Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time

154,060 views ใƒป 2009-06-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ran Amitay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Gad Amit
00:18
I want to share with you
0
18330
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
1
20330
2000
ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:22
in a very short time.
2
22330
3000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
3
25330
3000
ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืชื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”. 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
4
28330
5000
ื ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜. ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
5
33330
6000
ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจืฆืฃ. ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
6
39330
3000
15 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
7
42330
3000
10, ืชืฉืข, ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืข,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
8
45330
7000
ืฉืฉ, ื—ืžืฉ, ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืฉืชื™ื™ื ...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
9
52330
2000
ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื–ื™ืžื‘ืจื“ื•: ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื—ื”
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
10
54330
4000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
11
58330
4000
ื ื•, ืื“ื, ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืจื›ืจื•ื›ื™. ืงื— ื‘ื™ืก. ืื ื™ ืœืงื—ืชื™.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
12
62330
3000
ื‘ื™ืก ืื—ื“, ืื“ื. ืืœ ืชื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื”.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
13
65330
3000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
14
68330
2000
ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
15
70330
5000
ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ืก ืื—ื“. ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
01:15
(Laughter)
16
75330
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
17
77330
3000
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคื™ืชื•ื™. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ื ื™ืขื”, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
18
80330
3000
ื›ืŸ, ืœื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—"ื›, ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™, ืžืขืžื™ืง,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
19
83330
3000
ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืœืขืชื™ื“.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
20
86330
2000
ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื ื•ืคืœืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืข
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
21
88330
3000
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” --
01:31
thank you George Bush --
22
91330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ --
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
23
93330
4000
ื”ืจื•ื‘, 60 ืื—ื•ื–, ื ื›ื ืขื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
24
97330
3000
ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.
01:40
So much for promises.
25
100330
2000
ื–ื” ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช.
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
26
102330
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืชื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 4 ื‘ืžืžืชืง.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
27
106330
2000
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ืื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื—ื›ื•
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
28
108330
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
29
110330
3000
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืชืœื, ืื ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืจืฉืžืœื•, ืœื—ื›ื•ืช.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
30
113330
3000
ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
31
116330
3000
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
32
119330
4000
ื”ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™. ื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื—"ื›.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
33
123330
2000
ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืžื™ืฉืœ, ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
34
125330
2000
ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ 14 ืฉื ื”,
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
35
127330
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
36
130330
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
37
132330
2000
ื•ืืœื” ืฉื ื›ื ืขื•, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
38
134330
4000
ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 250 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”SAT (ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™)
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
39
138330
4000
ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ื. ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืงื™ื•.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
40
142330
3000
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
41
145330
2000
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื. ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:27
the key for you,
42
147330
2000
ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
43
149330
3000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ืงืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื”.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
44
152330
3000
ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื–ืžืŸ? ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
45
155330
3000
ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
46
158330
3000
ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
47
161330
2000
ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
48
163330
2000
ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
49
165330
2000
ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
50
167330
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
02:49
between education levels.
51
169330
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
52
171330
2000
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
53
173330
4000
ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจ.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
54
177330
2000
ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
55
179330
3000
ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ื” ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
56
182330
3000
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
57
185330
3000
ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
58
188330
3000
ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื–ื” --
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
59
191330
2000
ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื "ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™-ื”ื•ื•ื”".
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
60
193330
2000
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
61
195330
2000
ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
62
197330
3000
ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ "ืœืื™ื–ื• ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”?"
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
63
200330
3000
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
64
203330
4000
ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” "ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™-ืขื‘ืจ". ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืคื•ืงืกื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
65
207330
2000
ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”,
03:29
it's only about the future.
66
209330
2000
ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
67
211330
2000
ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
68
213330
3000
ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
69
216330
3000
ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื "ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™-ืขืชื™ื“". ื”ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
70
219330
2000
ืื–, ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
71
221330
2000
ืฉื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
72
223330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
73
226330
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
74
228330
2000
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• "ืœื•ืงื™ื" ื‘ืื—ืช
03:50
biased time perspectives.
75
230330
2000
ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
76
232330
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื 6 ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ 2 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ-ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
77
235330
2000
ื™ืฉ 2 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ-ืขื‘ืจ, 2 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ-ืขืชื™ื“.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
78
237330
4000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืื• ืขื‘ืจ-ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
79
241330
2000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื”-ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
80
243330
3000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื•ื•ื”-ืคืื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
81
246330
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”. ื—ื™ื™ืš ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
82
248330
2000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
83
250330
2000
ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
84
252330
3000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
85
255330
2000
ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื•ืจื
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
86
257330
3000
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
87
260330
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
88
262330
3000
ืื–, ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
89
265330
2000
ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“-ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
90
267330
2000
ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”-ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
91
269330
3000
ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจ-ืฉืœื™ืœื™
04:32
and present-fatalism.
92
272330
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
93
274330
3000
ืื– ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ --
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
94
277330
4000
ืขื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื. ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฆืžืš.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
95
281330
2000
ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
96
283330
2000
ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
97
285330
2000
ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ื”-ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ื–ื
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
98
287330
3000
ื–ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
99
290330
4000
ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื, ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
100
294330
4000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
101
298330
3000
ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
102
301330
2000
ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
103
303330
4000
ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืื”. ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
104
307330
5000
ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื”. ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
105
312330
3000
ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
106
315330
3000
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆืœืฆืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื ืฉื™ TED.
05:18
(Laughter)
107
318330
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
108
320330
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™. ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื›ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื™ ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ืงืก.
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
109
323330
3000
ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
110
326330
2000
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืื“ื ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
111
328330
2000
ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช, ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
112
330330
4000
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
113
334330
2000
ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืืœ ืชืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉืžืœื• ื”ื–ื”,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
114
336330
2000
ื›ื™ ืื ืชื—ื›ื”, ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
115
338330
3000
ืขื“ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
116
341330
5000
ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ื”ื•ื”-ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ื–ื. ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
117
346330
3000
ืื–, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 76, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืžืื™-ืคืขื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
118
349330
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
119
352330
2000
ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
120
354330
2000
ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
121
356330
3000
ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
122
359330
3000
ืžืจืคืื™ื ืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื ืขื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ -- ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืœื --
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
123
362330
2000
ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
124
364330
4000
ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ 50% ื ืฉื™ืจื”,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
125
368330
2000
ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ื–ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื.
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
126
370330
4000
ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
127
374330
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
128
376330
3000
ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
129
379330
3000
ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
130
382330
2000
ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›"ื› ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›"ื› ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
131
384330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœ.
06:26
Thank you so much.
132
386330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
06:28
(Applause)
133
388330
1000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7