Can we eat to starve cancer? | William Li

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Jelena Horvat

Good afternoon.

Dobar dan.

There's a medical revolution happening all around us,

Upravo se događa medicinska revolucija oko nas

and it's one that's going to help us conquer

i ona će nam pomoći da pobijedimo

some of society's most dreaded conditions,

neke od najstrašnijih bolesti današnjeg društva,

including cancer.

uključujući rak.

The revolution is called angiogenesis,

Revolucija se zove angiogeneza,

and it's based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels.

a temelji se na procesu

kojim naš organizam stvara krvne žile.

So why should we care about blood vessels?

Dakle, zašto bismo brinuli oko krvnih žila?

Well, the human body is literally packed with them --

Ta ljudsko tijelo obiluje njima:

60,000 miles worth in a typical adult.

96 500 kilometara u prosječnog odraslog čovjeka.

End to end, that would form a line that would circle the earth twice.

To bi skupno činilo nit

kojom bismo mogli opasati Zemlju dva puta.

The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries.

Najmanje krvne žile u tijelu jesu kapilare;

We've got 19 billion of them in our bodies.

ima ih 19 milijardi u našem organizmu.

And these are the vessels of life,

I to su žile života,

and as I'll show you, they can also be the vessels of death.

a kao što ću vam pokazati,

mogu biti i žile smrti.

Now, the remarkable thing about blood vessels

Osobitost krvnih žila jest

is that they have this ability

njihova sposobnost

to adapt to whatever environment they're growing in.

prilagodbe bilo kojem okruženju u kojemu rastu.

Primjerice u jetri formiraju kanale

For example, in the liver, they form channels to detoxify the blood;

za detoksikaciju krvi,

in the lungs, they line air sacs for gas exchange.

u plućima oplakuju alveole u svrhu izmjene plinova,

In muscle, they corkscrew,

u mišiću one tvore krivulje koje omogućuju kontrakciju mišića

so that muscles can contract without cutting off circulation.

bez prekida cirkulacije.

And in nerves, they course along like power lines,

U živcima se pružaju uzdužno poput dalekovoda

keeping those nerves alive.

i održavaju te živce živima.

We get most of these blood vessels

Organizam stvara većinu tih krvnih žila

when we're actually still in the womb.

tijekom prenatalnog razvoja.

To sugerira da u odraslih

And what that means is that as adults,

blood vessels don't normally grow.

krvne žile u normalnom organizmu ne rastu.

Except in a few special circumstances.

Izuzev nekoliko osobitih situacija:

In women, blood vessels grow every month,

U žena krvne žile rastu svakoga mjeseca

to build the lining of the uterus.

stvarajući oblogu maternice.

During pregnancy, they form the placenta,

Tijekom trudnoće one formiraju posteljicu

which connects mom and baby.

koja povezuje majku i dijete.

And after injury, blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab

A nakon ozljede krvne žile

moraju rasti ispod kraste

in order to heal a wound.

kako bi ozljeda zacijelila.

And this is actually what it looks like,

I ovako to zapravo izgleda,

hundreds of blood vessels, all growing toward the center of the wound.

tisuće krvnih žila

rastu prema centru ozljede.

So the body has the ability to regulate

Dakle organizam ima sposobnost regulacije

the amount of blood vessels that are present at any given time.

količine prisutnih krvnih žila u određenom vremenu.

It does this through an elaborate and elegant system of checks and balances,

Organizam to obavlja kroz usavršen

i fini sustav kontrola i ravnoteža,

stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis,

stimulatora i inhibitora angiogeneze,

such that, when we need a brief burst of blood vessels,

primjerice kada je potrebna brza i značajna količina krvnih žila,

the body can do this by releasing stimulators,

organizam to ostvaruje otpuštanjem stimulatora,

proteins called angiogenic factors,

proteina koji se zovu faktori angiogeneze

that act as natural fertilizer, and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout.

koji djeluju kao prirodno „gnojivo“

i stimuliraju razvitak novih krvnih žila.

When those excess vessels are no longer needed,

A kada te krvne žile postanu suvišne,

the body prunes them back to baseline,

organizam ih reducira do normalne vrijednosti

using naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

koristeći prirodne inhibitore angiogeneze.

There are other situations where we start beneath the baseline,

No postoje i druge situacije kada je količina krvnih žila u organizmu ispod potrebne vrijednosti

te organizam mora izgraditi nove krvne žile kako bi postigao normalnu vrijednost,

and we need to grow more blood vessels, just to get back to normal levels --

na primjer, nakon ozljede,

for example, after an injury --

tijelo to može učiniti,

and the body can do that too, but only to that normal level,

ali samo do normalne vrijednosti,

that set point.

do normalnog stanja.

