How to escape education's death valley | Sir Ken Robinson | TED

6,721,299 views ใƒป 2013-05-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyunglak Son
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Thank you very much.
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00:17
I moved to America 12 years ago with my wife Terry and our two kids.
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์ €๋Š” 12๋…„ ์ „์— ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Actually, truthfully, we moved to Los Angeles --
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์—”์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
(Laughter)
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00:27
thinking we were moving to America, but anyway --
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
00:30
(Laughter)
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00:32
It's a short plane ride from Los Angeles to America.
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
(Laughter)
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์ €๋Š” 12๋…„ ์ „์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™”๊ณ 
00:39
I got here 12 years ago,
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00:41
and when I got here, I was told various things,
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๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
like, "Americans don't get irony."
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์—ญ์„ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:48
(Laughter)
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00:50
Have you come across this idea?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:53
It's not true.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:54
I've traveled the whole length and breadth of this country.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์—ญ์„ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
I have found no evidence that Americans don't get irony.
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00:59
It's one of those cultural myths,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
like, "The British are reserved."
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, "์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋‹ค."์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
01:04
(Laughter)
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01:06
I don't know why people think this.
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
We've invaded every country we've encountered.
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:14
But it's not true Americans don't get irony,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์—ญ์„ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
but I just want you to know that that's what people
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:19
are saying about you behind your back.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—˜๋‹ด์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
You know, so when you leave living rooms in Europe,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹ค์„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด,
01:24
people say, thankfully, nobody was ironic in your presence.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
(Laughter)
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์—ญ์„ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
But I knew that Americans get irony
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01:31
when I came across that legislation, "No Child Left Behind."
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"ํ•™์—…์— ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ"์„ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ œ์ •๋œ ๋ฒ•) ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:35
(Laughter)
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01:37
Because whoever thought of that title gets irony.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:40
(Laughter)
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01:42
Don't they?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด-
01:44
(Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ๊ฐˆ์ฑ„)
01:49
Because it's leaving millions of children behind.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•™์—…์—์„œ ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:53
Now I can see that's not a very attractive name for legislation:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
"Millions of Children Left Behind."
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ํ•™์—…์— ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
I can see that.
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02:00
What's the plan?
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์›๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:01
We propose to leave millions of children behind,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‘๋„๋ก ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๊ณ 
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
and here's how it's going to work.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:06
And it's working beautifully.
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02:07
(Laughter)
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02:08
In some parts of the country,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:09
60 percent of kids drop out of high school.
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60%์ •๋„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
In the Native American communities,
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๋ถ๋ฏธ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ,
02:15
it's 80 percent of kids.
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80%์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
If we halved that number,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:20
one estimate is it would create a net gain to the U.S. economy
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 10์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋งž๋จน๋Š”
02:26
over 10 years, of nearly a trillion dollars.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ด๋“์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ,
02:31
From an economic point of view,
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02:32
this is good math, isn't it, that we should do this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ถ”์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”?. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
02:35
It actually costs an enormous amount
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์ค‘ํ‡ด์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ 
02:38
to mop up the damage from the dropout crisis.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ˆ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
But the dropout crisis is just the tip of an iceberg.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘ํ‡ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
What it doesn't count are all the kids who are in school
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™๊ต์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:48
but being disengaged from it, who don't enjoy it,
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ํ•™๊ต์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค,
02:52
who don't get any real benefit from it.
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
And the reason is not that we're not spending enough money.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
America spends more money on education than most other countries.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
Class sizes are smaller than in many countries.
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ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
And there are hundreds of initiatives every year
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:07
to try and improve education.
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๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:10
The trouble is, it's all going in the wrong direction.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
There are three principles on which human life flourishes,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์œคํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์›์น™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
and they are contradicted by the culture of education
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์›์น™๋“ค์€
03:23
under which most teachers have to labor
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:25
and most students have to endure.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธํ™”์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ถฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:29
The first is this, that human beings are naturally different and diverse.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
Can I ask you, how many of you have got children of your own?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ฃ ?
03:40
Okay. Or grandchildren.
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์†์ž, ์†๋…€๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
How about two children or more? Right.
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๋‘ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์‹  ๋ถ„์€์š”? ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And the rest of you have seen such children.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:52
Small people wandering about.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ €๊ธฐ ์†์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
03:54
(Laughter)
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03:55
I will make you a bet,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
and I am confident that I will win the bet.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
If you've got two children or more,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ ๋ช… ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:01
I bet you they are completely different from each other.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Aren't they?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:07
(Applause)
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04:09
You would never confuse them, would you?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
04:12
Like, "Which one are you? Remind me."
