The surprising habits of original thinkers | Adam Grant | TED

10,935,305 views ใƒป 2016-04-26

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ronit Kfir ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Seven years ago, a student came to me and asked me to invest in his company.
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ืœืคื ื™ 7 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
00:17
He said, "I'm working with three friends,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:19
and we're going to try to disrupt an industry by selling stuff online."
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ."
00:23
And I said, "OK, you guys spent the whole summer on this, right?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
00:26
"No, we all took internships just in case it doesn't work out."
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"ืœื, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืงื—ื ื• ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช, ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—."
00:29
"All right, but you're going to go in full time once you graduate."
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"ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœืœืžื•ื“.."
00:33
"Not exactly. We've all lined up backup jobs."
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"ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™"
00:37
Six months go by,
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:38
it's the day before the company launches,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
00:40
and there is still not a functioning website.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืชืคืงื“.
00:43
"You guys realize, the entire company is a website.
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"ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืืชืจ,
00:45
That's literally all it is."
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื”".
00:48
So I obviously declined to invest.
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข.
00:53
And they ended up naming the company Warby Parker.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” "ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืคืืจืงืจ"
00:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:57
They sell glasses online.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ;
01:00
They were recently recognized as the world's most innovative company
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:03
and valued at over a billion dollars.
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ื•ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:05
And now? My wife handles our investments.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ืื™ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:10
Why was I so wrong?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš?
01:13
To find out, I've been studying people that I come to call "originals."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื".
01:17
Originals are nonconformists,
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"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื" ื”ื ื ื•ื ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
01:19
people who not only have new ideas
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:21
but take action to champion them.
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ืืœื ื™ืคืขืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื.
01:23
They are people who stand out and speak up.
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืงื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืข.
01:26
Originals drive creativity and change in the world.
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"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื" ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:29
They're the people you want to bet on.
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ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืžืจ.
01:31
And they look nothing like I expected.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™.
01:34
I want to show you today three things I've learned
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
01:37
about recognizing originals
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ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ "ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื"
01:39
and becoming a little bit more like them.
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ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื.
01:42
So the first reason that I passed on Warby Parker
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™ ืขืœ "ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™-ืคืืจืงืจ"
01:45
was they were really slow getting off the ground.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื.
01:49
Now, you are all intimately familiar with the mind of a procrastinator.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช "ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ืŸ".
01:54
Well, I have a confession for you. I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื. ืื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื–ื”. ืื ื™ "ืžืงื“ื™ืžืŸ".
02:00
Yes, that's an actual term.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™.
02:01
You know that panic you feel a few hours before a big deadline
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืื ื™ืงื” ืฉืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื“ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืง,
02:04
when you haven't done anything yet.
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ื›ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื ื›ืœื•ื.
02:06
I just feel that a few months ahead of time.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:11
So this started early: when I was a kid, I took Nintendo games very seriously.
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ืื–.. ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื: ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
02:18
I would wake up at 5am,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
02:20
start playing and not stop until I had mastered them.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื ื•ืŸ-ืกื˜ื•ืค ืขื“ ืฉืฉืœื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื.
02:24
Eventually it got so out of hand that a local newspaper came
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื“ ืฉืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข
02:27
and did a story on the dark side of Nintendo, starring me.
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ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”"ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื˜ื ื“ื•", ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™.
02:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:34
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
02:41
Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.
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ืžืื–, ื”ื—ืœืคืชื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:49
But this served me well in college,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”,
02:52
because I finished my senior thesis four months before the deadline.
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ื›ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื“ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
02:58
And I was proud of that, until a few years ago.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
03:01
I had a student named Jihae, who came to me and said,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ื”ื™ื™, ืฉื‘ืื” ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื”:
03:05
"I have my most creative ideas when I'm procrastinating."
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"ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื".
03:09
And I was like, "That's cute, where are the four papers you owe me?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื–ื” ื—ืžื•ื“, ืžื” ืขื ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื™?"
03:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:13
No, she was one of our most creative students,
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ืœื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
03:15
and as an organizational psychologist, this is the kind of idea that I test.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืง.
03:20
So I challenged her to get some data.
