Can we eat to starve cancer? | William Li

翻译人员: Limin Wang 校对人员: Xiaoqiao Xie

Good afternoon.

下午好。

There's a medical revolution happening all around us,

一场医学革命正发生在我们身边。

and it's one that's going to help us conquer

这将有助于我们攻克

some of society's most dreaded conditions,

社会上一些最可怕的疾病，

including cancer.

包括癌症。

The revolution is called angiogenesis,

这场革命称为血管新生，

and it's based on the process that our bodies use to grow blood vessels.

它基于

血管在我们人体自然生长的过程。

So why should we care about blood vessels?

那我们为什么应该关注血管呢？

Well, the human body is literally packed with them --

首先，它们充满了我们的身体。

60,000 miles worth in a typical adult.

一般成人体内有相当六万英里长的血管。

End to end, that would form a line that would circle the earth twice.

（如果我们把身体里的血管）接头接尾地连成一条线，

这条线可以绕地球两圈。

The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries.

最小的血管称为毛细血管。

We've got 19 billion of them in our bodies.

我们体内有190亿。

And these are the vessels of life,

这些是生命之脉，

and as I'll show you, they can also be the vessels of death.

同时，我将展示给你们看，

它们也可以是死亡之脉。

Now, the remarkable thing about blood vessels

血管不平常的地方

is that they have this ability

是它们有能力

to adapt to whatever environment they're growing in.

适应任何生长环境。

比如说，在肝脏内它们形成渠道

For example, in the liver, they form channels to detoxify the blood;

来解毒血液。

in the lungs, they line air sacs for gas exchange.

在肺里，它们包裹着气囊来进行气体交换。

In muscle, they corkscrew,

在肌肉里，它们形成螺旋形让肌肉可以伸缩

so that muscles can contract without cutting off circulation.

而不会阻断血液循环。

And in nerves, they course along like power lines,

在神经里，它们沿着（神经）走，就像电线一样，

keeping those nerves alive.

维持那些神经生存。

We get most of these blood vessels

实际大多数我们的血管生成时候，

when we're actually still in the womb.

是我们还在子宫里时。

那意味着，作为成人，

And what that means is that as adults,

blood vessels don't normally grow.

血管通常不生长，

Except in a few special circumstances.

除了少数特殊情况。

In women, blood vessels grow every month,

比如在女性体内，血管每月都会生长

to build the lining of the uterus.

来建立子宫膜。

During pregnancy, they form the placenta,

在怀孕期间，它们形成胎盘，

which connects mom and baby.

联系母亲和婴儿。

And after injury, blood vessels actually have to grow under the scab

或者受伤以后，血管

还能在疮痂下生长

in order to heal a wound.

来治愈伤口。

And this is actually what it looks like,

这种血管看起来就是这样子的。

hundreds of blood vessels, all growing toward the center of the wound.

成百上千的血管

全都长向伤口中心。

So the body has the ability to regulate

所以任何一个既定时刻，我们的身体都有能力来调节

the amount of blood vessels that are present at any given time.

所需的血管数量。

It does this through an elaborate and elegant system of checks and balances,

它是通过一个复杂

而优雅的检测与平衡系统来达到此目的的，

stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis,

诱导和抑制血管生长的两种因子相互作用。

such that, when we need a brief burst of blood vessels,

这样当我们需要急速的血管新生，

the body can do this by releasing stimulators,

人体可以通过释放诱导因子，

proteins called angiogenic factors,

多种称为血管生成因子的蛋白质

that act as natural fertilizer, and stimulate new blood vessels to sprout.

就像天然肥料一样，

来刺激新血管的生长。

When those excess vessels are no longer needed,

而且当人体不再需要那些多余的血管时，

the body prunes them back to baseline,

就会把它们精简至基线水平，

using naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

这是通过自然产生抑制血管增生的蛋白质。

There are other situations where we start beneath the baseline,

在一些情况下我们本来在基线下，

而需要生长更多的血管来达到正常水平。

and we need to grow more blood vessels, just to get back to normal levels --

比如说，受伤以后

for example, after an injury --

人体就可以这样做。

and the body can do that too, but only to that normal level,

但是只限于达到正常水平，

that set point.