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, "๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์•„์ด์ง€? ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋ ด.
04:14
(Laughter)
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๋„ˆ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
04:17
"Your mother and I need some color-coding system
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์ƒ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•”ํ˜ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ." ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:19
so we don't get confused."
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"ํ•™์—…์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ต์œก"๋ฒ•์•ˆ์€
04:22
Education under "No Child Left Behind"
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04:24
is based on not diversity but conformity.
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํš์ผ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
What schools are encouraged to do is to find out
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ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€
04:32
what kids can do across a very narrow spectrum of achievement.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ข์€ ์„ฑ์ทจ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
One of the effects of "No Child Left Behind"
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"ํ•™์—…์— ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง€๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ"์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š”
04:39
has been to narrow the focus onto the so-called STEM disciplines.
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๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„
์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” STEM ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
They're very important.
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04:44
I'm not here to argue against science and math.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
On the contrary, they're necessary but they're not sufficient.
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04:51
A real education has to give equal weight
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™, ์ฒด์œก์—๋„
04:53
to the arts, the humanities, to physical education.
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๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
An awful lot of kids, sorry, thank you --
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:59
(Applause)
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05:04
One estimate in America currently is that something like 10 percent of kids,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์€
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
05:08
getting on that way,
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์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ• ์žฅ์• ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์‹  ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์„
05:10
are being diagnosed with various conditions
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05:14
under the broad title of attention deficit disorder.
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์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
05:18
ADHD.
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ADHD(์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐํ• ์žฅ์• ). ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
I'm not saying there's no such thing.
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05:22
I just don't believe it's an epidemic like this.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
If you sit kids down, hour after hour,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์•‰ํ˜€๋†“๊ณ 
05:27
doing low-grade clerical work,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:31
don't be surprised if they start to fidget, you know?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋†€๋ผ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
05:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:35
(Applause)
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
05:42
Children are not, for the most part, suffering from a psychological condition.
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์ •์‹ ์  ์งˆํ™˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
They're suffering from childhood.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
05:48
(Laughter)
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05:52
And I know this because I spent my early life as a child.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์—
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
I went through the whole thing.
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05:58
Kids prosper best with a broad curriculum that celebrates their various talents,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์นญ์ฐฌ๋ฐ›๋Š”
ํญ ๋„“์€ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ์ž˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
06:03
not just a small range of them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
06:05
And by the way, the arts aren't just important
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๊ทธ๋‚˜์ €๋‚˜, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:07
because they improve math scores.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค ์ค‘
06:09
They're important because they speak to parts of children's being
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚˜์น  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
which are otherwise untouched.
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06:14
The second, thank you --
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€์š”, (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
06:16
(Applause)
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06:20
The second principle that drives human life flourishing
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํ’์š”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:24
is curiosity.
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
If you can light the spark of curiosity in a child,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:29
they will learn without any further assistance, very often.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Children are natural learners.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ•™์Šต๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:35
It's a real achievement to put that particular ability out,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:39
or to stifle it.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:42
Curiosity is the engine of achievement.
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ ์„ฑ์ทจ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Now the reason I say this
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:47
is because one of the effects of the current culture here,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ํ˜„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
06:51
if I can say so,
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ๋น„์ „๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
has been to de-professionalize teachers.
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06:56
There is no system in the world or any school in the country
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ,
๋˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
that is better than its teachers.
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07:05
Teachers are the lifeblood of the success of schools.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
But teaching is a creative profession.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ง์—…์ด์ฃ .
07:12
Teaching, properly conceived, is not a delivery system.
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๊ณฐ๊ณฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ง€์‹์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
You know, you're not there just to pass on received information.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด, ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ง€์‹์„ ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
07:19
Great teachers do that,
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07:21
but what great teachers also do is mentor,
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์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
stimulate, provoke, engage.
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์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
07:27
You see, in the end, education is about learning.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค ์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์€ ๋ฐฐ์›€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
If there's no learning going on, there's no education going on.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐฐ์›€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ต์œก์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:33
And people can spend an awful lot of time
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์—†์ด
07:35
discussing education without ever discussing learning.
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๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํž˜๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:38
The whole point of education is to get people to learn.
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๊ต์œก์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
An old friend of mine -- actually very old, he's dead.
