Can we eat to starve cancer? | William Li

1,307,003 views ใƒป 2010-05-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yaakov Aglamaz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:17
Good afternoon.
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ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:19
There's a medical revolution happening all around us,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:22
and it's one that's going to help us conquer
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ
00:24
some of society's most dreaded conditions,
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ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
00:26
including cancer.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:28
The revolution is called angiogenesis,
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ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
00:31
and it's based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:36
So why should we care about blood vessels?
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ืื–, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื?
00:38
Well, the human body is literally packed with them --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
00:41
60,000 miles worth in a typical adult.
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ื›- 100 ืืœืฃ ืง"ืž ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
00:44
End to end, that would form a line that would circle the earth twice.
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ืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•
ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
00:49
The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries.
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ื.
00:52
We've got 19 billion of them in our bodies.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 19 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
00:55
And these are the vessels of life,
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ืืœื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ,
00:58
and as I'll show you, they can also be the vessels of death.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื,
ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
01:03
Now, the remarkable thing about blood vessels
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
01:05
is that they have this ability
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
01:07
to adapt to whatever environment they're growing in.
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ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื
01:10
For example, in the liver, they form channels to detoxify the blood;
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ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
01:13
in the lungs, they line air sacs for gas exchange.
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ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ืฉืงื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื’ื–ื™ื.
01:16
In muscle, they corkscrew,
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ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื”ื ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
01:17
so that muscles can contract without cutting off circulation.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”.
01:21
And in nerves, they course along like power lines,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืชื—,
01:23
keeping those nerves alive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:25
We get most of these blood vessels
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ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืืœื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
01:27
when we're actually still in the womb.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื.
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
01:30
And what that means is that as adults,
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01:32
blood vessels don't normally grow.
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ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืœื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
01:34
Except in a few special circumstances.
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ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
01:38
In women, blood vessels grow every month,
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ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
01:40
to build the lining of the uterus.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื.
01:42
During pregnancy, they form the placenta,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื™ื”,
01:44
which connects mom and baby.
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ.
01:47
And after injury, blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคืฆื™ืขื”, ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฆืœืงืช
01:51
in order to heal a wound.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข.
01:53
And this is actually what it looks like,
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.
01:55
hundreds of blood vessels, all growing toward the center of the wound.
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ืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืฆืข.
01:59
So the body has the ability to regulate
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื•ื•ืกืช
02:02
the amount of blood vessels that are present at any given time.
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ.
02:05
It does this through an elaborate and elegant system of checks and balances,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช
ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืžื™ื,
02:09
stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis,
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ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื•ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
02:12
such that, when we need a brief burst of blood vessels,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืจืฅ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
02:15
the body can do this by releasing stimulators,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™,
02:18
proteins called angiogenic factors,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
02:20
that act as natural fertilizer, and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ืฉืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
ื•ืžื’ืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜.
02:24
When those excess vessels are no longer needed,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:26
the body prunes them back to baseline,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื–ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
02:29
using naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
02:33
There are other situations where we start beneath the baseline,
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก,
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
02:36
and we need to grow more blood vessels, just to get back to normal levels --
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
02:40
for example, after an injury --
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:41
and the body can do that too, but only to that normal level,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
02:44
that set point.
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ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ.
02:46
But what we now know, is that for a number of diseases,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:49
there are defects in the system,
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ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช,
02:51
where the body can't prune back extra blood vessels,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื
02:54
or can't grow enough new ones in the right place at the right time.
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ืื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
02:58
And in these situations, angiogenesis is out of balance.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื, ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
03:02
And when angiogenesis is out of balance,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืื™ื–ื•ืŸ,
03:04
a myriad of diseases result.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
03:06
For example, insufficient angiogenesis -- not enough blood vessels --
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
03:10
leads to wounds that don't heal, heart attacks,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘,
03:13
legs without circulation, death from stroke,
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื, ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™,
03:15
nerve damage.
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ื•ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื‘ื™.
03:17
And on the other end, excessive angiogenesis --
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ื•ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืžื ื™ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
03:20
too many blood vessels -- drives disease,
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03:22
and we see this in cancer, blindness,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ,
03:24
arthritis, obesity, Alzheimer's disease.
