The playful wonderland behind great inventions | Steven Johnson

142,358 views ใƒป 2016-12-09

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Liblib Fib ืžื‘ืงืจ: Nir Bibi
00:12
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:16
Roughly 43,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›- 43,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:19
a young cave bear died in the rolling hills
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ื“ื‘ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืžืช ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช,
00:22
on the northwest border of modern day Slovenia.
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ืฉื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
00:25
A thousand years later, a mammoth died in southern Germany.
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ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžื•ืชื” ืžืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
00:29
A few centuries after that, a griffon vulture also died
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ืฉืจ ืžืงืจืื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžืช
00:33
in the same vicinity.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื.
00:35
And we know almost nothing about how these animals met their deaths,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžื•ืชื,
00:39
but these different creatures dispersed across both time and space
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘
00:43
did share one remarkable fate.
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ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื•ืจืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:46
After their deaths, a bone from each of their skeletons
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื, ืขืฆื ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:50
was crafted by human hands
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ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
00:52
into a flute.
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ืœื—ืœื™ืœ.
00:54
Think about that for a second.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
00:56
Imagine you're a caveman, 40,000 years ago.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ 40,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:59
You've mastered fire.
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ืœืžื“ืชื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืฉ.
01:00
You've built simple tools for hunting.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื“.
01:02
You've learned how to craft garments from animal skins
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ืœืžื“ืชื ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:05
to keep yourself warm in the winter.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
01:07
What would you choose to invent next?
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ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ?
01:10
It seems preposterous that you would invent the flute,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ,
01:13
a tool that created useless vibrations in air molecules.
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ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:17
But that is exactly what our ancestors did.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืฉื•.
01:21
Now this turns out to be surprisingly common
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข
01:24
in the history of innovation.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช.
01:26
Sometimes people invent things
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:28
because they want to stay alive or feed their children
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
01:31
or conquer the village next door.
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ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
01:33
But just as often,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš,
01:34
new ideas come into the world
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
01:36
simply because they're fun.
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ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ืคื™ื.
01:39
And here's the really strange thing:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืช:
01:41
many of those playful but seemingly frivolous inventions
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืืš ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
01:45
ended up sparking momentous transformations
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื ืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
01:47
in science, in politics and society.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:51
Take what may be the most important invention of modern times:
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ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื:
01:54
programmable computers.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช.
01:56
Now, the standard story is that computers descend from military technology,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
02:01
since many of the early computers were designed specifically
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:04
to crack wartime codes or calculate rocket trajectories.
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ืœืคืฆื— ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
02:07
But in fact, the origins of the modern computer
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
02:11
are much more playful,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘,
02:12
even musical,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™,
02:14
than you might imagine.
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ืžืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
02:15
The idea behind the flute,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืœ,
02:16
of just pushing air through tubes to make a sound,
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืœ,
02:19
was eventually modified to create the first organ
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ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:22
more than 2,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-2,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:24
Someone came up with the brilliant idea of triggering sounds
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืœื”ืคืงืช ืฆืœื™ืœ
02:27
by pressing small levers with our fingers,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช,
02:30
inventing the first musical keyboard.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:33
Now, keyboards evolved from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
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ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœืงืœืื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืจื“, ืœืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•
02:37
to the piano,
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ื•ืžืฉื ืœืคืกื ืชืจ,
02:38
until the middle of the 19th century,
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
02:41
when a bunch of inventors finally hit on the idea
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:44
of using a keyboard to trigger not sounds but letters.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืœื“ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื•ืœ.
02:48
In fact, the very first typewriter
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:50
was originally called "the writing harpsichord."
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ื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ "ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”".
02:55
Flutes and music led to even more powerful breakthroughs.
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ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:59
About a thousand years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:01
at the height of the Islamic Renaissance,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืœืื,
03:03
three brothers in Baghdad designed a device
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ื›ืœื™
03:05
that was an automated organ.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
03:08
They called it "the instrument that plays itself."
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืดื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืด
03:11
Now, the instrument was basically a giant music box.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
03:15
The organ could be trained to play various songs by using instructions
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ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
03:19
encoded by placing pins on a rotating cylinder.
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ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
03:23
And if you wanted the machine to play a different song,
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ื•ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืชื ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจ,
03:26
you just swapped a new cylinder in with a different code on it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืขื ืงื•ื“ ืื—ืจ.
03:29
This instrument was the first of its kind.
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื•.
03:33
It was programmable.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช.