But what we now know, is that for a number of diseases,

No ono što danas znamo, a tiče se većeg broja bolesti,

there are defects in the system,

jest da u organizmu postoje defekti

where the body can't prune back extra blood vessels,

kada organizam ne može reducirati suvišne krvne žile

or can't grow enough new ones in the right place at the right time.

ili ne može formirati nove

na odgovarajućim mjestima u odgovarajuće vrijeme.

And in these situations, angiogenesis is out of balance.

U tim situacijama, angiogeneza

je neuravnotežena.

And when angiogenesis is out of balance,

A kada je angiogeneza neuravnotežena,

a myriad of diseases result.

kao rezultat pojavljuje se značajan broj bolesti.

For example, insufficient angiogenesis -- not enough blood vessels --

Na primjer, nedostatna angiogeneza,

nedovoljno krvnih žila,

leads to wounds that don't heal, heart attacks,

dovodi do ozljeda koje ne zacjeljuju, srčane kapi,

legs without circulation, death from stroke,

loše cirkulacije u nogama, smrti uslijed kapi,

nerve damage.

živčanih oštećenja.

And on the other end, excessive angiogenesis --

S druge strane, intenzivna angiogeneza,

previše krvnih žila potiče bolesti,

too many blood vessels -- drives disease,

and we see this in cancer, blindness,

a to uočavamo kod tumora, sljepoće,

arthritis, obesity, Alzheimer's disease.

artritisa, pretilosti,

Alzheimerove bolesti.

In total, there are more than 70 major diseases

U konačnici, postoji više od 70 značajnih bolesti

affecting more than a billion people worldwide,

koje pogađaju više od milijardu ljudi diljem svijeta,

that all look on the surface to be different from one another,

a koje se prividno međusobno razlikuju

dok ih zapravo povezuje

but all actually share abnormal angiogenesis

nenormalna angiogeneza

as their common denominator.

kao zajednička komponenta.

And this realization is allowing us to re-conceptualize

Ovo shvaćanje nam dopušta

da promijenimo

the way that we actually approach these diseases,

način pristupa ovim bolestima

by controlling angiogenesis.

kontroliranjem angiogeneze.

Now, I'm going to focus on cancer,

Sada ću se usredotočiti na rak

because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer --

s obzirom da je angiogeneza obilježje raka,

every type of cancer.

svakog tipa raka.

So here we go.

Dakle, krenimo.

This is a tumor: dark, gray, ominous mass growing inside a brain.

Ovo je tumor: tamna, siva, zloćudna masa

koja raste u mozgu.

And under the microscope,

I pod mikroskopom, možete vidjeti

you can see hundreds of these brown-stained blood vessels,

tisuće ovih smeđih krvnih žila,

capillaries that are feeding cancer cells,

kapilara koje prehranjuju stanice raka,

bringing oxygen and nutrients.

donoseći kisik i hranjive tvari.

But cancers don't start out like this,

No tumori ne nastaju na ovaj način.

and in fact, cancers don't start out with a blood supply.

I, zapravo, tumori u početku

nisu prožeti krvnim žilama.

They start out as small, microscopic nests of cells,

Tumori nastaju iz malog, mikroskopskog gnijezda stanica

that can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size.

koje može narasti do najviše

pola kubičnog milimetra.

That's the tip of a ballpoint pen.

To je veličina vrška kemijske olovke.

Then they can't get any larger because they don't have a blood supply,

Oni više od toga ne mogu narasti jer im nedostaje opskrba krvlju,

stoga ne primaju dovoljno kisika i hranjivih tvari.

so they don't have enough oxygen or nutrients.

In fact, we're probably forming these microscopic cancers

Zapravo, u našem organizmu vjerojatno neprestano nastaju

ovakvi mikroskopski tumori.

all the time in our body.

Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents

Nalazi obdukcija žrtava prometnih nezgoda

have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50

pokazali su da 40% žena

između četrdesete i pedesete godine

actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts.

zapravo imaju mikroskopske

tumore u dojkama,

About 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s

oko 50% muškaraca u pedesetim i šezdesetima godinama

have microscopic prostate cancers,

imaju mikroskopske tumore prostate,

and virtually 100 percent of us, by the time we reach our 70s,

a gotovo 100% nas

do sedamdesetih godina života

will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid.

imat će mikroskopske tumore u štitnoj žlijezdi.

Yet, without a blood supply,

Ipak, bez opskrbe krvlju,

most of these cancers will never become dangerous.

većina ovih tumora

nikada neće postati opasna.