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์ œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
07:44
(Laughter)
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07:47
That's as old as it gets, I'm afraid.
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „ ์ผ์ด๋„ค์š”. ์ €๋„ ๋‘๋ ต๊ตฐ์š”.
07:50
(Laughter)
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07:53
But a wonderful guy he was, wonderful philosopher.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”, ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ฐ€์˜€์ฃ .
07:58
He used to talk about the difference
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ทจ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:01
between the task and achievement senses of verbs.
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์–ด๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:05
You can be engaged in the activity of something,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
์„ค๋ น ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
08:08
but not really be achieving it, like dieting.
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๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
08:11
(Laughter)
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08:12
It's a very good example.
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08:13
There he is. He's dieting.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
Is he losing any weight? Not really.
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08:17
(Laughter)
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08:18
Teaching is a word like that.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ " ๋ฐ๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” 34๋ฒˆ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
You can say, "There's Deborah, she's in room 34, she's teaching."
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08:23
But if nobody's learning anything,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:25
she may be engaged in the task of teaching but not actually fulfilling it.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:30
The role of a teacher is to facilitate learning.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์—์š”.
08:33
That's it.
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08:34
And part of the problem is, I think,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
08:36
that the dominant culture of education has come to focus
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š”
08:40
on not teaching and learning, but testing.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
Now, testing is important.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ธดํ•˜์ฃ . ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Standardized tests have a place.
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08:47
But they should not be the dominant culture of education.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
They should be diagnostic. They should help.
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์‹œํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ณ„๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ . ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:00
If I go for a medical examination, I want some standardized tests.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด,
์ €๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:05
I do.
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09:06
I want to know what my cholesterol level is
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์ €๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€
ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
compared to everybody else's on a standard scale.
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09:10
I don't want to be told on some scale my doctor invented in the car.
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์ €๋Š” ์ฃผ์น˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ํ‘œ์ค€์  ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
(Laughter)
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"๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:16
"Your cholesterol is what I call Level Orange."
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09:18
"Really?"
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"์ •๋ง์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?" " ์ €ํฌ๋„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:19
(Laughter)
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09:21
"Is that good?" "We don't know."
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09:23
(Laughter)
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09:24
But all that should support learning.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์‹œํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜์ฃ .
09:27
It shouldn't obstruct it, which of course it often does.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
09:31
So in place of curiosity, what we have is a culture of compliance.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
Our children and teachers are encouraged to follow routine algorithms
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€
๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
rather than to excite that power of imagination and curiosity.
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์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€
09:46
And the third principle is this: that human life is inherently creative.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ ฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
It's why we all have different rรฉsumรฉs.
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09:52
We create our lives,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:54
and we can recreate them as we go through them.
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์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ถ์„ ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
It's the common currency of being a human being.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
It's why human culture is so interesting and diverse and dynamic.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
I mean, other animals may well have imaginations and creativity,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
์ฐฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
10:07
but it's not so much in evidence, is it, as ours?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ๋‚˜์š”?
10:10
I mean, you may have a dog.
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
And your dog may get depressed.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธํ•  ๋•Œ,
10:15
You know, but it doesn't listen to Radiohead, does it?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„์š”?
10:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:22
And sit staring out the window with a bottle of Jack Daniels.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žญ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์ˆ ๋ณ‘(์œ„์Šคํ‚ค) ์˜†์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ผ์€ ์—†์ฃ .
10:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ , "์‚ฐ์ฑ… ์ข€ ํ• ๊นŒ?"
10:29
"Would you like to come for a walk?"
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10:30
"No, I'm fine."
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๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”.
10:32
(Laughter)
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10:33
"You go. I'll wait. But take pictures."
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค๋…€์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ฐ์–ด์˜ค์„ธ์š”."
10:37
(Laughter)
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10:39
We all create our own lives through this restless process
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‰ดํ‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ
10:42
of imagining alternatives and possibilities,
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๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
and one of the roles of education
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
is to awaken and develop these powers of creativity.
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10:50
Instead, what we have is a culture of standardization.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
10:54
Now, it doesn't have to be that way.
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์ด์ œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ์•ˆ๋ผ์š”.
10:56
It really doesn't.
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10:58
Finland regularly comes out on top in math, science and reading.
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ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
์ˆ˜ํ•™, ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Now, we only know that's what they do well at,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ
11:05
because that's all that's being tested.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:07
That's one of the problems of the test.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œํ—˜ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
They don't look for other things that matter just as much.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œํ—˜๋งŒํผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
The thing about work in Finland is this:
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ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ์น™์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
they don't obsess about those disciplines.