那个调定点。

But what we now know, is that for a number of diseases,

但我们现在知道， 对一些疾病，

there are defects in the system,

系统中存在缺陷，

where the body can't prune back extra blood vessels,

在正确的时间和地点，

or can't grow enough new ones in the right place at the right time.

人体不能裁减多余的血管，

或是不能长出足够的新血管。

And in these situations, angiogenesis is out of balance.

在这些情形下，血管新生

不在平衡状态。

And when angiogenesis is out of balance,

当血管新生不平衡时，

a myriad of diseases result.

就会导致很多的疾病。

For example, insufficient angiogenesis -- not enough blood vessels --

比如，血管新生不足，

没有足够的血管，

leads to wounds that don't heal, heart attacks,

会引起伤不能愈合，心脏病发作，

legs without circulation, death from stroke,

腿部没有血液循环，中风死亡，

nerve damage.

神经受损。

And on the other end, excessive angiogenesis --

而在另一方面，血管增生，

过多的血管也会引发疾病，

too many blood vessels -- drives disease,

and we see this in cancer, blindness,

像癌症，失明，

arthritis, obesity, Alzheimer's disease.

关节炎，肥胖，

老人痴呆症。

In total, there are more than 70 major diseases

总共有大约70种主要的疾病

affecting more than a billion people worldwide,

影响了全球十多亿人口，

that all look on the surface to be different from one another,

在表面看起来它们是不同的疾病，

但实际上它们都关系到

but all actually share abnormal angiogenesis

不正常的血管生长。

as their common denominator.

这是它们的共性。

And this realization is allowing us to re-conceptualize

这个认识让我们

重新思考

the way that we actually approach these diseases,

我们实际上对付这些疾病的方式，

by controlling angiogenesis.

应该是通过控制血管生长。

Now, I'm going to focus on cancer,

现在我将聚焦在癌症上，

because angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer --

因为血管增生是癌症的一个主要标志，

every type of cancer.

每一种癌症都是这样。

So here we go.

那我们开始。

This is a tumor: dark, gray, ominous mass growing inside a brain.

这是一个肿瘤，灰暗的，恶性的肿块

在大脑里生长。

And under the microscope,

在显微镜下，你能看到，

you can see hundreds of these brown-stained blood vessels,

成百上千的染成褐色的血管，

capillaries that are feeding cancer cells,

毛细血管在饲养这些肿瘤细胞，

bringing oxygen and nutrients.

给它们带来氧气和营养。

But cancers don't start out like this,

但癌症开始不会这样，

and in fact, cancers don't start out with a blood supply.

而且事实上，没有血的供给

癌症就不会产生。

They start out as small, microscopic nests of cells,

它们始于微型的细胞团。

that can only grow to one half a cubic millimeter in size.

这些细胞团仅能长到

0.5 个立方厘米。

That's the tip of a ballpoint pen.

和圆珠笔的尖一个尺寸。

Then they can't get any larger because they don't have a blood supply,

它们不能长得更大是因为他们没有血的供给，

所以没有足够的氧气和养分。

so they don't have enough oxygen or nutrients.

In fact, we're probably forming these microscopic cancers

实际上，我们很可能无时无刻不在形成

这种微型的“癌症”。

all the time in our body.

Autopsy studies from people who died in car accidents

从死于车祸的人的尸检研究中

have shown that about 40 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 50

发现大约40%的女性

在40至50岁之间

actually have microscopic cancers in their breasts.

确有微型的

乳腺“肿瘤“。

About 50 percent of men in their 50s and 60s

大约50%的五，六十岁的男性

have microscopic prostate cancers,

有微型的前列腺“癌“。

and virtually 100 percent of us, by the time we reach our 70s,

实际上当我们到70多岁的时候，

我们100%

will have microscopic cancers growing in our thyroid.

都会有微型的甲状腺“癌症“。

Yet, without a blood supply,

但如果没有足够的供血，

most of these cancers will never become dangerous.