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ืื– ืืชื’ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืงืฆืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
03:22
She goes into a bunch of companies.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:23
She has people fill out surveys about how often they procrastinate.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืœื ืกืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:27
Then she gets their bosses to rate how creative and innovative they are.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ืจื’ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:31
And sure enough, the precrastinators like me,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”"ืžืงื“ื™ืžื ื™ื", ื›ืžื•ื ื™
03:33
who rush in and do everything early
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ืฉื ื—ืคื–ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื
03:35
are rated as less creative
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ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
03:37
than people who procrastinate moderately.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ื ื”.
03:40
So I want to know what happens to the chronic procrastinators.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:43
She was like, "I don't know. They didn't fill out my survey."
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื”: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ."
03:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:49
No, here are our results.
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ืœื, ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•:
03:51
You actually do see that the people who wait until the last minute
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
03:55
are so busy goofing off that they don't have any new ideas.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:00
And on the flip side, the people who race in
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:03
are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they don't have original thoughts either.
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ื”ื ื‘ื›ื–ื” ืืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื”, ืฉื’ื ืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:09
There's a sweet spot where originals seem to live.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืงื” ื‘ื” ื”"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื" ื—ื™ื™ื
04:13
Why is this?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”?
04:15
Maybe original people just have bad work habits.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื?
04:18
Maybe procrastinating does not cause creativity.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
04:22
To find out, we designed some experiments.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืชื™ื›ื ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื.
04:25
We asked people to generate new business ideas,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื,
04:28
and then we get independent readers
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
04:30
to evaluate how creative and useful they are.
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:33
And some of them are asked to do the task right away.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื“.
04:36
Others we randomly assign to procrastinate
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ ืœื”ืชืžื”ืžื”
04:39
by dangling Minesweeper in front of them
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืช "ืฉื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื" ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื
04:41
for either five or 10 minutes.
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ืœื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช.
04:43
And sure enough, the moderate procrastinators
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื
04:47
are 16 percent more creative than the other two groups.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘- 16% ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:51
Now, Minesweeper is awesome, but it's not the driver of the effect,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื•ืœื” ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
04:54
because if you play the game first before you learn about the task,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
04:58
there's no creativity boost.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
04:59
It's only when you're told that you're going to be working on this problem,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš, ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:03
and then you start procrastinating,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”
05:04
but the task is still active in the back of your mind,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš,
05:07
that you start to incubate.
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ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื”.
05:09
Procrastination gives you time to consider divergent ideas,
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ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืขืคื™ื
05:12
to think in nonlinear ways, to make unexpected leaps.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:16
So just as we were finishing these experiments,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉืขืžื“ื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
05:18
I was starting to write a book about originals,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ "ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื",
05:21
and I thought, "This is the perfect time to teach myself to procrastinate,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ "ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืชืžื”ืžื”,
05:26
while writing a chapter on procrastination."
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช".
05:28
So I metaprocrastinated,
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ืื– ื“ื—ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
05:32
and like any self-respecting precrastinator,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืงื“ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
05:35
I woke up early the next morning
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ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช
05:37
and I made a to-do list with steps on how to procrastinate.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช.
05:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:43
And then I worked diligently
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ื•ืื– ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช
05:47
toward my goal of not making progress toward my goal.
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ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
05:52
I started writing the procrastination chapter,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืคืจืง ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช,
05:54
and one day -- I was halfway through --
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ - ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข -
05:56
I literally put it away in mid-sentence
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืฉืคื˜
05:58
for months.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:59
It was agony.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืกืจ.
06:02
But when I came back to it, I had all sorts of new ideas.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื–ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:06
As Aaron Sorkin put it,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ืจืงื™ืŸ:
06:07
"You call it procrastinating. I call it thinking."
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"ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื–ื” ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”".
06:12
And along the way I discovered
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
06:13
that a lot of great originals in history were procrastinators.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:17
Take Leonardo da Vinci.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™.
06:19
He toiled on and off for 16 years
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืŸ-ืื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš 16 ืฉื ื”
06:23
on the Mona Lisa.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื”.
06:24
He felt like a failure.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
06:26
He wrote as much in his journal.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•.
06:30
But some of the diversions he took in optics
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื”,
06:32
transformed the way that he modeled light
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ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืื•ืจ,
06:34
and made him into a much better painter.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:37
What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืจืชื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ื‘ืŸ?
