ate more servings of tomato sauce,

vendar so pogosto jedli paradižnikovo omako,

actually had fewer blood vessels feeding their cancer.

imeli manj krvnih žil,

ki so hranile raka.

So this human study is a prime example

Ta študija na ljudeh je odličen primer,

of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels,

kako lahko antiangiogene snovi,

ki so prisotne v hrani, in jih pojemo,

can have an impact on cancer.

vplivajo na raka.

And we're now studying the role of a healthy diet --

Zdaj z Deanom Ornishem, Kalifornijsko univerzo in Univerzo Tufts

proučujemo vlogo

with Dean Ornish at UCSF and Tufts University --

zdrave prehrane in

the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis

njen vpliv na markerje angiogeneze,

that we can find in the bloodstream.

ki jih lahko najdemo v krvi.

Obviously, what I've shared with you has some far-ranging implications,

Naša dognanja imajo daljnosežne posledice,

even beyond cancer research.

ne samo za raziskave raka.

Because if we're right, it could impact consumer education,

Če imamo prav, bo to vplivalo na izobraževanje potrošnikov,

food services, public health

gostinstvo, javno zdravstvo

and even the insurance industry.

in celo na zavarovalnice.

And in fact, some insurance companies

Nekatere zavarovalnice so

are already beginning to think along these lines.

že začele razmišljati v to smer.

Check out this ad from BlueCross BlueShield of Minnesota.

Poglejte oglas zavarovalnice Blue Cross Blue Shield iz Minnesote.

For many people around the world,

Za mnoge ljudi na svetu

dietary cancer prevention may be the only practical solution,

je preventiva s prehrano

morda edina praktična rešitev,

because not everybody can afford expensive end-stage cancer treatments,

saj si ne morejo vsi privoščiti dragega zdravljenja,

but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet

a vsakomur lahko koristi zdrava prehrana,

ki temelji na antiangiogeni hrani,

based on local, sustainable, antiangiogenic crops.

pridelani lokalno in sonaravno.

Now, finally,

Za konec še to:

I've talked to you about food,

govoril sem o hrani

and I've talked to you about cancer,

in govoril sem o raku.

so there's just one more disease that I have to tell you about,

Omeniti moram le še eno bolezen

and that's obesity.

in to je debelost.

Because it turns out that adipose tissue -- fat --

Ugotovili smo namreč,

da je adipozno tkivo, maščobno tkivo,

is highly angiogenesis-dependent.

močno odvisno od angiogeneze.

And like a tumor, fat grows when blood vessels grow.

Kot tumor tudi maščobno tkivo raste zaradi krvnih žil.

So the question is:

Ali torej lahko zmanjšamo maščobno tkivo tako,

Can we shrink fat by cutting off its blood supply?

da mu prekinemo oskrbo s krvjo?

The top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse

Zgornja krivulja kaže težo

genetsko debele miške,

that eats nonstop until it turns fat,

ki brez prestanka jé,

dokler se ne spremeni v kosmato žogico.

like this furry tennis ball.

(Laughter)

And the bottom curve is the weight of a normal mouse.

Spodnja krivulja je teža normalne miške.

If you take the obese mouse

Če debeli miški damo nekaj,

and give it an angiogenesis inhibitor, it loses weight.

kar zavira angiogenezo, shujša.

Stop the treatment, gains the weight back. Restart the treatment, loses the weight.

Če prekinemo zdravljenje, se spet zredi.

Ponovimo zdravljenje, spet shujša.

Stop the treatment, it gains the weight back.

Prekinemo zdravljenje, se spet zredi.

And, in fact, you can cycle the weight up and down

Tako lahko spreminjamo njeno težo

samo z uravnavanjem angiogeneze.

simply by inhibiting angiogenesis.

So this approach that we're taking for cancer prevention

Način, s katerim preprečujemo raka,

may also have an application for obesity.

lahko uporabimo

tudi za zdravljenje debelosti.

The truly interesting thing about this

Resnično zanimivo pri tem pa je,

is that we can't take these obese mice

da debele miške

and make them lose more weight

ne morejo shujšati za več,

than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be.

kot je normalna mišja teža.