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ื“ืœืงืช ืคืจืงื™ื, ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ,
ื•ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
03:28
In total, there are more than 70 major diseases
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ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 70 ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช,
03:31
affecting more than a billion people worldwide,
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ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:34
that all look on the surface to be different from one another,
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•,
ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” 86 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:25,000 ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื”
03:37
but all actually share abnormal angiogenesis
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ืื ื’ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื”
03:40
as their common denominator.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
03:42
And this realization is allowing us to re-conceptualize
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•
ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”
03:45
the way that we actually approach these diseases,
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”
03:48
by controlling angiogenesis.
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ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
03:51
Now, I'm going to focus on cancer,
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ื›ืขืช, ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
03:53
because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer --
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจ 94 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:43,000 ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:56
every type of cancer.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:58
So here we go.
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ืื– ื ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš.
04:00
This is a tumor: dark, gray, ominous mass growing inside a brain.
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ื”ื ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื”ื”, ืืคื•ืจ, ืžืืกื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช
ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:04
And under the microscope,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
04:05
you can see hundreds of these brown-stained blood vessels,
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ืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื›ืชืžื™ื,
04:08
capillaries that are feeding cancer cells,
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ื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:10
bringing oxygen and nutrients.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืกืคืงืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:13
But cancers don't start out like this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ืืช.
04:15
and in fact, cancers don't start out with a blood supply.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
ืขื ื”ืกืคืงืช ื“ื.
04:18
They start out as small, microscopic nests of cells,
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืงื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
04:22
that can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจืง
ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืž"ืง ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
04:26
That's the tip of a ballpoint pen.
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื˜ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™.
04:29
Then they can't get any larger because they don't have a blood supply,
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ื•ืื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืกืคืงืช ื“ื,
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
04:32
so they don't have enough oxygen or nutrients.
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04:34
In fact, we're probably forming these microscopic cancers
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
04:37
all the time in our body.
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04:40
Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:43
have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50
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ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืœ 40% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 40 ื•-50
04:48
actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื’ื•ืฉื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื”.
04:52
About 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s
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ื•ืœื› 50% ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 50 ื•-70
04:54
have microscopic prostate cancers,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช.
04:57
and virtually 100 percent of us, by the time we reach our 70s,
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœ 100% ืžืื™ืชื ื•
ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”-70
05:01
will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก.
05:04
Yet, without a blood supply,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืœื ื”ืกืคืงืช ื“ื,
05:06
most of these cancers will never become dangerous.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื
ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
05:10
Dr. Judah Folkman, who was my mentor
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ื“"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ืœืงืžืŸ, ืžื•ืจื™,
05:12
and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis field,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
05:15
once called this "cancer without disease."
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ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื "ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืœื ืžื—ืœื”".
05:19
So the body's ability to balance angiogenesis,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืื–ืŸ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
05:22
when it's working properly,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื”,
05:24
prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers.
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื.
05:26
And this turns out to be
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:28
one of our most important defense mechanisms
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:31
against cancer.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
05:33
In fact, if you actually block angiogenesis
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืกื ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
05:35
and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells,
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:38
tumors simply can't grow up.
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05:39
But once angiogenesis occurs,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช,
05:41
cancers can grow exponentially.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
05:44
And this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
ืฉื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื•
05:48
to being deadly.
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ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง, ืœืงื˜ืœื ื™.
05:50
Cancer cells mutate,
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ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
05:52
and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”, ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
05:55
natural fertilizer,
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05:56
that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer.
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ื•ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฉ.
06:00
And once those vessels invade the cancer,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฉ,
06:02
it can expand, it can invade local tissues,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:05
and the same vessels that are feeding tumors
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ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™-ื“ื ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
06:07
allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜
ืœื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
06:12
And unfortunately, this late stage of cancer
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:15
is the one at which it's most likely to be diagnosed,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ
ืฉื™ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ,
06:19
when angiogenesis is already turned on,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืขืœื”,
06:21
and cancer cells are growing like wild.
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ื•ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืื•ืช.
06:24
So, if angiogenesis is a tipping point
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ืื ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื”
06:29
between a harmless cancer and a harmful one,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง,
06:32
then one major part of the angiogenesis revolution
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ืื–, ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
06:35
is a new approach to treating cancer
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:37
by cutting off the blood supply.
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ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื.
06:40
We call this antiangiogenic therapy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”: "ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”",
06:43
and it's completely different from chemotherapy,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”
06:45
because it selectively aims
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
06:47
at the blood vessels that are feeding the cancers.