06:40
The night before the biggest speech of his life,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•,
06:42
the March on Washington,
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"ื”ืฆื“ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ",
06:44
he was up past 3am, rewriting it.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืจ ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
06:46
He's sitting in the audience waiting for his turn to go onstage,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืจื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืžื”,
06:50
and he is still scribbling notes and crossing out lines.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื‘ื˜ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืง ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
06:54
When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืžื”, ืื—ืจื™ 11 ื“ืงื•ืช,
06:56
he leaves his prepared remarks
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœื•,
06:58
to utter four words that changed the course of history:
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”:
07:01
"I have a dream."
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื"
07:04
That was not in the script.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜.
07:07
By delaying the task of finalizing the speech until the very last minute,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ืื•ื ืขื“ ืœื“ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืžืฉ,
07:11
he left himself open to the widest range of possible ideas.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืคืชื•ื— ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
07:15
And because the text wasn't set in stone,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืงื•ืง ื‘ืกืœืข,
07:17
he had freedom to improvise.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืืœืชืจ.
07:20
Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity,
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ื“ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื”-ืจืขื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช-
07:23
but it can be a virtue for creativity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
07:27
What you see with a lot of great originals
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
07:29
is that they are quick to start but they're slow to finish.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื˜.
07:33
And this is what I missed with Warby Parker.
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืคืกืคืกืชื™ ืขื ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™-ืคืืจืงืจ.
07:35
When they were dragging their heels for six months,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
07:38
I looked at them and said,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
07:40
"You know, a lot of other companies are starting to sell glasses online."
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ".
07:43
They missed the first-mover advantage.
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ื”ื ืคืกืคืกื• ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:46
But what I didn't realize was they were spending all that time
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
07:49
trying to figure out how to get people
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
07:51
to be comfortable ordering glasses online.
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื— ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
07:53
And it turns out the first-mover advantage is mostly a myth.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืก.
07:56
Look at a classic study of over 50 product categories,
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 50 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ.
07:59
comparing the first movers who created the market
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืง
08:02
with the improvers who introduced something different and better.
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคืจื™ื, ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:06
What you see is that the first movers had a failure rate of 47 percent,
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ 47% ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
08:10
compared with only 8 percent for the improvers.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจืง 8% ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืฉืคืจื™ื.
08:15
Look at Facebook, waiting to build a social network
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืฉื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
08:17
until after Myspace and Friendster.
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ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืกืคื™ื™ืก ื•ืคืจื ื“ืกื˜ืจ.
08:21
Look at Google, waiting for years after Altavista and Yahoo.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืฉื—ื™ื›ืชื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืืœื˜ื”-ื•ื™ืกื˜ื” ื•ื™ืื”ื•.
08:24
It's much easier to improve on somebody else's idea
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
08:27
than it is to create something new from scratch.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืืคืก.
08:30
So the lesson I learned is that to be original you don't have to be first.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
08:35
You just have to be different and better.
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ืืชื” ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:38
But that wasn't the only reason I passed on Warby Parker.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™-ืคืืจืงืจ.
08:41
They were also full of doubts.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžืœืื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืช.
08:43
They had backup plans lined up,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
08:45
and that made me doubt that they had the courage to be original,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืคืงืคืง, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื
08:49
because I expected that originals would look something like this.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš:
08:55
(Laughter)
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["ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ... ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื”ื˜"]
08:58
Now, on the surface,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
09:00
a lot of original people look confident,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
09:02
but behind the scenes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื
09:03
they feel the same fear and doubt that the rest of us do.
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืกืคืง ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
09:06
They just manage it differently.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืช.
09:08
Let me show you: this is a depiction
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื: ื”ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ
09:10
of how the creative process works for most of us.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•.
1. ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ 2. ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ 3. ื–ื” ื–ื‘ืœ 4. ืื ื™ ื–ื‘ืœ 5. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ 6. ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
09:16
(Laughter)
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09:20
Now, in my research, I discovered there are two different kinds of doubt.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืง
09:23
There's self-doubt and idea doubt.
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
09:25
Self-doubt is paralyzing.
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ืกืคืง ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืง.
09:26
It leads you to freeze.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืœืงืคืื•ืŸ.
09:28
But idea doubt is energizing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืจื™ืฅ.