In other words, we can't create supermodel mice.

Torej ne moremo ustvariti mišjih supermanekenk.

(smeh)

(Laughter)

And this speaks to the role of angiogenesis

To dokazuje pomen angiogeneze

in regulating healthy set points.

pri uravnavanju zdravega, normalnega stanja telesa.

Albert Szent-Györgi once said,

Nobelovec Albert Szent-Gyorgi je dejal:

"Discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen,

„Odkritje je videti to, kar so videli vsi,

and thinking what no one has thought."

in pomisliti nekaj, česar ni pomislil nihče.“

I hope I've convinced you

Upam, da sem vas prepričal,

that for diseases like cancer, obesity and other conditions,

da nam pri boleznih, kot so rak, debelost in druge,

there may be a great power

lahko izredno pomaga,

in attacking their common denominator: angiogenesis.

če se lotimo skupnega imenovalca, angiogeneze.

And that's what I think the world needs now.

Menim, da svet to zdaj potrebuje. Hvala.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(aplavz)

June Cohen: I have a quick question for you.

Ta zdravila torej niso ravno ...

JC: So these drugs aren't exactly in mainstream cancer treatments right now.

Trenutno niso ravno standarden način zdravljenja raka.

For anyone out here who has cancer, what would you recommend?

Kaj bi priporočili

bolnikom z rakom?

Do you recommend pursuing these treatments now, for most cancer patients?

Naj večina bolnikov poskusi ta zdravila?

Na trgu so že antiangiogena zdravila,

William Li: There are antiangiogenic treatments

ki jih je odobrila Ameriška agencija za zdravila.

that are FDA approved,

and if you're a cancer patient,

Bolniki z rakom,

or working for one or advocating for one, you should ask about them.

njihovi sorodniki ali zastopniki -

vsekakor povprašajte po njih.

And there are many clinical trials.

Potekajo tudi številne klinične raziskave.

The Angiogenesis Foundation is following almost 300 companies,

Ameriška fundacija za angiogenezo spremlja skoraj 300 podjetij,

and there are about 100 more drugs in that pipeline.

v pripravi pa je tudi

okoli 100 novih zdravil.

So, consider the approved ones,

Razmislite o obstoječih zdravilih,

look for clinical trials,

poiščite klinične raziskave,

but then between what the doctor can do for you,

a poleg zdravstvene oskrbe

we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves.

se vprašajte tudi, kaj lahko sami storite.

O tem govorim:

This is one of the themes I'm talking about:

lahko se ozavestimo in naredimo zase to,

We can empower ourselves

to do the things that doctors can't do for us,

česar zdravniki ne morejo.

which is to use knowledge and take action.

Uporabimo torej znanje in ukrepajmo.

And if Mother Nature has given us some clues,

Mati narava nam je pustila sledi

we think there might be a new future in the value of how we eat,

in menimo, da je prihodnost

morda v kakovostni hrani.

and what we eat is really our chemotherapy three times a day.

Naša hrana je trikrat na dan naša kemoterapija.

JC: Right. And along those lines,

V zvezi s tem me zanima,

for people who might have risk factors for cancer,

ali ljudem s povišanim tveganjem za raka

would you recommend pursuing any treatments prophylactically,

priporočate preventivno zdravljenje

or simply pursuing the right diet,

ali le pravo prehrano

with lots of tomato sauce?

z veliko paradižnikove omake?

WL: Well, you know, there's abundant epidemiological evidence,

Epidemiološki dokazi so številni.

and I think in the information age,

Mislim, da v informacijski dobi

it doesn't take long to go to a credible source like PubMed,

ne potrebujete veliko časa za iskanje verodostojnega vira,

kot je Nacionalna medicinska knjižnica Pubmed,

the National Library of Medicine,

to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction

in poiščete epidemiološke raziskave

o zmanjšanju tveganja raka

based on diet and based on common medications.

s pravo prehrano in običajnimi zdravili.

And that's certainly something that anybody can look into.

To vsekakor lahko vsakdo razišče sam.

JC: Okay. Well, thank you so much.

Najlepša hvala.

(Applause)

(aplavz)