绝大多这种肿瘤

不会有危险。

Dr. Judah Folkman, who was my mentor

犹大福克曼医生，也是我的导师

and who was the pioneer of the angiogenesis field,

是血管新生领域的先驱。

once called this "cancer without disease."

他一度称这些微型肿瘤为“没有病的癌症“。

So the body's ability to balance angiogenesis,

所以人体平衡血管生长的能力，

when it's working properly,

当它正常工作时，

prevents blood vessels from feeding cancers.

能阻止血管饲养癌症。

And this turns out to be

这正是我们

one of our most important defense mechanisms

一个最重要的

against cancer.

抵抗癌症的防御机制。

In fact, if you actually block angiogenesis

实际上，如果你真的阻止血管生长，

and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells,

防止血管达到癌细胞，

肿瘤就不能生长。

tumors simply can't grow up.

But once angiogenesis occurs,

但当血管新生一旦发生，

cancers can grow exponentially.

肿瘤可以指数级的生长。

And this is actually how a cancer goes from being harmless,

这正是

一个肿瘤如何从

to being deadly.

无害变成致命。

Cancer cells mutate,

癌细胞通过变异

and they gain the ability to release lots of those angiogenic factors,

学会了释放

多种血管生长因子，也就是我们提到的天然肥料，

natural fertilizer,

that tip the balance in favor of blood vessels invading the cancer.

来引导平衡倾向血管生长，

然后长入肿瘤。

And once those vessels invade the cancer,

一旦这些血管张入肿瘤，

it can expand, it can invade local tissues,

肿瘤就能扩展，能入侵附近组织。

and the same vessels that are feeding tumors

同时，这些饲养肿瘤的血管

allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases.

为癌细胞转移，为它们进入血液循环

提供了途径。

And unfortunately, this late stage of cancer

不幸的是，

is the one at which it's most likely to be diagnosed,

能被诊断出的癌症，

多数是这种晚期的癌症。

when angiogenesis is already turned on,

这时血管已经开始增生，

and cancer cells are growing like wild.

癌细胞已经开始疯长。

So, if angiogenesis is a tipping point

如果血管增生

是一个转折点

between a harmless cancer and a harmful one,

使癌症从无害变到有害，

then one major part of the angiogenesis revolution

那么“血管新生的革命“的一个主要部分

is a new approach to treating cancer

就是用此作为一个新的途径，

by cutting off the blood supply.

通过切断血液供给来治疗癌症。

We call this antiangiogenic therapy,

我们称此为“反血管增生疗法“。

and it's completely different from chemotherapy,

它和化疗完全不同

because it selectively aims

因为它选择性的针对

at the blood vessels that are feeding the cancers.

饲养肿瘤的那些血管。

We can do this because tumor blood vessels are unlike normal, healthy vessels

我们能这么做是因为

肿瘤血管不同于我们在人体其他地方看到的，

正常健康的血管。

we see in other places of the body --

they're abnormal, they're very poorly constructed,

它们不正常，

它们结构不良，

and because of that, they're highly vulnerable

正因于此，它们对于

to treatments that target them.

我们的治疗手段特别敏感。

In effect, when we give cancer patients antiangiogenic therapy --

事实上，当我们给癌症病人

反血管增生疗法时 ——

here, an experimental drug for a glioma,

这里是我们的一个针对神经胶质瘤的实验药物，

which is a type of brain tumor --

神经胶质瘤是一种脑癌 ——

you can see that there are dramatic changes that occur

你可以看到当肿瘤处于饥饿状态时，

when the tumor is being starved.

发生了很显著的变化。

Here's a woman with a breast cancer,

这是一个有乳腺癌的女性，

being treated with the antiangiogenic drug called Avastin,

被称为阿瓦斯丁的反血管增生的药物治疗过，

which is FDA approved.

这药是FDA认可的。

And you can see that the halo of blood flow

你能看到血液流动的光环

disappears after treatment.

在治疗后消失了。

Well, I've just shown you two very different types of cancer

嗯，我刚刚向你们展示了

两种不同的癌症，

that both responded to antiangiogenic therapy.