09:30
It motivates you to test, to experiment, to refine,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœื–ืงืง,
09:33
just like MLK did.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืชื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ืขืฉื”.
09:35
And so the key to being original
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช
09:38
is just a simple thing
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
09:40
of avoiding the leap from step three to step four.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืจื‘ืข.
09:43
Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื ื™ ื–ื‘ืœ",
09:45
you say, "The first few drafts are always crap,
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ืืžืจื• "ื”ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื‘ืœ,
09:48
and I'm just not there yet."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื".
09:50
So how do you get there?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื?
09:52
Well, there's a clue, it turns out,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืžื– ื ืžืฆื, ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
09:54
in the Internet browser that you use.
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ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
09:57
We can predict your job performance and your commitment
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
09:59
just by knowing what web browser you use.
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ืื ืจืง ื ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
10:03
Now, some of you are not going to like the results of this study --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”...
10:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:08
But there is good evidence that Firefox and Chrome users
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืคื™ื™ืจืคื•ืงืก ื•ื›ืจื•ื
10:11
significantly outperform Internet Explorer and Safari users.
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ ื•ืกืืคืืจื™.
10:15
Yes.
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ื™ืฉ!!
10:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:19
They also stay in their jobs 15 percent longer, by the way.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื 15% ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื’ื‘.
10:23
Why? It's not a technical advantage.
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ืœืžื”? ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™.
10:25
The four browser groups on average have similar typing speed
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ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื”
10:28
and they also have similar levels of computer knowledge.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืจืžื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:31
It's about how you got the browser.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืš ื”ืฉื’ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืฉืœืš.
10:34
Because if you use Internet Explorer or Safari,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ ืื• ืกืคืืจื™,
10:36
those came preinstalled on your computer,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš,
10:39
and you accepted the default option that was handed to you.
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ื•ืืชื” ื”ืกื›ืžืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœืš.
10:42
If you wanted Firefox or Chrome, you had to doubt the default
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืช ืคื™ื™ืจืคื•ืงืก ืื• ื›ืจื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ
10:45
and ask, is there a different option out there,
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
10:47
and then be a little resourceful and download a new browser.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:51
So people hear about this study and they're like,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื•:
10:54
"Great, if I want to get better at my job, I just need to upgrade my browser?"
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"ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™?"
10:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:58
No, it's about being the kind of person
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ืœื, ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”
11:01
who takes the initiative to doubt the default
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ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื•ืžืคืงืคืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ
11:03
and look for a better option.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:05
And if you do that well,
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ื•ืื ืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
11:07
you will open yourself up to the opposite of dรฉjร  vu.
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ืืชื” ืชืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืžื“ื–'ื”-ื•ื•.
11:10
There's a name for it. It's called vuja de.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฉื. ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื•ื•ื–'ื”-ื“ื”"!
11:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:16
Vuja de is when you look at something you've seen many times before
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"ื•ื•ื–'ื”-ื“ื”" ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืจืื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื
11:20
and all of a sudden see it with fresh eyes.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
11:23
It's a screenwriter who looks at a movie script
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ื–ื• ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืกืจื˜
11:26
that can't get the green light for more than half a century.
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ืฉืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”,
11:29
In every past version, the main character has been an evil queen.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื” ืžืจืฉืขืช.
11:34
But Jennifer Lee starts to question whether that makes sense.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคืงืคืง ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
11:37
She rewrites the first act,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
11:38
reinvents the villain as a tortured hero
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ืžืžืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ืกืจืช,
11:41
and Frozen becomes the most successful animated movie ever.
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ื•"ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื—" ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. (Frozen)
11:45
So there's a simple message from this story.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืกืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”:
11:47
When you feel doubt, don't let it go.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืกืคืง - ืืœ ืชืฉื—ืจืจื•.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื)
11:53
What about fear?
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ืžื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืคื—ื“?
11:55
Originals feel fear, too.
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"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื" ื—ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
11:57
They're afraid of failing,
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ื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ.
11:59
but what sets them apart from the rest of us
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืฉืืจ
12:01
is that they're even more afraid of failing to try.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช.
12:04
They know you can fail by starting a business that goes bankrupt
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืคื•ืฉื˜ ืจื’ืœ
12:07
or by failing to start a business at all.