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11:18
They have a very broad approach to education,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„“์€ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
11:20
which includes humanities, physical education, the arts.
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๊ทธ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™, ์ฒด์œก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
Second, there is no standardized testing in Finland.
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11:30
I mean, there's a bit,
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์ œ ๋ง์€์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
11:32
but it's not what gets people up in the morning,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ…์ƒ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
11:34
what keeps them at their desks.
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11:36
The third thing -- and I was at a meeting recently
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”, ์ง„์งœ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์š”.
11:38
with some people from Finland, actual Finnish people,
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11:41
and somebody from the American system was saying to the people in Finland,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
"ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘ํ‡ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
11:46
"What do you do about the drop-out rate in Finland?"
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11:49
And they all looked a bit bemused, and said,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‘ฅ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ‡ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:52
"Well, we don't have one.
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11:54
Why would you drop out?
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์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ค‘ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
11:56
If people are in trouble, we get to them quite quickly
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ
๋•๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
and we help and support them."
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12:00
Now people always say,
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์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ธ€์Ž„์š”,
12:02
"Well, you know, you can't compare Finland to America."
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ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:05
No. I think there's a population of around five million in Finland.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—๋Š” 500๋งŒ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฃผ(state)์™€ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:09
But you can compare it to a state in America.
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12:12
Many states in America have fewer people in them than that.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:16
I mean, I've been to some states in America
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค๋…€์™€๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
12:18
and I was the only person there.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
12:20
(Laughter)
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12:22
Really. Really.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ‡ํž๋ป” ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:24
I was asked to lock up when I left.
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12:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:30
But what all the high-performing systems in the world do
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
12:34
is currently what is not evident, sadly,
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
across the systems in America --
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . -- ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์—์š”.
12:40
I mean, as a whole.
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12:42
One is this:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์›€์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
they individualize teaching and learning.
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12:47
They recognize that it's students who are learning
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ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
and the system has to engage them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ
12:53
their curiosity, their individuality, and their creativity.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
That's how you get them to learn.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
The second is that they attribute a very high status
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์„
13:03
to the teaching profession.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
They recognize that you can't improve education
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ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
if you don't pick great people to teach and keep giving them
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ๋ฝ‘์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
13:12
constant support and professional development.
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์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:14
Investing in professional development is not a cost.
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์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œ๋ชจ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
It's an investment,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
and every other country that's succeeding well knows that,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
whether it's Australia, Canada,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด,
13:24
South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong or Shanghai.
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ํ™์ฝฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:28
They know that to be the case.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
13:30
And the third is,
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13:31
they devolve responsibility to the school level
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํ•™๊ต ๋‹น๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
for getting the job done.
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13:37
You see, there's a big difference here
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๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ช…๋ น๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
13:39
between going into a mode of command and control in education --
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
That's what happens in some systems.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜, ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
13:45
Central or state governments decide,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:47
they know best and they're going to tell you what to do.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
The trouble is that education doesn't go on
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ๊ต์œก์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ
13:54
in the committee rooms of our legislative buildings.
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์ž…๋ฒ•๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ € ํƒ์ƒ ํ–‰์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
It happens in classrooms and schools,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ต์‹ค๊ณผ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
and the people who do it are the teachers and the students,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
and if you remove their discretion, it stops working.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๊ต์œก์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
You have to put it back to the people.
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14:09
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:14
There is wonderful work happening in this country.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
But I have to say it's happening
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:19
in spite of the dominant culture of education,
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
not because of it.
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
14:23
It's like people are sailing into a headwind all the time.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งž๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•๊ตญ์ด์ฃ .
14:27
And the reason I think is this:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
14:29
that many of the current policies
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
14:31
are based on mechanistic conceptions of education.
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๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
It's like education is an industrial process
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์ด ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ
14:39
that can be improved just by having better data,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
and somewhere in the back of the mind of some policy makers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜
๋งˆ์Œ ๊ตฌ์„ ํ•œํŽธ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
is this idea that if we fine-tune it well enough, if we just get it right,
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๊ต์œก์˜ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
14:49
it will all hum along perfectly into the future.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
It won't, and it never did.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ตฌ์š”.
14:55
The point is that education is not a mechanical system.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
It's a human system.
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๊ต์œก์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์ฃ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
It's about people,
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15:03
people who either do want to learn or don't want to learn.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
Every student who drops out of school has a reason for it
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์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
which is rooted in their own biography.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:13
They may find it boring.
