Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time

153,635 views ・ 2009-06-22

TED


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Prevoditelj: Davorin Jelačić Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:18
I want to share with you
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Želim podijeliti s vama
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
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neke ideje o tajnoj moći vremena
00:22
in a very short time.
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u vrlo kratkom vremenu.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
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Video: U redu, počnite s odbrojavanjem, molim. 30 sekundi, studio.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
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Molim tišinu. Umirite se.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
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Krajnje je vrijeme. Završna scena. Pokušaj prvi.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
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15 sekundi, studio.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10, devet, osam, sedam,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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šest, pet, četiri, tri, dva...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
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Philip Zimbardo: Poslušajmo razgovor
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
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o osnovama Adamovog iskušenja.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
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Hajde Adame, ne budi tako hoću-neću. Zagrizi. Ja jesam.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
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Jedan zalogaj, Adame. Ne odriči se Eve.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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Ne znam, ljudi.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
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Ne bih želio upasti u nevolju.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
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U redu. Jedan zalogaj. Dovraga, pa što onda?
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
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Život je kušnja. Sve se vrti oko popuštanja, odupiranja,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
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da, ne, sada, kasnije, impulzivno, promišljeno,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
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usredotočenost na sadašnjost ili na budućnost.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
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Obećane vrline postaju žrtve trenutnih strasti.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
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Među tinejdžerkama koje su se zavjetovale na apstinenciju i nevinost do braka --
01:31
thank you George Bush --
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hvala ti, George Bush --
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
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većina njih, 60 posto, poklekla je pred seksualnim iskušenjem u roku jedne godine.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
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I većina njih učinila je to bez korištenja kontracepcije.
01:40
So much for promises.
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Toliko o obećanjima.
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
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Hajdemo sada staviti pred iskušenje četverogodišnjake, dajući im slasticu.
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
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Mogu dobiti jedan marshmallow slatkiš odmah. Ali ako dočekaju
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
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povratak eksperimentatora, mogu dobiti dva.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
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Naravno da se isplati čekati ako voliš marshmallow.
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
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Rezultat je da dvije trećine djece podlegne iskušenju.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
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Ne mogu čekati. Ostali, dakako, čekaju.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
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Odupiru se iskušenju. Odlažu sada za kasnije.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
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Walter Mischel, moj kolega sa Stanforda,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
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vratio se nakon 14 godina
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
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kako bi pokušao otkriti po čemu se ta djeca razlikuju.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
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Bilo je ogromnih razlika između djece koja su ustrajala i
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
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onih koji su podlegli iskušenju, u mnogim pogledima.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
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Djeca koja su se oduprla iskušenju postigla su 250 bodova više na SAT testu.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
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To je ogromna razlika. To je kao potpuno drugi set bodova na IQ testu.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
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Oni su rjeđe upadali u nevolje. Bili su bolji studenti.
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
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Bili su samopouzdani i odlučni. A od posebnog značaja za mene danas,
02:27
the key for you,
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i značajno za vas,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
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jest to da su ta djeca bila orijentirana na budućnost umjesto na sadašnjost.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
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Pa što je vremenska perspektiva? O tome ću govoriti danas.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
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Vremenska perspektiva proučava kako pojedinci,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
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svi mi, dijelimo tijek ljudskog iskustva
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
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u vremenske zone ili kategorije.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
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I činimo to automatski i nesvjesno.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
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Postoje razlike između kultura, nacija,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
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između pojedinaca, društvenih skupina,
02:49
between education levels.
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ljudi različitog stupnja obrazovanja.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
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A problem je u tome što se može pojaviti pristranost.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
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Jer naučite neke od njih rabiti previše, a neke premalo.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
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Što određuje svaku odluku koju donosite?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
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Donosite odluku, na temelju koje ćete djelovati.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
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Nekim ljudima bitna je jedino neposredna situacija,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
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što drugi čine i što osjećaju.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
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Ti ljudi, kada donose odluke u tom obliku --
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
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nazvat ćemo ih "orijentiranima na sadašnjost".
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
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Jer je njihov fokus na "sada".
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
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Drugima je sadašnjost nevažna.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
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Kod njih je uvijek, "Koliko je ovo situacija slična, onoj koju sam već doživio?“
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
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Njihove odluke se zasnivaju na prošlim sjećanjima.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
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Njih ćemo nazvati "orijentiranima na prošlost". Jer se usmjeravaju na ono što je bilo.
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
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Za druge nije riječ o prošlosti, nije riječ o sadašnjost,
03:29
it's only about the future.
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već samo o budućnosti.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