Dr. Judah Folkman, who was my mentor

Dr. Judah Folkman, koji je bio moj mentor

and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis field,

i pionir u polju angiogeneze,

once called this "cancer without disease."

nazvao je ovaj fenomen "tumor koji ne uzrokuje bolesti".

So the body's ability to balance angiogenesis,

Dakle, sposobnost tijela da održava ravnotežu angiogeneze,

when it's working properly,

kada normalno funkcionira,

prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers.

sprječava krvne žile da prehranjuju tumor.

And this turns out to be

Ispada da je to

one of our most important defense mechanisms

jedan od naših najvažnijih obrambenih mehanizama

against cancer.

protiv tumora.

In fact, if you actually block angiogenesis

U stvari, ako blokiramo angiogenezu

and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells,

i spriječimo razvoj krvnih žila u tumoru,

tumori tada jednostavno ne mogu rasti.

tumors simply can't grow up.

But once angiogenesis occurs,

No kada se angiogeneza ostvari,

cancers can grow exponentially.

tumori mogu rasti eksponencijalno.

And this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless,

I to je zapravo način

kojim bezopasan tumor

to being deadly.

postaje smrtonosan.

Cancer cells mutate,

Tumorske stanice mutiraju

and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors,

i pridobe sposobnost otpuštanja

angiogenetskih faktora, umjetnih gnojiva,

natural fertilizer,

that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer.

koji pomiču ravnotežu u smjeru invazije krvnih žila

u tumoru.

And once those vessels invade the cancer,

I jednom kada krvne žile urastu u tumor,

it can expand, it can invade local tissues,

on se može širiti, zauzeti lokalna tkiva.

and the same vessels that are feeding tumors

I iste krvne žile koje prehranjuju tumor

allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases.

omogućuju tumorskim stanicama ulazak u cirkulaciju

kao metastaze.

And unfortunately, this late stage of cancer

I, nažalost, u toj kasnoj fazi tumora,

is the one at which it's most likely to be diagnosed,

tumor će najvjerojatnije

biti dijagnosticiran,

when angiogenesis is already turned on,

kada je angiogeneza uznapredovala

and cancer cells are growing like wild.

i kada tumorske stanice nekontrolirano rastu.

So, if angiogenesis is a tipping point

Stoga, ako je angiogeneza

ključna točka

between a harmless cancer and a harmful one,

pretvorbe tumora iz bezopasnog u opasni,

then one major part of the angiogenesis revolution

tada najveći dio angiogenetske revolucije

is a new approach to treating cancer

čini novi pristup liječenju tumora

by cutting off the blood supply.

prekidom krvne opskrbe tumora.

We call this antiangiogenic therapy,

Zovemo to antiangiogenetska terapija,

and it's completely different from chemotherapy,

i ona je potpuno drugačija od kemoterapije

because it selectively aims

jer je usmjerena selektivno

at the blood vessels that are feeding the cancers.

na krvne žile koje prehranjuju tumor.

We can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal, healthy vessels

To možemo učiniti zato

što se tumorske krvne žile razlikuju od normalnih, zdravih krvnih žila

koje susrećemo u ostalim dijelovima tijela:

we see in other places of the body --

they're abnormal, they're very poorly constructed,

one su abnormalne,

loše građene

and because of that, they're highly vulnerable

i zahvaljujući tome, iznimno ranjive

to treatments that target them.

na terapiju usmjerenu protiv njih.

In effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy --

U stvari, kada pacijenta tretiramo

antiangiogenetskom terapijom

here, an experimental drug for a glioma,

ovdje, eksperimentalni lijek protiv glioma,

which is a type of brain tumor --

jedan tip tumora mozga,

you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur

možete vidjeti da se odvijaju

when the tumor is being starved.

dramatične promjene tijekom gladovanja tumora.

Here's a woman with a breast cancer,

Ovo je žena oboljela od tumora dojke

being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called Avastin,

i bila je tretirana antiangiogenetskim lijekom koji se zove Avastin

which is FDA approved.

i kojeg je odobrila Američka agencija za hranu i lijekove.

And you can see that the halo of blood flow

I možete vidjeti da je polovina krvnog toka

disappears after treatment.

nestala nakon terapije.

Well, I've just shown you two very different types of cancer

Dakle, upravo sam vam pokazao

dva izrazito različita tipa raka

that both responded to antiangiogenic therapy.

koja reagiraju na antiangiogenetsku terapiju.

So a few years ago, I asked myself,

I unatrag nekoliko godina, zapitao sam se:

"Can we take this one step further and treat other cancers,

„Možemo li učiniti korak više

i liječiti ostale tipove raka,

even in other species?"