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ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:50
We can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal, healthy vessels
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
06:55
we see in other places of the body --
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06:56
they're abnormal, they're very poorly constructed,
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื;
ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืขื•ืขื”;
07:00
and because of that, they're highly vulnerable
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืš, ื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“
07:02
to treatments that target them.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื.
07:05
In effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
07:09
here, an experimental drug for a glioma,
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ื”ื ื”, ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืœื™ื•ืžื”,
07:12
which is a type of brain tumor --
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ื—,
07:14
you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ
07:17
when the tumor is being starved.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจืขื‘.
07:19
Here's a woman with a breast cancer,
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ื”ื ื” ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“
07:21
being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called Avastin,
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ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
07:24
which is FDA approved.
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืข"ื™ ื” FDA (ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™).
07:26
And you can see that the halo of blood flow
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื
07:29
disappears after treatment.
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ื ืขืœืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
07:32
Well, I've just shown you two very different types of cancer
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
07:36
that both responded to antiangiogenic therapy.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™.
07:39
So a few years ago, I asked myself,
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ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
07:41
"Can we take this one step further and treat other cancers,
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"ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
"ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื
07:45
even in other species?"
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"ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?"
07:49
So here is a nine year-old boxer named Milo,
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ื”ื ื”, ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื•ืงืกืจ ื‘ืŸ 9, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื•
07:51
who had a very aggressive tumor
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™
07:53
called a malignant neurofibroma growing on his shoulder.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ื™ื•ืจื•-ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ืžื” ืžืžืื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื•.
07:56
It invaded into his lungs.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืœืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•.
07:57
His veterinarian only gave him three months to live.
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ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
08:00
So we created a cocktail of antiangiogenic drugs
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
08:03
that could be mixed into his dog food,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘
08:05
as well as an antiangiogenic cream,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™
08:07
that could be applied on the surface of the tumor.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืจื•ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
08:10
And within a few weeks of treatment,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
08:12
we were able to slow down that cancer's growth,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
08:15
such that we were ultimately able to extend Miloโ€™s survival
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
08:18
to six times what the veterinarian had initially predicted,
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ืคื™ ืฉืฉื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ ื—ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
08:21
all with a very good quality of life.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:24
And we've subsequently treated more than 600 dogs.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-600 ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
08:27
We have about a 60 percent response rate,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 60% ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
08:29
and improved survival for these pets
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ื•ืฉื™ืคืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืืœื”
08:31
that were about to be euthanized.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืชื”.
08:34
So let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples.
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ืื– ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ
ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
08:38
This is 20-year-old dolphin living in Florida,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืช 20 ื”ื’ืจื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
08:40
and she had these lesions in her mouth
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื”
08:42
that, over the course of three years,
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
08:44
developed into invasive squamous cell cancers.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืงืฉืงืฉ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™.
08:47
So we created an antiangiogenic paste.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืฉื—ื” ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:50
We had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week.
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ืžืจื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
08:54
And over the course of seven months,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
08:56
the cancers completely disappeared,
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
08:58
and the biopsies came back as normal.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช.
09:02
Here's a cancer growing on the lip
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ื”ื ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
09:04
of a Quarter Horse named Guinness.
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ื•ืฉืžื• ื’ื™ื ืก.
09:06
It's a very, very deadly type of cancer called an angiosarcoma.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจื ืื ื’ื™ื•ืกืจืงื•ืžื”.
09:09
It had already spread to his lymph nodes,
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”,
09:11
so we used an antiangiogenic skin cream for the lip,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ื” ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคื”
09:14
and the oral cocktail, so we could treat from the inside as well as the outside.
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ื•ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื
ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
09:19
And over the course of six months,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:21
he experienced a complete remission.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
09:24
And here he is six years later,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:27
Guinness, with his very happy owner.
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ื’ื™ื ืก, ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
09:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:33
Now obviously, antiangiogenic therapy could be used for a wide range of cancers.
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:38
And in fact, the first pioneering treatments
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:40
for people as well as dogs,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื
09:42
are already becoming available.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
09:44
There are 12 different drugs, 11 different cancer types.
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ื™ืฉ 12 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœ-11 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
09:47
But the real question is:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
09:49
How well do these work in practice?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”?
09:51
So here's actually the patient survival data
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ื”ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื
09:54
from eight different types of cancer.
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ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:56
The bars represent survival time
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืžื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
09:58
taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”,
ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
10:02
or surgery, or radiation available.
