Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time

154,060 views ใƒป 2009-06-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seh Hyun Rho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yoonjoo Choi
00:18
I want to share with you
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ
00:20
some ideas about the secret power of time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
00:22
in a very short time.
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์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio.
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์‹œ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค 30์ดˆ.
00:28
Keep it quiet please. Settle down.
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์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์•‰์•„์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
It's about time. End sequence. Take one.
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์šดํŠธ ์„ธ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
15 seconds studio.
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์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค 15์ดˆ.
00:42
10, nine, eight, seven,
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10, 9, 8, 7,
00:45
six, five, four, three, two ...
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6, 5, 4, 3, 2...
00:52
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation
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ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์ง๋ฐ”๋„:
00:54
of the principals in Adam's temptation.
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์•„๋‹ด์˜ ์œ ํ˜น์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์›๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋“ค์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:58
"Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did."
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์ž ์•„๋‹ด, ์–ด๋ฌผ์–ด๋ฌผ ์šฐ์œ ๋ถ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ž… ๋จน์–ด๋ด. ๋‚œ ๋ฒŒ์จ ํ•œ ์ž… ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด.
01:02
"One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve."
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์•„๋‹ด, ํ•œ ์ž…๋งŒ. ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์ค˜.
01:05
"I don't know, guys.
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๋‚œ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด.
01:08
I don't want to get in trouble."
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๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„.
01:10
"Okay. One bite. What the hell?"
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์•Œ์•˜์–ด. ํ•œ ์ž…๋งŒ. ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฒƒ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์–ด?
01:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:17
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting,
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ์œ ํ˜น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ตด๋ณต, ์ €ํ•ญ,
01:20
yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,
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์˜ˆ, ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค, ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ดํ›„, ์ถฉ๋™, ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ,
01:23
present focus and future focus.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
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๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•๋ชฉ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ด์ •์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์–‘์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage --
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ํ˜ผ์ „์ˆœ๊ฒฐ์„ ์„œ์•ฝํ•œ 10๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์€ -
01:31
thank you George Bush --
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์ฃ ์ง€ ๋ถ€์‹œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์กฐ์ง€ ๋ถ€์‹œ์˜ 2000๋…„ ๋Œ€์„  ๊ณต์•ฝ) -
01:33
the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด, 60%, ์ผ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์„ฑ์š•์˜ ์œ ํ˜น์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
And most of them did so without using birth control.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ”ผ์ž„ ์—†์ด ์„ฑํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
So much for promises.
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์•ฝ์†๋“ค์ด๋ž€ ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์†Œ์šฉํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:42
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ 4์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ์ค˜์„œ ์œ ํ˜น์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
01:46
They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉœ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:48
until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.
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์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ต์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:53
What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2/3์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ ํ˜น์— ๋น ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋“ค์€, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ํ˜น์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford,
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์›”ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์…€, ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‚ด ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š”,
02:05
went back 14 years later,
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14๋…„ ํ›„์—,
02:07
to try to discover what was different about those kids.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
There were enormous differences between kids who resisted
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์œ ํ˜น์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์นœ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น ์ง„ ์•„์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
02:12
and kids who yielded, in many ways.
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.
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์œ ํ˜น์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์นœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ SAT ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 250์  ๋” ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ด์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ‰์˜ IQ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ง์ฝ๋„ ๋œ ํ”ผ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:25
They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€,
02:27
the key for you,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€,
02:29
is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Time perspective is the study of how individuals,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค,
02:38
all of us, divide the flow of your human experience
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„
02:41
into time zones or time categories.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
And you do it automatically and non-consciously.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
They vary between cultures, between nations,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์€ ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€,
02:47
between individuals, between social classes,
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„์ธต๊ฐ„,
02:49
between education levels.
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ํ•™๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
And the problem is that they can become biased,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ค‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ๋” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
What determines any decision you make?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:59
You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ์ž„๊ธฐ์‘๋ณ€์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:05
what other people are doing and what you're feeling.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And those people, when they make their decisions in that format --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ -
03:11
we're going to call them "present-oriented,"
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"ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
because their focus is what is now.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒจ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
For others, the present is irrelevant.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?"