čak i u drugih vrsta?“

So here is a nine year-old boxer named Milo,

Ovo je devetogodišnji bokser Milo

who had a very aggressive tumor

koji je patio od agresivnog tumora

called a malignant neurofibroma growing on his shoulder.

koji se naziva maligni neurofibrom a koji je rastao na njegovu ramenu.

It invaded into his lungs.

Metastazirao je u njegova pluća.

His veterinarian only gave him three months to live.

Veterinar je prognozirao još tri mjeseca života.

So we created a cocktail of antiangiogenic drugs

No mi smo pripremili koktel antiangiogenetskih lijekova

that could be mixed into his dog food,

koje je moguće pomiješati sa psećom hranom

as well as an antiangiogenic cream,

te antiangiogenetsku kremu

that could be applied on the surface of the tumor.

koja se može nanijeti na površinu tumora.

And within a few weeks of treatment,

I tijekom nekoliko tjedana terapije,

we were able to slow down that cancer's growth,

uspjeli smo usporiti tumorski rast

such that we were ultimately able to extend Milo’s survival

tako da smo uspjeli produžiti Milov životni vijek

to six times what the veterinarian had initially predicted,

šest puta više negoli je to veterinar u početku predvidio,

all with a very good quality of life.

a sve uz vrlo dobru kvalitetu života.

And we've subsequently treated more than 600 dogs.

Naknadno smo tretirali više od 600 pasa.

We have about a 60 percent response rate,

Ostvarili smo stopu reakcije od oko 60%

and improved survival for these pets

i unaprijedili preživljavanje ovih kućnih ljubimaca

that were about to be euthanized.

za koje je bila planirana eutanazija.

So let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples.

Dopustite mi da vam pokažem nekoliko

još zanimljivijih primjera.

This is 20-year-old dolphin living in Florida,

Ovo je dvadesetogodišnji delfin koji živi na Floridi,

and she had these lesions in her mouth

i ona je imala lezije u ustima

that, over the course of three years,

koje su se razdoblju od tri godine

developed into invasive squamous cell cancers.

razvile u zloćudne, skvamozne tumorske stanice.

So we created an antiangiogenic paste.

Mi smo pripremili antiangiogenetsku pastu.

We had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week.

Nanosili smo je na vrh tumora

tri puta tjedno.

And over the course of seven months,

I u roku od 7 mjeseci,

the cancers completely disappeared,

tumor je u potpunosti nestao,

and the biopsies came back as normal.

a nalaz biopsije dao je normalne rezultate.

Here's a cancer growing on the lip

Ovo je tumor koji raste na usni

of a Quarter Horse named Guinness.

jahaćeg konja Guinnessa.

It's a very, very deadly type of cancer called an angiosarcoma.

To je jako, jako smrtonosan tip tumora koje se zove angiosarkom.

It had already spread to his lymph nodes,

Već je metastazirao u limfne čvorove.

so we used an antiangiogenic skin cream for the lip,

Stoga smo koristili antiangiogenetsku kremu za usne

and the oral cocktail, so we could treat from the inside as well as the outside.

te oralni koktel, te smo tumor mogli tretirati kako izvana

tako i iznutra.

And over the course of six months,

I tijekom sljedećih 6 mjeseci,

he experienced a complete remission.

Guinness je doživio potpunu remisiju.

And here he is six years later,

I evo ga nakon šest godina,

Guinness, with his very happy owner.

Guinness i njegov zadovoljni vlasnik.

(Applause)

(pljesak)

Now obviously, antiangiogenic therapy could be used for a wide range of cancers.

Dakle, očito je da je antiangiogenetsku terapiju

moguće koristiti u borbi protiv širokog spektra karcinoma.

And in fact, the first pioneering treatments

Zapravo su prve terapije

for people as well as dogs,

za ljude kao i za pse

are already becoming available.

već dostupne.

There are 12 different drugs, 11 different cancer types.

Dostupno je 12 lijekova za 11 različitih tipova raka.

But the real question is:

No pravo je pitanje:

How well do these work in practice?

koliko su učinkoviti ti lijekovi u praksi?

So here's actually the patient survival data

Ovo je dijagram preživljavanja pacijenata

from eight different types of cancer.

oboljelih od osam različitih tipova raka.

The bars represent survival time

Stupci predstavljaju preostali životni vijek

taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy,

u vremenu kada se

primjenjivala isključivo kemoterapija,

or surgery, or radiation available.

operacija ili terapija zračenjem.

