Brian Cox: What went wrong at the Large Hadron Collider

622,132 views ใƒป 2009-05-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roi Shpaner ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Last year at TED I gave an introduction to the LHC.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ - TED ื ืชืชื™ ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืœ - LHC (ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ)
00:16
And I promised to come back and give you an update
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืชื›ื
00:18
on how that machine worked.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
00:20
So this is it. And for those of you that weren't there,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื”. ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื,
00:22
the LHC is the largest scientific experiment ever attempted --
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ื”-LHC ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื --
00:25
27 kilometers in circumference.
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27 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื•.
00:27
Its job is to recreate the conditions
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื
00:29
that were present less than a billionth of a second after the universe began,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ --
00:32
up to 600 million times a second.
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ืขื“ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:35
It's nothing if not ambitious.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืืคืชื ื™.
00:37
This is the machine below Geneva.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–'ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ.
00:39
We take the pictures of those mini-Big Bangs inside detectors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ืžืคืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื" ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœืื™ื.
00:42
This is the one I work on. It's called the ATLAS detector --
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ื–ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ืœืื™ ื”-ATLAS --
00:45
44 meters wide, 22 meters in diameter.
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44 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘, 22 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ.
00:48
Spectacular picture here of ATLAS under construction
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื”-ATLAS ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
00:51
so you can see the scale.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:53
On the 10th of September last year we turned the machine on for the first time.
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:56
And this picture was taken by ATLAS.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ATLAS.
00:59
It caused immense celebration in the control room.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”.
01:02
It's a picture of the first beam particle
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:04
going all the way around the LHC,
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ืฉื ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”-LHC,
01:06
colliding with a piece of the LHC deliberately,
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ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”-LHC ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:09
and showering particles into the detector.
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ื•ืžืžื˜ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืื™.
01:11
In other words, when we saw that picture on September 10th
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ
01:13
we knew the machine worked,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื“ื”,
01:15
which is a great triumph.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:17
I don't know whether this got the biggest cheer,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื”ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:19
or this, when someone went onto Google
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ืื• ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ
01:21
and saw the front page was like that.
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ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืš.
01:23
It means we made cultural impact
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
01:25
as well as scientific impact.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
01:27
About a week later we had a problem with the machine,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
01:30
related actually to these bits of wire here -- these gold wires.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื” -- ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืืœื”.
01:34
Those wires carry 13 thousand amps
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื 13 ืืœืฃ ืืžืคืจ
01:37
when the machine is working in full power.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
01:39
Now the engineers amongst you will look at them and say,
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•,
01:41
"No they don't. They're small wires."
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"ืœื ื”ื ืœื. ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื."
01:43
They can do that because
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
01:45
when they are very cold they are what's called superconducting wire.
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขืœ.
01:47
So at minus 271 degrees,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก 271 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
01:50
colder than the space between the stars,
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ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:52
those wires can take that current.
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืจื ื›ื–ื”.
01:54
In one of the joints between over 9,000 magnets in LHC,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉืขืช ืืœืคื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘-LHC,
01:58
there was a manufacturing defect.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงืœืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
02:00
So the wire heated up slightly,
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืžื ืžืขื˜,
02:02
and its 13,000 amps suddenly encountered electrical resistance.
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ื•-13 ืืœืฃ ื”ืืžืคืจ ืœืคืชืข ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
02:06
This was the result.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
02:08
Now that's more impressive
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื
02:11
when you consider those magnets weigh over 20 tons,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:13
and they moved about a foot.
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:15
So we damaged about 50 of the magnets.
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ืื– ื’ืจืžื ื• ื ื–ืง ืœื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื.
02:18
We had to take them out, which we did.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
02:21
We reconditioned them all, fixed them.
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ื”ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™, ืชื™ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื.
02:23
They're all on their way back underground now.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
02:25
By the end of March the LHC will be intact again.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ, ื”-LHC ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืฉื•ื‘.
02:27
We will switch it on,
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ื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื•,
02:29
and we expect to take data in June or July,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื• ื™ื•ืœื™,
02:32
and continue with our quest to find out
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
02:35
what the building blocks of the universe are.
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:37
Now of course, in a way
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
02:40
those accidents reignite the debate
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ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื™ืชื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
02:42
about the value of science and engineering at the edge. It's easy to refute.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื”. ืงืœ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
02:48
I think that the fact that it's so difficult,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”,
02:50
the fact that we're overreaching, is the value of things like the LHC.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”-LHC
02:54
I will leave the final word to an English scientist, Humphrey Davy,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™, ื”ืืžืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™,
02:58
who, I suspect,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ,
03:00
when defending his protege's useless experiments --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
03:03
his protege was Michael Faraday --
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ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจืื“ื™ื™,
03:05
said this, "Nothing is so dangerous
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ืืžืจ "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:08
to the progress of the human mind
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ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:10
than to assume that our views of science are ultimate,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
03:14
that there are no mysteries in nature,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:16
that our triumphs are complete, and that
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:18
there are no new worlds to conquer."
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ"
03:20
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
03:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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