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
12:10
They know that in the long run, our biggest regrets are not our actions
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:14
but our inactions.
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ืืœื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:15
The things we wish we could redo, if you look at the science,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื“ืข,
12:18
are the chances not taken.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ื ื•.
12:21
Elon Musk told me recently, he didn't expect Tesla to succeed.
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ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื˜ืกืœื” ืชืฆืœื™ื—
12:25
He was sure the first few SpaceX launches
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ SpaceX
12:28
would fail to make it to orbit, let alone get back,
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ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
12:31
but it was too important not to try.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
12:34
And for so many of us, when we have an important idea,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:36
we don't bother to try.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
12:38
But I have some good news for you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
12:41
You are not going to get judged on your bad ideas.
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ืœื ื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
12:43
A lot of people think they will.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ.
12:45
If you look across industries
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
12:46
and ask people about their biggest idea, their most important suggestion,
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
12:50
85 percent of them stayed silent instead of speaking up.
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85% ืžื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ.
12:55
They were afraid of embarrassing themselves, of looking stupid.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ืžืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ืคืฉื™ื.
12:58
But guess what? Originals have lots and lots of bad ideas,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”? ืœ"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื" ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื,
13:02
tons of them, in fact.
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ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
13:04
Take the guy who invented this.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
13:07
Do you care that he came up with a talking doll so creepy
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ื”ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื™ืคื™ืช,
13:10
that it scared not only kids but adults, too?
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ืจืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื?
13:13
No. You celebrate Thomas Edison for pioneering the light bulb.
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ืœื. ืืชื ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
13:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:20
If you look across fields,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื“ืจืš ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
13:23
the greatest originals are the ones who fail the most,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
13:26
because they're the ones who try the most.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
13:28
Take classical composers, the best of the best.
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ืงื—ื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:31
Why do some of them get more pages in encyclopedias than others
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื™ื
13:34
and also have their compositions rerecorded more times?
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื?
13:38
One of the best predictors
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:39
is the sheer volume of compositions that they generate.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:43
The more output you churn out, the more variety you get
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืœื˜ ื›ืš ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
13:46
and the better your chances of stumbling on something truly original.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช.
13:50
Even the three icons of classical music -- Bach, Beethoven, Mozart --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช- ื‘ืืš, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆืืจื˜
13:54
had to generate hundreds and hundreds of compositions
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช
13:57
to come up with a much smaller number of masterpieces.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช.
14:01
Now, you may be wondering,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื
14:03
how did this guy become great without doing a whole lot?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™?
14:07
I don't know how Wagner pulled that off.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื•ืื’ื ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
14:10
But for most of us, if we want to be more original,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:13
we have to generate more ideas.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
14:16
The Warby Parker founders, when they were trying to name their company,
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ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™-ืคืืจืงืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
14:20
they needed something sophisticated, unique, with no negative associations
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
14:23
to build a retail brand,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื’ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
14:25
and they tested over 2,000 possibilities
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžืขืœ 2000 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
14:27
before they finally put together
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•
14:29
Warby and Parker.
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ืืช ื•ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืืช ืคืืจืงืจ.
14:32
So if you put all this together, what you see is that originals
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ื›ืš, ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”"ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื"
14:35
are not that different from the rest of us.
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ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
14:37
They feel fear and doubt. They procrastinate.
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื“ ื•ืกืคืง, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:40
They have bad ideas.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
14:42
And sometimes, it's not in spite of those qualities but because of them
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชืŸ
14:46
that they succeed.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
14:48
So when you see those things, don't make the same mistake I did.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™.
14:51
Don't write them off.
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ืืœ ืชื ืคื ืคื• ืื•ืชื.
14:52
And when that's you, don't count yourself out either.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืืชื, ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
14:55
Know that being quick to start but slow to finish
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ื“ืขื• ืฉืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืื˜
14:57
can boost your creativity,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
14:59
that you can motivate yourself by doubting your ideas
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
15:02
and embracing the fear of failing to try,
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ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช,
15:04
and that you need a lot of bad ideas in order to get a few good ones.
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ื•ืฉืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
15:08
Look, being original is not easy,
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ืชืจืื•, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ,
15:11
but I have no doubt about this:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”:
15:13
it's the best way to improve the world around us.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
15:16
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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