But starting in 2004,

Počevši s 2004.

when antiangiogenic therapies first became available,

kada je započela primjena antioangiogenetske terapije,

možete vidjeti

you can see that there has been a 70 to 100 percent improvement in survival

od 70 do 100 posto

poboljšanja u vidu preživljavanja

for people with kidney cancer, multiple myeloma,

pacijenata oboljelih od karcinoma bubrega, multiplog mijeloma,

colorectal cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

kolorektalnog karcinoma i gastrointestinalnog stromalnog tumora.

That's impressive.

To je impresivno.

But for other tumors and cancer types,

No za ostale tipove karcinoma

the improvements have only been modest.

poboljšanje je bilo skromno.

So I started asking myself,

Stoga sam se zapitao:

"Why haven't we been able to do better?"

„Zašto nismo mogli polučiti bolje rezultate?"

And the answer, to me, is obvious:

Odgovor je očit;

we're treating cancer too late in the game,

počinjemo prekasno tretirati karcinom,

when it's already established,

kada se već razvio

and oftentimes, it's already spread or metastasized.

i često kada se već proširio i metastazirao.

And as a doctor,

A kao liječnik znam

I know that once a disease progresses to an advanced stage,

da kada bolest uđe u uznapredovalu fazu,

achieving a cure can be difficult, if not impossible.

izlječenje je teško postići,

ako ne i nemoguće.

So I went back to the biology of angiogenesis, and started thinking:

Stoga sam se usmjerio na biologiju

angiogeneze

i promišljao:

Could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis,

"Može li odgovor na problem liječenja karcinoma

biti prevencija angiogeneze,

beating cancer at its own game,

pobjeda karcinoma u njegovoj vlastitoj igri

so the cancers could never become dangerous?

tako da ni ne postane opasan?"

This could help healthy people,

To bi moglo pomoći zdravim ljudima,

as well as people who've already beaten cancer once or twice,

ali i ljudima koji su već

jedanput ili dvaput pobijedili karcinom

and want to find a way to keep it from coming back.

i žele pronaći način sprječavanja njegova povratka.

So to look for a way to prevent angiogenesis in cancer,

Kako bih pronašao način prevencije angiogeneze u tumoru,

I went back to look at cancer's causes.

vratio sam se proučavanju uzroka tumora.

And what really intrigued me,

I ono što je zaista pobudilo moje zanimanje,

was when I saw that diet accounts for 30 to 35 percent

bilo je to kad sam vidio da ishrana

čini 30 do 35 posto

of environmentally-caused cancers.

vanjskih uzročnika karcinoma.

Now the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet,

Očito je da trebamo razmišljati o tome

što možemo ukloniti iz naše prehrane, što trebamo izbaciti.

what to strip out, take away.

But I actually took a completely opposite approach,

No ja sam zapravo zauzeo u potpunosti oprečno stajalište

and began asking: What could we be adding to our diet

i zapitao se: što možemo uvesti u našu prehranu,

that's naturally antiangiogenic,

a da se ponaša kao prirodni antiangiogenetski faktor

and that could boost the body's defense system,

koji može ojačati obrambeni mehanizam

and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers?

i pobijediti krvne žile koje prehranjuju karcinom?

In other words, can we eat to starve cancer?

Drugim riječima, možemo li prehranom izgladnjivati tumor? (smijeh)

(Laughter)

Odgovor je da

Well, the answer is yes, and I'm going to show you how.

i pokazat ću vam kako.

And our search for this has taken us to the market,

Naše istraživanje

odvelo nas je na tržnicu, farmu i među začine

the farm and to the spice cabinet,

because what we've discovered

jer smo otkrili

is that Mother Nature has laced a large number

da nam je majka priroda darovala veliki broj

of foods and beverages and herbs

namirnica, pića i biljaka

with naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

koji sadrže prirodne inhibitore

angiogeneze.

Here's a test system we developed.

Ovo je sustav koji smo razvili.

At the center is a ring

U centru je smješten prsten od kojega rastu tisuće krvnih žila

from which hundreds of blood vessels are growing out in a starburst fashion.

tvoreći zvjezdastu formu.

I mi možemo iskoristiti ovaj sistem

And we can use this system to test dietary factors

radi testiranja prehrambenih faktora

at concentrations that are obtainable by eating.

u koncentracijama koje dobivamo tijekom jela.

Let me show you what happens

Dopustite mi da vam pokažem što se događa kada dodamo

when we put in an extract from red grapes.

ekstrakt crnog grožđa

The active ingredient is resveratrol,

Aktivni sastojak jest resveratrol,

it's also found in red wine.

koji se može naći i u crnom vinu.

This inhibits abnormal angiogenesis,

On inhibira abnormalnu angiogenezu

by 60 percent.

za 60%.

Here's what happens when we added an extract from strawberries.