反血管增生治疗对它们都有疗效。

So a few years ago, I asked myself,

所以，几年前，我问我自己，

"Can we take this one step further and treat other cancers,

“我们能更进一步么？

我们能治疗其他动物身上

even in other species?"

其他种类的癌症么？“

So here is a nine year-old boxer named Milo,

这是一个叫做米洛的9岁的拳击狗

who had a very aggressive tumor

它有非常恶性的肿瘤，

called a malignant neurofibroma growing on his shoulder.

称为恶性神经纤维瘤，在它的肩部。

It invaded into his lungs.

肿瘤还入侵了它肺部。

His veterinarian only gave him three months to live.

它的兽医曾说它只有3个月生命。

So we created a cocktail of antiangiogenic drugs

我们创造了一个反血管增生的多种药物的混合剂，

that could be mixed into his dog food,

混入它的食物里，

as well as an antiangiogenic cream,

再加上一种反血管增生的药膏

that could be applied on the surface of the tumor.

涂在肿瘤表面。

And within a few weeks of treatment,

几个星期疗程之后，

we were able to slow down that cancer's growth,

我们可以减缓癌症的增长

such that we were ultimately able to extend Milo’s survival

最终把米洛的存活时间

to six times what the veterinarian had initially predicted,

延长到兽医开始预期的6倍。

all with a very good quality of life.

而且此间它享有很好的生活质量。

And we've subsequently treated more than 600 dogs.

我们之后治疗了600多只狗。

We have about a 60 percent response rate,

我们大约有60％的回应率，

and improved survival for these pets

也提高了这些宠物的存活率，

that were about to be euthanized.

原先它们是准备安乐死的。

So let me show you a couple of even more interesting examples.

让我向你们展示几个

更有趣的例子。

This is 20-year-old dolphin living in Florida,

这是一只20岁的老年佛罗里达海豚，

and she had these lesions in her mouth

在她嘴里有这些病变

that, over the course of three years,

经过3年

developed into invasive squamous cell cancers.

发展成为扩散性的的舌鳞癌。

So we created an antiangiogenic paste.

我们制造了一种反血管增生的药膏。

We had it painted on top of the cancer three times a week.

我们把它涂在癌症表面，

每周三次。

And over the course of seven months,

经过7个月时间，

the cancers completely disappeared,

癌症完全消失，

and the biopsies came back as normal.

活检显示正常。

Here's a cancer growing on the lip

这里是另一个例子，一只叫做吉尼斯的夸特马

of a Quarter Horse named Guinness.

在嘴唇上生了癌症。

It's a very, very deadly type of cancer called an angiosarcoma.

这是一种非常致命的癌症，称为血管肉瘤。

It had already spread to his lymph nodes,

癌症已经扩散到它的淋巴结，

so we used an antiangiogenic skin cream for the lip,

所以我们用了反血管增生的肤霜在它的嘴唇上，

and the oral cocktail, so we could treat from the inside as well as the outside.

还给它一种口服的混合药物，来对身体里面

和外面同时治疗。

And over the course of six months,

在6个月的疗程中，

he experienced a complete remission.

它的病完全消失了。

And here he is six years later,

这是它六年之后，

Guinness, with his very happy owner.

吉尼斯， 和它幸福的主人。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Now obviously, antiangiogenic therapy could be used for a wide range of cancers.

所以，很明显，反血管增生疗法

可以用于治疗多种癌症。

And in fact, the first pioneering treatments

实际上，具有开创性的第一批治疗，

for people as well as dogs,

对人和狗的，

are already becoming available.

已经投入使用了。

There are 12 different drugs, 11 different cancer types.

现在有12种不同的药物，针对11种不同的癌症。

But the real question is:

但真正的问题是：

How well do these work in practice?

这些药实际上表现如何？

So here's actually the patient survival data

这是实际的患者存活数据

from eight different types of cancer.

从8中不同的癌症治疗中得到的。

The bars represent survival time

这些数据条代表

taken from the era in which there was only chemotherapy,

仅仅用化疗，

手术，辐射治疗的时候

or surgery, or radiation available.