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Njihov fokus je uvijek na predviđenim posljedicama.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
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Analiza troškova i koristi.
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
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Njih ćemo nazvati "orijentiranima na budućnost". Njihov fokus je na ono što će biti.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
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Tako da je vremenski paradoks, želim ustvrditi,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
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paradoks vremenske perspektive,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
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nešto što utječe na svaku odluku koju donosite,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
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a potpuno ste ga nesvjesni.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
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Mislim, razmjera u kojem su vam vremenske
03:50
biased time perspectives.
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perspektive pristrane.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
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Zapravo ih ima šest. Postoje dva načina da budete orijentirani na sadašnjost.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
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Postoje dva načina da budete orijentirani na prošlost, i dva načina na budućnost.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
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Možete se usredotočiti na pozitivnu prošlost ili negativnu prošlost.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
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Možete biti hedonist sadašnjosti,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
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naime, fokusirati se na užitke u životu, ili možete biti fatalist u sadašnjosti.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
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Nije bitno. Život vam je kontroliran.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
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Možete biti orijentirani na budućnost, postavljati ciljeve.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
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Ili možete biti za transcendentalnu budućnost:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
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naime, da život počinje nakon smrti.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
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Ono što morate naučiti je razviti
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
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mentalnu fleksibilnost kako biste tečno mijenjali
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
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vremenske perspektive ovisno o potrebama situacije.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
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Pa, brzo, koji je optimalni vremenski profil?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
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Jako visoko po pitanju pozitivne prošlosti. Umjereno visoko po pitanju budućnosti.
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
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I umjereno po pitanju sadašnjeg hedonizma.
04:29
And always low on past-negative
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A uvijek nisko po pitanju negativne prošlosti
04:32
and present-fatalism.
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i sadašnjeg fatalizma.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
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Dakle, optimalni vremenski splet je ono što dobivate od prošlosti --
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
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pozitivna prošlost vam predstavlja korijen. Povezujete svoju obitelj, identitet i svoje ja.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
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Od budućnosti dobivate krila
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
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za vinuti se k novim odredištima, novim izazovima.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
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A od sadašnjeg hedonizma dobivate
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
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energiju, energiju da ispitate sebe,
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
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mjesta, ljude, senzualnost.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
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Svaka vremenska perspektiva koja je pretjerana ima više negativnih nego pozitivnih strana.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
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Što orijentirani na budućnost žrtvuju zbog uspjeha?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
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Žrtvuju vrijeme provedeno s obitelji. Žrtvuju vrijeme s prijateljima.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
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Žrtvuju zabavu. Žrtvuju udovoljavanje sebi.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
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Žrtvuju hobije. A žrtvuju i san. Pa si škode zdravlju.
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
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Oni žive za posao, postignuće i kontrolu.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
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Siguran sam da neki od TED-ovaca to shvaćaju.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
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A shvaćam i ja. Odrastao sam kao siromašan dečko u getu južnog Bronxa,
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
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u sicilijanskoj obitelji. Svi su živjeli u prošlosti i sadašnjosti.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
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Ovdje sam kao osoba orijentirana na budućnost
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
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koja je pretjerala, koja je podnijela sve žrtve
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
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jer su se uključili učitelji i usmjerili me na budućnost.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
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Rekli mi da ne jedem marshmallow slatkiš,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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jer ako pričekaš dobit ćeš dva,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
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sve dok nisam naučio uspostaviti ravnotežu.
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
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Dodao sam hedonizam u sadašnjosti. Dodao sam fokus na pozitivno u prošlosti.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
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Pa sam sa 76 godina energičniji no ikad, produktivniji,
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
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i sretniji nego što sam to ikad bio.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
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Želim reći da ovo primjenjujemo na mnoge svjetske probleme,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
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mijenjajući stope prekidanja školovanja,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
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boreći se s ovisnostima, poboljšavajući zdravlje adolescenata,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
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liječeći PTSP veterane pomoću vremenskih metafora – i postižući čudesne rezultate --
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
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zagovarajući održivost i očuvanje,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
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smanjujući fizičku rehabilitaciju kod koje je stopa odustajanja 50%,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
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mijenjajući apele upućene teroristima samoubojicama,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
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i mijenjajući obiteljske sukobe do kojih dolazi zbog sukoba vremenskih zona.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
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Pa želim završiti s time
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
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da se mnoge životne zagonetke mogu riješiti
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
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razumijevajući koja je vaša vremenska perspektiva, a koja je perspektiva drugih.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
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A ideja je tako jednostavna, tako očita,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
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no mislim da su posljedice zaista duboke.
06:26
Thank you so much.
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Hvala vam puno.
06:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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