Ovo se događa kada dodamo ekstrakt jagode;

It potently inhibits angiogenesis.

on je snažan inhibitor angiogeneze.

And extract from soybeans.

I ekstrakt soje.

And here is a growing list

Ovo je lista koja još uvijek raste,

of antiangiogenic foods and beverages that we're interested in studying.

antiangiogenetskih namirnica i pića

koje želimo proučiti.

For each food type,

Vjerujemo da za svaki tip hrane

we believe that there are different potencies

postoje različiti potencijali

within different strains and varietals.

unutar različitih vrsta i sojeva.

And we want to measure this because,

I mi to želimo izmjeriti jer,

well, while you're eating a strawberry

pa, kada već jedete jagode

or drinking tea,

ili pijete čaj,

why not select the one that's most potent

zašto ne biste izabrali onaj koji je najsnažniji

for preventing cancer?

u prevenciji raka.

So here are four different teas that we've tested.

Ovo su četiri različite vrste čaja koje smo testirali.

They're all common ones: Chinese jasmine, Japanese sencha,

Svi su uobičajeni:

kineski jasmin, japanski sencha zeleni čaj,

Earl Grey and a special blend that we prepared,

Earl Grey te posebna mješavina koju smo pripremili.

and you can see clearly that the teas vary in their potency,

I možete jasno vidjeti

da čajevi variraju u svojoj potenciji

from less potent to more potent.

inhibicije angiogeneze od slabih do snažnih inhibitora.

No ono što je super

But what's very cool

is when we combine the two less potent teas together,

je kada smo kombinirali dva

slabija čaja,

the combination, the blend, is more potent than either one alone.

kombinacija, mješavina,

snažnija je od svakog čaja zasebno.

This means there's food synergy.

To sugerira da postoji sinergija hrane.

Here's some more data from our testing.

Evo nekih podataka iz naših testiranja.

Now in the lab, we can simulate tumor angiogenesis,

Sada, u laboratoriju, možemo simulirati angiogenezu tumora,

represented here in a black bar.

što prikazuje crni stupac.

And using this system, we can test the potency of cancer drugs.

Koristeći ovaj sustav, možemo testirati snagu antikancerogenih lijekova.

So the shorter the bar,

Dakle kraći stupac

the less angiogenesis -- that's good.

znači slabiju angiogenezu, to je dobro.

And here are some common drugs

I evo nekih uobičajenih lijekova

that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people.

koji se povezuju sa smanjenjem rizika

oboljenja od raka.

Statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

Statini, nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi

i još neki,

and a few others -- they inhibit angiogenesis, too.

koji također inhibiraju angiogenezu.

And here are the dietary factors

A evo i hranidbenih faktora

going head-to-head against these drugs.

koji idu rame uz rame sa spomenutim lijekovima.

You can see they clearly hold their own,

Možete vidjeti, oni očito imaju vlastitu snagu,

and in some cases, they're more potent than the actual drugs.

u nekim slučajevima, čak su i snažniji

od spomenutih lijekova.

Soy, parsley, garlic, grapes, berries.

Soja, peršin, češnjak,

grožđe, bobičasto voće,

I could go home and cook a tasty meal using these ingredients.

mogao bih otići kući i skuhati ukusan obrok

koristeći ove sastojke.

Imagine if we could create the world's first rating system,

Zamislite da možemo napraviti

prvi vrijednosni sustav

in which we could score foods

u kojemu bismo mogli vrednovati hranu

according to their antiangiogenic, cancer-preventative properties.

ovisno o njenim antiangiogenetskim svojstvima,

svojstvima koja preveniraju rak.

And that's what we're doing right now.

I to je ono što upravo sada radimo.

Now, I've shown you a bunch of lab data,

Sada, pokazao sam vam mnoštvo laboratorijskih podataka,

and so the real question is:

i pravo pitanje jest:

What is the evidence in people

kakvi su dokazi na ljudima

that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer?

da konzumiranje određene hrane može reducirati

tumorsku angiogenezu?

Well, the best example I know

Pa, najbolji primjer koji poznajem

is a study of 79,000 men followed over 20 years,

jest istraživanje provedeno na 79 000 muškaraca

u proteklih 20 godina,

in which it was found that men who consumed cooked tomatoes

koje pokazuje da muškarci koji su konzumirali

kuhane rajčice dva do tri puta tjedno

two to three times a week,

had up to a 50 percent reduction

imaju 50% manji rizik

in their risk of developing prostate cancer.

od razvijanja raka prostate.

Now, we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene,

Sada, znamo da su rajčice dobar izvor likopena,

and lycopene is antiangiogenic.

a likopen djeluje antiangiogenetski.