病人的存活时间。

But starting in 2004,

但从2004年开始，

when antiangiogenic therapies first became available,

当开始应用反血管增生疗法之后，

你可以看到

you can see that there has been a 70 to 100 percent improvement in survival

病人的存活率

有70％到100％的提高。

for people with kidney cancer, multiple myeloma,

这些数据是针对有肾癌，多发性骨髓瘤，

colorectal cancer, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

大肠癌，胃肠道间质瘤的病人的。

That's impressive.

这（种成功率）是很惊人的。

But for other tumors and cancer types,

但对其他肿瘤和癌症，

the improvements have only been modest.

（反血管增生疗法）改善不大。

So I started asking myself,

我就开始问我自己，

"Why haven't we been able to do better?"

“为什么我们不能作得更好？“

And the answer, to me, is obvious:

对我而言，答案很明显；

we're treating cancer too late in the game,

我们治疗癌症太晚。

when it's already established,

我们治疗的时候它已经根深蒂固了，

and oftentimes, it's already spread or metastasized.

很多时候，它已经扩散或转移了。

And as a doctor,

作为一名医生，我知道

I know that once a disease progresses to an advanced stage,

疾病一旦发展到更高的阶段，

achieving a cure can be difficult, if not impossible.

想要治愈很难，

几乎是不可能。

So I went back to the biology of angiogenesis, and started thinking:

所以我回到

血管新生的生物机理上来，

开始思考：

Could the answer to cancer be preventing angiogenesis,

治疗癌症的答案可不可以是

通过防止血管生长，

beating cancer at its own game,

将癌症扼杀于摇篮之中，

so the cancers could never become dangerous?

这样根本不会有危险的癌症？

This could help healthy people,

这能帮助健康的人们

as well as people who've already beaten cancer once or twice,

以及已经治愈了

一，两次癌症的

and want to find a way to keep it from coming back.

想找到一种方法防止复发的人们。

So to look for a way to prevent angiogenesis in cancer,

为了找到一种防止（饲养）癌症的血管生长的方法，

I went back to look at cancer's causes.

我回头来看癌症的起因。

And what really intrigued me,

让我极感兴趣的是

was when I saw that diet accounts for 30 to 35 percent

我看到饮食

占了30到35％

of environmentally-caused cancers.

导致癌症的环境诱因。

Now the obvious thing is to think about what we could remove from our diet,

所以一个显而易见的想法是

我们可以少吃或不吃什么（来防癌）。

what to strip out, take away.

But I actually took a completely opposite approach,

但我却走了完全不同的路，

and began asking: What could we be adding to our diet

开始问：“什么是我们可以在饮食里增加的，

that's naturally antiangiogenic,

什么是天然的抗血管增生的食物，

and that could boost the body's defense system,

从而增强人体的防御系统

and beat back those blood vessels that are feeding cancers?

来击败这些饲养癌症的血管？“

In other words, can we eat to starve cancer?

换句话说，我们可以通过吃来饿死癌症吗？

(Laughter)

答案是肯定的。

Well, the answer is yes, and I'm going to show you how.

我现在将向你们展示如何做到。

And our search for this has taken us to the market,

为了寻找天然的抗癌食物，

我们来到了农贸市场，农场，和香料市场。

the farm and to the spice cabinet,

because what we've discovered

因为我们发现

is that Mother Nature has laced a large number

大自然已经在大量的

of foods and beverages and herbs

食物，饮品和草本植物中加入了

with naturally-occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis.

天然的

血管增生的抑制剂。

Here's a test system we developed.

这是我们发明的一个测试系统。

At the center is a ring

中心是一个环，从这里成百上千的血管

from which hundreds of blood vessels are growing out in a starburst fashion.

呈星状生长开。

我们能用这个系统

And we can use this system to test dietary factors

来测试饮食里的成分（是否抗癌）

at concentrations that are obtainable by eating.

用能通过饮食可以获取的浓度。

Let me show you what happens

让我向你们展示当我们放进一种红葡萄的萃取物

when we put in an extract from red grapes.