03:35
Now, conceptually, this was a massive leap forward.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
03:38
The whole idea of hardware and software
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื”
03:41
becomes thinkable for the first time with this invention.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:44
And that incredibly powerful concept
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:47
didn't come to us as an instrument of war or of conquest,
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ืœื ืขืœื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ
03:50
or necessity at all.
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ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืจื— ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
03:52
It came from the strange delight of watching a machine play music.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื ื’ื ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:57
In fact, the idea of programmable machines
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื•ืช
04:00
was exclusively kept alive by music for about 700 years.
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ื ืฉืืจ ื—ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-700 ืฉื ื”.
04:05
In the 1700s, music-making machines
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
04:07
became the playthings of the Parisian elite.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ืช.
04:11
Showmen used the same coded cylinders
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ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื
04:14
to control the physical movements of what were called automata,
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ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื”,
04:18
an early kind of robot.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
04:20
One of the most famous of those robots
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ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:22
was, you guessed it, an automated flute player
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ื”ื™ื”, ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœ ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
04:25
designed by a brilliant French inventor
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ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ
04:27
named Jacques de Vaucanson.
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ื‘ืฉื ื–'ืืง ื“ื” ื•ื•ืงื ืกื•ืŸ.
04:30
And as de Vaucanson was designing his robot musician,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืงื ืกื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœื•,
04:33
he had another idea.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
04:35
If you could program a machine to make pleasing sounds,
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื™ื,
04:39
why not program it to weave delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืืจื•ื’ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื™ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ื?
04:44
Instead of using the pins of the cylinder to represent musical notes,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืชื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
04:49
they would represent threads with different colors.
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:52
If you wanted a new pattern for your fabric,
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื“,
04:54
you just programmed a new cylinder.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ื’ืœื™ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:57
This was the first programmable loom.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
05:00
Now, the cylinders were too expensive and time-consuming to make,
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ื”,
05:04
but a half century later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:06
another French inventor named Jacquard
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืืงืืจื“
05:08
hit upon the brilliant idea of using paper-punched cards
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ื”ื’ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช
05:13
instead of metal cylinders.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืชื›ืช.
05:15
Paper turned out to be much cheaper and more flexible
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉ
05:18
as a way of programming the device.
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ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
05:20
That punch card system inspired Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
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ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื‘ื’'
05:25
to create his analytical engine,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื•ืข ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืœื•,
05:27
the first true programmable computer
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช
05:30
ever designed.
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.
05:31
And punch cards were used by computer programmers
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ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:34
as late as the 1970s.
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ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
05:37
So ask yourself this question:
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ืื– ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื:
05:39
what really made the modern computer possible?
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™?
05:43
Yes, the military involvement is an important part of the story,
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ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
05:47
but inventing a computer also required other building blocks:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื“ืจืฉื” ื’ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื:
05:51
music boxes,
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ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ื ื”,
05:52
toy robot flute players,
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืœ,
05:54
harpsichord keyboards,
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ืžืงืœื“ื•ืช ืฆ'ืžื‘ืœื•,
05:55
colorful patterns woven into fabric,
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“,
05:58
and that's just a small part of the story.
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:01
There's a long list of world-changing ideas and technologies
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:04
that came out of play:
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ื:
06:06
public museums, rubber,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื’ื•ืžื™,
06:08
probability theory, the insurance business
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
06:10
and many more.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื.
06:11
Necessity isn't always the mother of invention.
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ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”.
06:15
The playful state of mind is fundamentally exploratory,
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ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™,
06:19
seeking out new possibilities in the world around us.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
06:22
And that seeking is why so many experiences
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
06:26
that started with simple delight and amusement
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืื” ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข,
06:29
eventually led us to profound breakthroughs.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:33
Now, I think this has implications for how we teach kids in school
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
06:37
and how we encourage innovation in our workspaces,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
06:40
but thinking about play and delight this way
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืขื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”
06:43
also helps us detect what's coming next.
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ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
06:47
Think about it: if you were sitting there in 1750
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”: ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ื‘- 1750,
06:49
trying to figure out the big changes coming to society
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
06:53
in the 19th, the 20th centuries,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”- 19 ื•ื”- 20,
06:55
automated machines, computers,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
06:57
artificial intelligence,
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ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
06:59
a programmable flute
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ื—ืœื™ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช,
07:00
entertaining the Parisian elite
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ืœืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ืช
07:03
would have been as powerful a clue as anything else at the time.
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืžื– ืขื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
07:07
It seemed like an amusement at best,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
07:10
not useful in any serious way,
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ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช,
07:13
but it turned out to be the beginning of a tech revolution
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
07:17
that would change the world.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:18
You'll find the future
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ืืชื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
07:20
wherever people are having the most fun.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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