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื• ื”ืงืจื ื”.
10:05
But starting in 2004,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2004,
10:07
when antiangiogenic therapies first became available,
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ
10:10
you can see that there has been a 70 to 100 percent improvement in survival
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 70% ืœ 100%
ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
10:15
for people with kidney cancer, multiple myeloma,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื”, ืžื™ื™ืœื•ืžื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
10:18
colorectal cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก, ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
10:22
That's impressive.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืฉื™ื.
10:24
But for other tumors and cancer types,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:27
the improvements have only been modest.
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ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื.
10:30
So I started asking myself,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
10:32
"Why haven't we been able to do better?"
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"ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช?"
10:35
And the answer, to me, is obvious:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”;
10:37
we're treating cancer too late in the game,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง,
10:39
when it's already established,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก,
10:41
and oftentimes, it's already spread or metastasized.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืื• ื”ืคื™ืฅ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
10:44
And as a doctor,
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ื›ืจื•ืคื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข
10:45
I know that once a disease progresses to an advanced stage,
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื—ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื,
10:49
achieving a cure can be difficult, if not impossible.
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ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื—ืœืžื”
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ืื ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
10:54
So I went back to the biology of angiogenesis, and started thinking:
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ืฉืœ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘:
11:00
Could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis,
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”?
11:05
beating cancer at its own game,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื•,
11:07
so the cancers could never become dangerous?
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ?
11:11
This could help healthy people,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
11:13
as well as people who've already beaten cancer once or twice,
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ื•ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
11:17
and want to find a way to keep it from coming back.
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
11:20
So to look for a way to prevent angiogenesis in cancer,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
11:23
I went back to look at cancer's causes.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
11:25
And what really intrigued me,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืกืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™,
11:27
was when I saw that diet accounts for 30 to 35 percent
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื–ื•ื ื”
ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” 30-35%
11:31
of environmentally-caused cancers.
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื.
11:34
Now the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ
ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง.
11:38
what to strip out, take away.
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11:40
But I actually took a completely opposite approach,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืงื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
11:43
and began asking: What could we be adding to our diet
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:46
that's naturally antiangiogenic,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
11:49
and that could boost the body's defense system,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
11:51
and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers?
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
11:54
In other words, can we eat to starve cancer?
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืขื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
11:58
(Laughter)
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
11:59
Well, the answer is yes, and I'm going to show you how.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“.
12:02
And our search for this has taken us to the market,
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ืง, ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื,
12:05
the farm and to the spice cabinet,
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12:07
because what we've discovered
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
12:09
is that Mother Nature has laced a large number
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ืฉืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:11
of foods and beverages and herbs
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ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืžืจืคื
12:13
with naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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ืขื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
12:17
Here's a test system we developed.
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ื”ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื•.
12:19
At the center is a ring
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื ืžืื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
12:20
from which hundreds of blood vessels are growing out in a starburst fashion.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช
12:24
And we can use this system to test dietary factors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
12:27
at concentrations that are obtainable by eating.
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ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืข"ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”.
12:30
Let me show you what happens
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื ื•
12:32
when we put in an extract from red grapes.
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ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
12:35
The active ingredient is resveratrol,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืกื‘ืจืื˜ืจื•ืœ,
12:37
it's also found in red wine.
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ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื.
12:39
This inhibits abnormal angiogenesis,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”
12:42
by 60 percent.
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ื‘ 60%.
12:44
Here's what happens when we added an extract from strawberries.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžืชื•ืชื™ื.
12:47
It potently inhibits angiogenesis.
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ื–ื” ืžื ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
12:50
And extract from soybeans.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžืคื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื™ื”.
12:53
And here is a growing list
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืชืืจื›ืช ืฉืœ
12:55
of antiangiogenic foods and beverages that we're interested in studying.
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ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ.
13:00
For each food type,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
13:02
we believe that there are different potencies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
13:04
within different strains and varietals.
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:07
And we want to measure this because,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”,
13:09
well, while you're eating a strawberry
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืช
13:11
or drinking tea,
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ืื• ืฉื•ืชื” ืชื”,
13:13
why not select the one that's most potent
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:15
for preventing cancer?
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ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:17
So here are four different teas that we've tested.
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ื”ื ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื•.