发生的事。

The active ingredient is resveratrol,

这里的活性成分是白藜芦醇。

it's also found in red wine.

在红酒中也有。

This inhibits abnormal angiogenesis,

这个能抑制60%的

by 60 percent.

不正常的血管增生。

Here's what happens when we added an extract from strawberries.

这是当我们加入草莓的萃取物时的现象。

It potently inhibits angiogenesis.

它有效的抑制了血管增生。

And extract from soybeans.

还有大豆萃取物。

And here is a growing list

这是我们一个不断增长的

of antiangiogenic foods and beverages that we're interested in studying.

反血管增生的食品和饮品的列单，

这是我们有兴趣进一步研究的。

For each food type,

每种食物

we believe that there are different potencies

我们相信不同的品系和品种

within different strains and varietals.

有不同的效力。

And we want to measure this because,

我们想测量这些是因为，

well, while you're eating a strawberry

如果你在吃草莓

or drinking tea,

或是喝茶，

why not select the one that's most potent

为什么不选择这些最有效力

for preventing cancer?

来防御癌症的（吃或喝呢）。

So here are four different teas that we've tested.

这是我们测试过的四种不同的茶。

They're all common ones: Chinese jasmine, Japanese sencha,

它们都是普通品种，

中国茉莉，日本参茶，

Earl Grey and a special blend that we prepared,

伯爵茶和一种我们制备的混合物。

and you can see clearly that the teas vary in their potency,

你们可以清楚的看到

这些茶在它们效力上有差别

from less potent to more potent.

从最没有什么效力的到更有效的。

但很酷的是

But what's very cool

is when we combine the two less potent teas together,

当我们把两种

不很有效的茶混合，

the combination, the blend, is more potent than either one alone.

这种混合物，

比单个的更有效。

This means there's food synergy.

这表明食物有协同作用。

Here's some more data from our testing.

这是我们测试的更多的数据。

Now in the lab, we can simulate tumor angiogenesis,

我们在实验室里模拟了肿瘤的血管增生，

represented here in a black bar.

这里以一个黑条代表。

And using this system, we can test the potency of cancer drugs.

用这个系统，我们能测试癌症药物的效力。

So the shorter the bar,

条越短，

the less angiogenesis -- that's good.

血管增生越少，这是好现象。

And here are some common drugs

这是一些普通药物

that have been associated with reducing the risk of cancer in people.

它们对减少

人们得癌症的风险都有作用。

Statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

他汀类药物， 非甾体抗炎药物

和其他几种，

and a few others -- they inhibit angiogenesis, too.

它们也能抑制血管增生。

And here are the dietary factors

这是一些饮食成分

going head-to-head against these drugs.

和这些药物互有长短。

You can see they clearly hold their own,

你们可以看到，它们有自己的效力，

and in some cases, they're more potent than the actual drugs.

在某些情况，它们比

实际的药物更有效。

Soy, parsley, garlic, grapes, berries.

大豆，香菜 ， 大蒜 ，

葡萄， 浆果，

I could go home and cook a tasty meal using these ingredients.

我可以回家煮一顿美食

用这些原料。

Imagine if we could create the world's first rating system,

想像我们能创造

世界上第一个评分系统。

in which we could score foods

我们根据

according to their antiangiogenic, cancer-preventative properties.

食物的抗血管增生，

抗癌性质来评分。

And that's what we're doing right now.

这是我们现在要做的。

Now, I've shown you a bunch of lab data,

我已经给你们看了大量的研究数据，

and so the real question is:

真正的问题是：

What is the evidence in people

在人体有什么证据来说明

that eating certain foods can reduce angiogenesis in cancer?

吃某些食物可以减少

饲养癌症的血管增生？

Well, the best example I know

恩， 我知道的最好的例子是

is a study of 79,000 men followed over 20 years,

一项7万9千位男性，

长达20年的研究，

in which it was found that men who consumed cooked tomatoes

它发现吃

西红柿每周2到3次的男性

two to three times a week,

had up to a 50 percent reduction

减少了50％的

in their risk of developing prostate cancer.