But what's even more interesting from this study,

No što je još zanimljivije u ovom istraživanju

is that in those men who did develop prostate cancer,

jest da oni muškarci koji su ipak oboljeli od raka prostate,

those who ate more servings of tomato sauce,

oni koji su jeli više umaka od rajčica,

actually had fewer blood vessels feeding their cancer.

zapravo su imali manje krvnih žila

koje su prehranjivale njihov tumor.

So this human study is a prime example

Dakle ovo istraživanje na ljudima glavni je odgovor

of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels,

na pitanje kakav utjecaj antiangiogenetske tvari,

prisutne u hrani i konzumirane u praktičnim količinama,

can have an impact on cancer.

imaju na tumor.

And we're now studying the role of a healthy diet --

I sada proučavamo

ulogu zdrave prehrane

with Dean Ornish at UCSF and Tufts University --

u suradnji s Deanom Ornishem, Kalifornijskim univerzitetom i Univerzitetom Tufts

the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis

ulogu zdrave ishrane na markere angiogeneze

that we can find in the bloodstream.

koje možemo pronaći u krvotoku.

Obviously, what I've shared with you has some far-ranging implications,

Sada, očigledno, podijelio sam s vama neke šire implikacije,

even beyond cancer research.

čak izvan okvira istraživanja raka.

Because if we're right, it could impact consumer education,

Jer ako smo u pravu, to bi moglo utjecati na obrazovanje potrošača,

food services, public health

restorane, javno zdravstvo

and even the insurance industry.

i čak na osiguravajuće kuće.

And in fact, some insurance companies

I, zapravo, neke osiguravajuće kuće

are already beginning to think along these lines.

već počinju razmišljati sukladno ovim spoznajama.

Check out this ad from BlueCross BlueShield of Minnesota.

Pogledajte ovaj oglas iz Blue Cross Blue Shield iz Minnesote.

For many people around the world,

I za mnogo ljudi diljem svijeta,

dietary cancer prevention may be the only practical solution,

prevencija raka prehranom

možda je jedino praktično rješenje

because not everybody can afford expensive end-stage cancer treatments,

jer ne mogu si svi priuštiti skupe terapije liječenja raka,

but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet

ali svatko može imati koristi

od zdrave prehrane temeljene na lokalnim, održivim,

based on local, sustainable, antiangiogenic crops.

antiangiogenetskim usjevima.

Now, finally,

Sada, konačno,

I've talked to you about food,

govorio sam vam o hrani,

and I've talked to you about cancer,

i govorio sam vam o raku,

so there's just one more disease that I have to tell you about,

preostala je još samo jedna bolest o kojoj vam nisam govorio,

and that's obesity.

a to je pretilost.

Because it turns out that adipose tissue -- fat --

Ispostavlja se da je

masno tkivo, salo,

is highly angiogenesis-dependent.

ovisno o angiogenezi.

And like a tumor, fat grows when blood vessels grow.

Kao i tumor, salo se razvija kada se razvijaju i krvne žile.

So the question is:

Stoga je pitanje: možemo li smanjiti salo

Can we shrink fat by cutting off its blood supply?

prekidom krvne opskrbe istog?

The top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse

Gornja krivulja prikazuje tjelesnu masu

genetički pretilog miša

that eats nonstop until it turns fat,

koji neprestano jede

dok ne postane pretio, poput ove krznene teniske loptice.

like this furry tennis ball.

(Laughter)

And the bottom curve is the weight of a normal mouse.

Donja krivulja prikazuje tjelesnu masu normalnog miša.

If you take the obese mouse

Ukoliko pretilog miša tretirate

and give it an angiogenesis inhibitor, it loses weight.

angiogenetskim inhibitorom, on izgubi na tjelesnoj masi.

Stop the treatment, gains the weight back. Restart the treatment, loses the weight.

Ukoliko prekinete tretman, opet postane pretio.

Opet započnete tretman, miš opet izgubi na tjelesnoj masi.

Stop the treatment, it gains the weight back.

Obustavite tretman, miš opet postaje pretio.

And, in fact, you can cycle the weight up and down

I zapravo možete mijenjati težinu miša

inhibiranjem angiogeneze.

simply by inhibiting angiogenesis.

So this approach that we're taking for cancer prevention

Dakle ovaj pristup koji koristimo u prevenciji raka

may also have an application for obesity.

također se može primijeniti

i na pretilost.

The truly interesting thing about this

Doista zanimljiva stvar u tome

is that we can't take these obese mice

jest da tretiranjem pretiloga miša ne možemo

and make them lose more weight

smanjiti njegovu težinu

than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be.

na vrijednost manju od težine normalnog miša.