13:20
They're all common ones: Chinese jasmine, Japanese sencha,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื,
ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ื™, ืชื” ื™ืคื ื™,
13:24
Earl Grey and a special blend that we prepared,
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ืืจืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื ื•.
13:26
and you can see clearly that the teas vary in their potency,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
ื–ื ื™ ื”ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื
13:30
from less potent to more potent.
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ืžืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืจื‘ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื‘
13:34
But what's very cool
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13:35
is when we combine the two less potent teas together,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืขื˜ื”,
13:39
the combination, the blend, is more potent than either one alone.
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘, ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช,
ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
13:44
This means there's food synergy.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
13:49
Here's some more data from our testing.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:51
Now in the lab, we can simulate tumor angiogenesis,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ
13:54
represented here in a black bar.
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ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
13:56
And using this system, we can test the potency of cancer drugs.
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ืืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:59
So the shorter the bar,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืงืฆืจื”,
14:01
the less angiogenesis -- that's good.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
14:04
And here are some common drugs
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
14:06
that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
14:10
Statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
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ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืœืงืช ืœื ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
ื•ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:13
and a few others -- they inhibit angiogenesis, too.
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ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื’ื ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
14:17
And here are the dietary factors
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”
14:19
going head-to-head against these drugs.
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ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
14:22
You can see they clearly hold their own,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื,
14:24
and in some cases, they're more potent than the actual drugs.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
14:28
Soy, parsley, garlic, grapes, berries.
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ืกื•ื™ื”, ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ื,
ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ,
14:32
I could go home and cook a tasty meal using these ingredients.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื”
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”.
14:36
Imagine if we could create the world's first rating system,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
14:40
in which we could score foods
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช
14:42
according to their antiangiogenic, cancer-preventative properties.
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ืœืคื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
14:46
And that's what we're doing right now.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข!
14:49
Now, I've shown you a bunch of lab data,
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ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืขื‘ื“ื”
14:51
and so the real question is:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
14:53
What is the evidence in people
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ืžื” ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
14:55
that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer?
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื
ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
15:00
Well, the best example I know
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ
15:02
is a study of 79,000 men followed over 20 years,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ 79 ืืœืฃ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื”,
15:06
in which it was found that men who consumed cooked tomatoes
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ื•ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื›ื•
ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข
15:09
two to three times a week,
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15:10
had up to a 50 percent reduction
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ืฆืžืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื“ 50%
15:13
in their risk of developing prostate cancer.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช.
15:16
Now, we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœื™ืงื•ืคืŸ,
15:19
and lycopene is antiangiogenic.
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ื•ืœื™ืงื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™.
15:22
But what's even more interesting from this study,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”
15:24
is that in those men who did develop prostate cancer,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช,
15:27
those who ate more servings of tomato sauce,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื” ืฉืื›ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช
15:30
actually had fewer blood vessels feeding their cancer.
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ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
15:34
So this human study is a prime example
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
15:36
of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช
15:41
can have an impact on cancer.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
15:43
And we're now studying the role of a healthy diet --
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”
15:47
with Dean Ornish at UCSF and Tufts University --
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ืขื Dean Ornish, UCSF ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช Tufts
15:50
the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis
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ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
15:53
that we can find in the bloodstream.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื.
15:55
Obviously, what I've shared with you has some far-ranging implications,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช,
15:59
even beyond cancer research.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
16:01
Because if we're right, it could impact consumer education,
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ืžืฉื•ื, ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
16:04
food services, public health
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
16:06
and even the insurance industry.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—.
16:08
And in fact, some insurance companies
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
16:10
are already beginning to think along these lines.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
16:12
Check out this ad from BlueCross BlueShield of Minnesota.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”.
16:16
For many people around the world,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
16:18
dietary cancer prevention may be the only practical solution,
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ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“,
16:22
because not everybody can afford expensive end-stage cancer treatments,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
16:25
but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช
ืžื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื,
16:28
based on local, sustainable, antiangiogenic crops.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™.
16:33
Now, finally,
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ื›ืขืช, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
16:35
I've talked to you about food,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
16:37
and I've talked to you about cancer,
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
16:39
so there's just one more disease that I have to tell you about,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœื™ื”,
16:42
and that's obesity.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
16:44
Because it turns out that adipose tissue -- fat --
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
ืฉืจืงืžืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
16:48
is highly angiogenesis-dependent.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
16:50
And like a tumor, fat grows when blood vessels grow.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
16:53
So the question is:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉื•ืžืŸ
16:54
Can we shrink fat by cutting off its blood supply?