发生前列腺癌的风险。

Now, we know that tomatoes are a good source of lycopene,

现在我们知道西红柿是很好的番茄红素的来源，

and lycopene is antiangiogenic.

而番茄红素是抗血管增生的。

But what's even more interesting from this study,

但这项研究更有意思的是

is that in those men who did develop prostate cancer,

那些有前列腺癌症的男性

those who ate more servings of tomato sauce,

如果他们吃更多的番茄酱

actually had fewer blood vessels feeding their cancer.

他们实际上有更少的血管

来供给肿瘤。

So this human study is a prime example

这项研究是关于我们实际消耗的，

of how antiangiogenic substances present in food and consumed at practical levels,

实际存在食物中的，

抗血管增生物质能影响癌的

can have an impact on cancer.

一个最初的例子。

And we're now studying the role of a healthy diet --

现在我们正在研究

健康饮食的作用。

with Dean Ornish at UCSF and Tufts University --

我们在和德安欧尼斯合作，和加州大学旧金山分校以及塔夫茨大学合作，

the role of this healthy diet on markers of angiogenesis

来观察健康饮食对

that we can find in the bloodstream.

血液里血管增生的标识物的（控制）作用。

Obviously, what I've shared with you has some far-ranging implications,

显然这里我和你们分享的（信息）有深远的影响，

even beyond cancer research.

这种影响甚至超越了对治疗癌症的研究。

Because if we're right, it could impact consumer education,

我这么说是因为，如果我们是对的，它能影响对消费者的教育，

food services, public health

食品服务，公共健康

and even the insurance industry.

甚至保险业。

And in fact, some insurance companies

实际上，一些保险公司

are already beginning to think along these lines.

已经开始在往这方面思考了。

Check out this ad from BlueCross BlueShield of Minnesota.

看看这个明尼苏达蓝十字蓝盾的广告。

For many people around the world,

对全球很多人而言，

dietary cancer prevention may be the only practical solution,

饮食预防癌症

可能是唯一切实可行的方法，

because not everybody can afford expensive end-stage cancer treatments,

因为不是每个人都能负担起昂贵的癌症治疗的尖端产品。

but everybody could benefit from a healthy diet

但每个人都能从

这种健康饮食的方式中获益，从吃本地生产的，可持续的

based on local, sustainable, antiangiogenic crops.

抗血管增生的农产品中获益。

Now, finally,

现在，最后，

I've talked to you about food,

我已经和你们谈到了食物，

and I've talked to you about cancer,

谈到了癌症，

so there's just one more disease that I have to tell you about,

就还有一种疾病我必须要告诉你们的，

and that's obesity.

那就是肥胖。

Because it turns out that adipose tissue -- fat --

因为我们发现

脂肪组织，脂，

is highly angiogenesis-dependent.

是很依赖血管增生的。

And like a tumor, fat grows when blood vessels grow.

象肿瘤一样， 当血管增长，脂肪增长。

So the question is:

所以问题是：我们能减少脂肪

Can we shrink fat by cutting off its blood supply?

通过切除它的血液供给吗？

The top curve shows the body weight of a genetically obese mouse

上面的曲线显示体重

是一个有肥胖基因的老鼠

that eats nonstop until it turns fat,

不停的吃，

直至它变得象这个毛茸茸的网球一样胖。

like this furry tennis ball.

(Laughter)

And the bottom curve is the weight of a normal mouse.

下面这个曲线是正常老鼠的体重。

If you take the obese mouse

如果你给胖老鼠

and give it an angiogenesis inhibitor, it loses weight.

一种血管增生的抑制剂，它减重。

Stop the treatment, gains the weight back. Restart the treatment, loses the weight.

停止治疗，重新增重。

重新开始治疗，又减重了。

Stop the treatment, it gains the weight back.

停止治疗，又重新增重。

And, in fact, you can cycle the weight up and down

实际上，你能使体重循环上下

仅仅通过抑制血管增生。

simply by inhibiting angiogenesis.

So this approach that we're taking for cancer prevention

所以这个我们预防癌症的途径

may also have an application for obesity.