In other words, we can't create supermodel mice.

Drugim riječima, ne možemo dobiti miševe supermodele.

(smijeh)

(Laughter)

And this speaks to the role of angiogenesis

To govori o ulozi angiogeneze

in regulating healthy set points.

u regulaciji zdravstvenih vrijednosti.

Albert Szent-Györgi once said,

Albert Szent-Gyorgi jednom je rekao:

"Discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen,

„Otkriće je u tome da vidimo ono što su svi već vidjeli

and thinking what no one has thought."

a razmišljamo o čemu još nitko nije razmišljao.“

I hope I've convinced you

Nadam se da sam vas uvjerio

that for diseases like cancer, obesity and other conditions,

da kod bolesti poput raka, pretilosti i ostalih stanja,

there may be a great power

možda postoji velika snaga

in attacking their common denominator: angiogenesis.

u napadanju njihove zajedničke značajke: angiogeneze.

And that's what I think the world needs now.

I mislim da je to ono što je svijetu trenutačno potrebno. Hvala.

Thank you.

(Applause)

(pljesak)

June Cohen: I have a quick question for you.

June Cohen: Imam kratko pitanje za vas. Dakle ovi lijekovi zapravo nisu,

JC: So these drugs aren't exactly in mainstream cancer treatments right now.

zapravo nisu uključeni u normalnu terapiju raka trenutačno.

For anyone out here who has cancer, what would you recommend?

Za bilo koga ovdje oboljelog od raka,

što biste preporučili?

Do you recommend pursuing these treatments now, for most cancer patients?

Preporučujete li provođenje ovih tretmana sada za većinu oboljelih od raka?

William Li: Dakle, postoje antiangiogenetski tretmani

William Li: There are antiangiogenic treatments

koje je odobrila Američka agencija za hranu i lijekove,

that are FDA approved,

and if you're a cancer patient,

i ako ste oboljeli od raka

or working for one or advocating for one, you should ask about them.

ili radite za, odnosno zastupate nekog oboljelog od raka,

trebate se raspitati za njih.

And there are many clinical trials.

I postoje mnoga klinička ispitivanja.

The Angiogenesis Foundation is following almost 300 companies,

Angiogenetska zaklada obuhvaća gotovo 300 tvrtki

and there are about 100 more drugs in that pipeline.

i postoji još oko 100

potencijalnih lijekova.

So, consider the approved ones,

Stoga uzmite u obzir odobrene lijekove,

look for clinical trials,

potražite klinička istraživanja,

but then between what the doctor can do for you,

no osim onoga što liječnik može učiniti za vas,

we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves.

moramo se upitati što možemo učiniti sami za sebe.

I to je jedna od tema o kojoj govorim;

This is one of the themes I'm talking about:

mi možemo osnažiti sebe tako da činimo stvari

We can empower ourselves

to do the things that doctors can't do for us,

koje liječnici ne mogu činiti za nas,

which is to use knowledge and take action.

tj. sami iskoristiti znanje i biti poduzetni.

And if Mother Nature has given us some clues,

I ako nam je majka priroda dala neke tragove,

we think there might be a new future in the value of how we eat,

mi smatramo da nas čeka nova budućnost

u vidu vrijednosti onoga što jedemo.

and what we eat is really our chemotherapy three times a day.

I ono što jedemo zapravo je naša kemoterapija tri puta dnevno.

JC: Right. And along those lines,

JC: Točno. I zajedno s ovim preporukama,

for people who might have risk factors for cancer,

za ljude koji možda imaju rizične faktore za razvoj raka,

would you recommend pursuing any treatments prophylactically,

biste li im preporučili da slijede bilo koji preventivni tretman,

or simply pursuing the right diet,

ili da se jednostavno pridržavaju odgovarajuće dijete

with lots of tomato sauce?

s mnogo umaka od rajčica?

WL: Well, you know, there's abundant epidemiological evidence,

WL: Pa, znate, postoje bogati epidemiološki dokazi.

and I think in the information age,

I mislim da u današnje vrijeme

it doesn't take long to go to a credible source like PubMed,

nije potrebno mnogo vremena da bi se našao vjerodostojni izvor

kao što je Nacionalna medicinska knjižnica Pubmed,

the National Library of Medicine,

to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction

i pogledalo epidemiološko istraživanje

o smanjenu faktora rizika raka,

based on diet and based on common medications.

baziranih na prehrani ili uobičajenim lijekovima.

And that's certainly something that anybody can look into.

To svakako bilo tko može pogledati.

JC: Okay. Well, thank you so much.

JC: O.K. Mnogo hvala.

(Applause)

(pljesak)