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื?
16:58
The top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse
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ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
17:03
that eats nonstop until it turns fat,
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”,
ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
17:06
like this furry tennis ball.
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17:08
(Laughter)
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17:09
And the bottom curve is the weight of a normal mouse.
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ืœืžื˜ื”, ืขืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
17:12
If you take the obese mouse
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ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžื™ืŸ
17:13
and give it an angiogenesis inhibitor, it loses weight.
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ืžื•ื ืขื™ ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ.
17:16
Stop the treatment, gains the weight back. Restart the treatment, loses the weight.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
17:20
Stop the treatment, it gains the weight back.
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ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ.
17:22
And, in fact, you can cycle the weight up and down
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืข"ื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
17:25
simply by inhibiting angiogenesis.
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17:27
So this approach that we're taking for cancer prevention
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ
17:29
may also have an application for obesity.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช
ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
17:33
The truly interesting thing about this
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”,
17:35
is that we can't take these obese mice
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžื™ื ื™ื
17:37
and make them lose more weight
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ
17:39
than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be.
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ืจืง ืขื“ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืฉืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
17:42
In other words, we can't create supermodel mice.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืŸ-ืขืœ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:45
(Laughter)
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17:46
And this speaks to the role of angiogenesis
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ื’'ื™ื’ื ื–ื”
17:48
in regulating healthy set points.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
17:51
Albert Szent-Gyรถrgi once said,
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ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื–ื ื˜-ื’ื™ื•ืจื’ื™ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
17:53
"Discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen,
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"ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืื•,
17:56
and thinking what no one has thought."
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"ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘."
17:58
I hope I've convinced you
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื›ื ืขืชื™ ืืชื›ื
17:59
that for diseases like cancer, obesity and other conditions,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
18:03
there may be a great power
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ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
18:05
in attacking their common denominator: angiogenesis.
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ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
18:08
And that's what I think the world needs now.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš, ืœื“ืขืชื™. ืชื•ื“ื”.
18:10
Thank you.
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18:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:21
June Cohen: I have a quick question for you.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ: ืื– ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
18:23
JC: So these drugs aren't exactly in mainstream cancer treatments right now.
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ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข.
18:28
For anyone out here who has cancer, what would you recommend?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฅ?
18:32
Do you recommend pursuing these treatments now, for most cancer patients?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื™: ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืื ื’ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
18:36
William Li: There are antiangiogenic treatments
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืข"ื™ ื” FDA.
18:38
that are FDA approved,
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18:39
and if you're a cancer patient,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
18:41
or working for one or advocating for one, you should ask about them.
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ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื• ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื—ื•ืœื”,
ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื.
18:45
And there are many clinical trials.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
18:48
The Angiogenesis Foundation is following almost 300 companies,
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ืงืจืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ื• [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ] ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ 300 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
18:51
and there are about 100 more drugs in that pipeline.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 100
ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื”.
18:55
So, consider the approved ones,
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ืื– ืชืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช,
18:57
look for clinical trials,
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ื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
18:58
but then between what the doctor can do for you,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš,
19:01
we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื
19:04
This is one of the themes I'm talking about:
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืข"ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
19:06
We can empower ourselves
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19:07
to do the things that doctors can't do for us,
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ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
19:09
which is to use knowledge and take action.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
19:11
And if Mother Nature has given us some clues,
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ืื ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืจืžื–ื™ื,
19:14
we think there might be a new future in the value of how we eat,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ
ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
19:18
and what we eat is really our chemotherapy three times a day.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
19:21
JC: Right. And along those lines,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื”,
19:23
for people who might have risk factors for cancer,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
19:26
would you recommend pursuing any treatments prophylactically,
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ื”ืื ืชืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขื”
19:29
or simply pursuing the right diet,
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
19:31
with lots of tomato sauce?
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช?
19:33
WL: Well, you know, there's abundant epidemiological evidence,
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ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื™: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
19:36
and I think in the information age,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
19:38
it doesn't take long to go to a credible source like PubMed,
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš
ื›ืžื• PubMed, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”,
19:41
the National Library of Medicine,
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19:42
to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
19:46
based on diet and based on common medications.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
19:49
And that's certainly something that anybody can look into.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ.
19:51
JC: Okay. Well, thank you so much.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
19:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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