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ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์šฉ์ง€๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
They may find it irrelevant.
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๋˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
15:17
They may find that it's at odds with the life they're living outside of school.
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ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์—๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋…ํŠนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
There are trends, but the stories are always unique.
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์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋กœ์Šค์—”์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ํšŒ์˜์— ๋‹ค๋…€์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
15:26
I was at a meeting recently in Los Angeles of --
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15:28
they're called alternative education programs.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
These are programs designed to get kids back into education.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
They have certain common features.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
They're very personalized.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
They have strong support for the teachers,
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์›์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ์š”,
15:41
close links with the community and a broad and diverse curriculum,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์™€๋„ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํญ๋„“๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ปค๋ฆฌํ˜๋Ÿผ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:45
and often programs which involve students outside school as well as inside school.
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๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ–์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
And they work.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:52
What's interesting to me is, these are called "alternative education."
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€,
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "๋Œ€์•ˆ ๊ต์œก"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
(Laughter)
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15:57
You know?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
15:59
And all the evidence from around the world is,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์€
16:01
if we all did that, there'd be no need for the alternative.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์•„๋งˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:13
(Applause ends)
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
So I think we have to embrace a different metaphor.
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16:16
We have to recognize that it's a human system,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
and there are conditions under which people thrive,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์œคํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:23
and conditions under which they don't.
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16:25
We are after all organic creatures,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ์„œ,
16:28
and the culture of the school is absolutely essential.
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ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ผญ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
Culture is an organic term, isn't it?
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๋ฌธํ™”๋ž€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
16:35
Not far from where I live is a place called Death Valley.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ "๋ฐ์Šค๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ(์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:39
Death Valley is the hottest, driest place in America,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฅ๊ณ  ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
and nothing grows there.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
Nothing grows there because it doesn't rain.
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16:50
Hence, Death Valley.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:52
In the winter of 2004, it rained in Death Valley.
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2004๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—, ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
Seven inches of rain fell over a very short period.
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180mm์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž 2005๋…„ ๋ด„์— ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•Œ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
And in the spring of 2005, there was a phenomenon.
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17:09
The whole floor of Death Valley was carpeted in flowers for a while.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
์ž ์‹œ๋™์•ˆ์š”.
17:15
What it proved is this:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
that Death Valley isn't dead.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋™๋ฉด ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
17:21
It's dormant.
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17:23
Right beneath the surface are these seeds of possibility
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์”จ์•—๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
17:27
waiting for the right conditions to come about,
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17:30
and with organic systems, if the conditions are right,
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์œ ๊ธฐ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
์ƒ๋ช…์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
17:34
life is inevitable.
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17:36
It happens all the time.
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17:37
You take an area, a school, a district,
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ํ•™๊ต๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
17:40
you change the conditions, give people a different sense of possibility,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
17:43
a different set of expectations, a broader range of opportunities,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
๋” ๋„“์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
you cherish and value the relationships between teachers and learners,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ถ„๋ณ„๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
17:50
you offer people the discretion to be creative
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17:52
and to innovate in what they do,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ˜์‹ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
and schools that were once bereft spring to life.
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๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
Great leaders know that.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
The real role of leadership in education --
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๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์€
18:01
and I think it's true at the national level,
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--์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ , ์ •๋ถ€์ , ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋„
18:03
the state level, at the school level --
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ--
18:05
is not and should not be command and control.
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๋ช…๋ น๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
The real role of leadership is climate control,
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‰ฝ์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
18:14
creating a climate of possibility.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
And if you do that, people will rise to it
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
18:19
and achieve things that you completely did not anticipate
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
18:22
and couldn't have expected.
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์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:24
There's a wonderful quote from Benjamin Franklin.
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๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ํ”„๋žญํด๋ฆฐ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:26
"There are three sorts of people in the world:
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"์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
Those who are immovable,
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๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
people who don't get it,
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18:33
or don't want to do anything about it;
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:35
there are people who are movable,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
people who see the need for change
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
18:38
and are prepared to listen to it;
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๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ท€๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ฃ .
18:40
and there are people who move,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ ,
18:42
people who make things happen."
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
18:44
And if we can encourage more people, that will be a movement.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
And if the movement is strong enough,
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์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:51
that's, in the best sense of the word, a revolution.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
And that's what we need.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:56
Thank you very much.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:01
Thank you very much.
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19:02
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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