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ "์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ• ๊นŒ?"๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
So that their decisions are based on past memories.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ "๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:27
For others it's not the past, it's not the present,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋„, ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์ค‘์š”์น˜ ์•Š๊ณ ,
03:29
it's only about the future.
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Cost-benefit analysis.
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๋น„์šฉ ํŽธ์ต ๋ถ„์„์ด์ฃ .
03:36
We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
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์ด๋“ค์€ "๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
So, time paradox, I want to argue,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋ž€,
03:41
the paradox of time perspective,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ค์ด๋ž€,
03:43
is something that influences every decision you make,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ,
03:46
you're totally unaware of.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Namely, the extent to which you have one of these
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜
03:50
biased time perspectives.
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ํŽธํ–ฅ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์—๋„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๊ธ์ •์ , ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๋ถ€์ •์ ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
You can be present-hedonistic,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ-์พŒ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜,
04:03
namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist --
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์ฆ‰ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ-์ˆ™๋ช…๋ก ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.
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์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
You can be future-oriented, setting goals.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Or you can be transcendental future:
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜-์ดˆ์›”์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:12
namely, life begins after death.
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์ฆ‰, ์ฃฝ์Œ ๋’ค์—์•ผ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:15
Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง๋“ค์€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ„๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:17
depending on the demands of the situation,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ์ขŒ์šฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
04:20
that's what you've got to learn to do.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์งค๋ง‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœํ•„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:25
High on past-positive. Moderately high on future.
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๋†’์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๊ธ์ •์„ฑ, ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ,
04:27
And moderate on present-hedonism.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ํ˜„์žฌ-์พŒ๋ฝ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
04:29
And always low on past-negative
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๋ถ€์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ
04:32
and present-fatalism.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ-์ˆ™๋ช…๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์กฐํ•ฉ์€, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ -
04:37
past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๊ธ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
What you get from the future is wings
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:43
to soar to new destinations, new challenges.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์™€ ๋„์ „๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
What you get from the present hedonism
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ํ˜„์žฌ-์พŒ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:47
is the energy, the energy to explore yourself,
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ - ์ž์‹ , ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
04:50
places, people, sensuality.
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๊ด€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ์ ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
What do futures sacrifice for success?
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์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:01
They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence.
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์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋„๋ฝ์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health.
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์ทจ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํ•ด์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:12
And they live for work, achievement and control.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ผ, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฌผ, ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.
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๋ช‡ TED์ธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
05:18
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:20
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ €๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋กฑํฌ์Šค ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์—
05:23
a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present.
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์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์•„์ด๋กœ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
I'm here as a future-oriented person
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์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ
05:28
who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices
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์ •์ƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ , ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”,
05:30
because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Told me don't eat that marshmallow,
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๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
05:36
because if you wait you're going to get two of them,
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ,
05:38
until I learned to balance out.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋งž์€ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:41
I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive,
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ-์พŒ๋ฝ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ-๊ธ์ ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 76์‚ด์—, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
05:49
and I'm happier than I have ever been.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์—,
05:54
changing the drop-out rates of school kids,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚™์˜ค์œจ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉฐ,
05:56
combating addictions, enhancing teen health,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘๋…๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ , 10๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
05:59
curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures --
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ํ‡ด์—ญ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์™ธ์ƒํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ - ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉฐ -
06:02
promoting sustainability and conservation,
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์œ ์ง€๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„,
06:04
reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate,
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50%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋‚™์˜ค์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ,
06:08
altering appeals to suicidal terrorists,
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์ž์‚ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
06:10
and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
So I want to end by saying:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
06:16
many of life's puzzles can be solved
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์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋“ค์€
06:19
by understanding your time perspective and that of others.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
And the idea is so simple, so obvious,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:24
but I think the consequences are really profound.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Thank you so much.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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