也可以应用于

治疗肥胖症。

The truly interesting thing about this

这真正有趣的

is that we can't take these obese mice

我们不能使这些胖老鼠

and make them lose more weight

减少到

than what the normal mouse's weight is supposed to be.

比正常老鼠体重少。

In other words, we can't create supermodel mice.

用另一种话说，我们不能创造超模老鼠。

（笑声）

(Laughter)

And this speaks to the role of angiogenesis

这个说明了血管生长的作用

in regulating healthy set points.

是在健康值附近调节。

Albert Szent-Györgi once said,

阿尔贝 圣捷尔吉一度说过，

"Discovery consists of seeing what everyone has seen,

“科学发现是用看到谁都能看到的，

and thinking what no one has thought."

作到没人能想到的。“

I hope I've convinced you

我希望我已经说服你们

that for diseases like cancer, obesity and other conditions,

通过攻击一些疾病的共性，血管增生，

there may be a great power

对治疗像癌症，肥胖和其他一些情况

in attacking their common denominator: angiogenesis.

可能很有效力。

And that's what I think the world needs now.

我认为现在世界正需要这个。谢谢。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）

June Cohen: I have a quick question for you.

吉。科恩 （JC): 这些药物并不是——

JC: So these drugs aren't exactly in mainstream cancer treatments right now.

它们不真正是现在癌症治疗的主流。

For anyone out here who has cancer, what would you recommend?

对这些现在有癌症的人，

你有什么建议？

Do you recommend pursuing these treatments now, for most cancer patients?

你会建议大多数癌症患者现在进行这些治疗吗？

威廉.李：现在有反血管增生的治疗方法

William Li: There are antiangiogenic treatments

通过食品药品管理局认可的。

that are FDA approved,

and if you're a cancer patient,

如果你是一名癌症患者

or working for one or advocating for one, you should ask about them.

或是为某一位工作或支持他们，

你应该调查一下这些治疗方法。

And there are many clinical trials.

现在有很多临床研究。

The Angiogenesis Foundation is following almost 300 companies,

血管增生基金会正在跟随近300余公司，

and there are about 100 more drugs in that pipeline.

有100多

药物已经在流水线上了。

So, consider the approved ones,

我们可以考虑已经认可的药物，

look for clinical trials,

还可以调查还在临床研究的药物。

but then between what the doctor can do for you,

但不光是考虑医生可以为你做什么，

we need to start asking what can we do for ourselves.

我们也需要开始思考我们自己能为自己做什么。

这是我说的一个主旨，

This is one of the themes I'm talking about:

我们能自己来做这些

We can empower ourselves

to do the things that doctors can't do for us,

医生不能为我们做的，

which is to use knowledge and take action.

那是利用知识，采取行动。

And if Mother Nature has given us some clues,

如果大自然母亲已经给我们一些启示，

we think there might be a new future in the value of how we eat,

我们认为通过认识到我们饮食的价值，

必有一个新的未来。

and what we eat is really our chemotherapy three times a day.

我们一天三餐实际上是一天三次化疗。

JC: Right. And along those lines,

JC: 对。在这个思路上，

for people who might have risk factors for cancer,

对可能有癌症风险的人来说，

would you recommend pursuing any treatments prophylactically,

你会推荐使用一些有预防性的治疗

or simply pursuing the right diet,

还是仅仅使用正确的饮食？

with lots of tomato sauce?

比如吃大量的番茄酱？

WL: Well, you know, there's abundant epidemiological evidence,

你知道，市面上有大量的流行病学证据。

and I think in the information age,

我认为在信息时代，

it doesn't take long to go to a credible source like PubMed,

不需费什么劲就能得到可靠的消息来源，

比如pubmed，比如国立医学图书馆，

the National Library of Medicine,

to look for epidemiological studies for cancer risk reduction

来察看那些饮食和普通的医药

对减低癌症风险的

based on diet and based on common medications.

流行病学研究。

And that's certainly something that anybody can look into.

那是一些每个人都能察看的。

JC: Okay. Well, thank you so much.

JC: 好。 恩，多谢你了。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）