Four billion years of evolution in six minutes | Prosanta Chakrabarty

483,206 views ใƒป 2018-07-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
ืื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžื”ืงื•ืคื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคื™ื?
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?
0
13039
4286
00:17
(Laughter)
1
17349
1379
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
2
18752
2088
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ืคื™ื
00:20
we're fish.
3
20864
1150
ืืœื ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:22
(Laughter)
4
22038
1039
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish and not a monkey
5
23101
2948
ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ืคื™ื ืืœื ื“ื’ื™ื
00:26
is actually really important to understanding where we came from.
6
26073
4427
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•.
00:30
I teach one of the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US,
7
30524
3737
ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
00:34
and when my students finally understand why I call them fish all the time,
8
34285
4059
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื "ื“ื’ื™ื",
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
9
38368
2177
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™.
00:40
But I always have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwired myths,
10
40979
4634
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื,
00:45
because without really knowing it, many of us were taught evolution wrong.
11
45637
4047
ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืžื“ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™.
00:50
For instance, we're taught to say "the theory of evolution."
12
50849
3428
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”."
00:54
There are actually many theories, and just like the process itself,
13
54944
3817
ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ืชื•ืจื•ืช), ื•ื›ืžื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื•,
00:58
the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive to this day.
14
58785
3754
ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:03
The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection.
15
63241
3143
ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื "ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
01:06
That's the process by which organisms that best fit an environment
16
66963
3960
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
17
70947
2220
ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:13
while those that are less fit slowly die off.
18
73191
2666
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
01:16
And that's it.
19
76698
1176
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
01:17
Evolution is as simple as that, and it's a fact.
20
77898
2944
ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
01:21
Evolution is a fact as much as the "theory of gravity."
21
81785
4000
ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช" ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
22
86150
2031
ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงืœื•ืช.
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
23
88205
2063
ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:30
that you share with other placental mammals,
24
90292
2166
ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืœื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:32
or your backbone that you share with other vertebrates,
25
92482
3020
ืื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:35
or your DNA that you share with all other life on earth.
26
95526
3341
ืื• ื‘ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช.
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
27
99511
2213
ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:41
They were passed down from different ancestors
28
101748
2756
ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
29
104528
2149
ืืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื, ืœื ืจืง ืืœื™ื ื•.
01:47
But that's not really how we learn biology early on, is it?
30
107619
3374
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื›ื” ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things,
31
111017
3419
ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals,
32
114460
3154
ื•ืฉืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื”ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
01:57
and then you get you,
33
117638
1783
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืืชื,
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line.
34
119445
2698
ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
35
123032
2734
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ,
02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
36
125790
1636
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•.
02:08
But we're always shown evolution portrayed something like this,
37
128591
3460
ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื›ื”,
02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
38
132075
2388
ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”,
02:14
some extinct humans,
39
134487
1236
ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
02:15
all on a forward and steady march to becoming us.
40
135747
3252
ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืžืชืงื“ื ืขื“ ืืœื™ื ื•.
02:19
But they don't become us any more than we would become them.
41
139621
3595
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื.
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
42
143240
2401
ื•ืื ื• ื’ื ืœื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
02:27
But why does it matter?
43
147298
1501
ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
02:28
Why do we need to understand evolution the right way?
44
148823
2872
ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution has led to many problems,
45
152560
3548
ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
46
156132
4316
ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
02:40
"Where are we from?"
47
160472
1707
"ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•?"
02:42
without understanding evolution the right way.
48
162203
2809
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led to many convoluted and corrupted views
49
165036
5856
ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื ืคืชืœื•ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช
02:50
of how we should treat other life on earth,
50
170916
3047
ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช,
02:53
and how we should treat each other
51
173987
1865
ื•ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื•ืœืชื ื•
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
52
175876
1666
ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืข ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ.
02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
53
179253
3007
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
03:02
This is the single-celled organism we all came from.
54
182927
3124
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“-ืชืื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:06
At first, it gave rise to other single-celled life,
55
186075
3325
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
56
189424
2492
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:11
and some would say the Archaea and Bacteria
57
191940
2190
ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:14
that make up most of this group
58
194154
1850
ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
59
196028
2123
03:18
They are certainly going to be here well after us.
60
198175
2476
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืœื›ืชื ื•.
03:21
About three billion years ago, multicellularity evolved.
61
201500
3680
ืœืคื ื™ ื›-3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ืชืื™ื™ื.
03:25
This includes your fungi and your plants and your animals.
62
205204
3111
ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:29
The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes.
63
209021
3769
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืžื•ื“-ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:33
So technically, all vertebrates are fishes,
64
213385
3921
ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
65
217330
3363
ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
66
220717
1698
ืืœ ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืืชื›ื.
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
67
223526
2081
ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืช ืขืœืชื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things, the mammals and reptiles.
68
225631
3906
ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ืœื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื.
03:49
Some reptiles become birds, some mammals become primates,
69
229561
4324
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื,
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
70
233909
2761
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืขื ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช,
03:56
and others become the great apes, including a variety of human species.
71
236694
4793
ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
72
241511
2376
ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžื”ืงื•ืคื™ื,
04:03
but we do share a common ancestor with them.
73
243911
2151
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
04:06
All the while, life around us kept evolving:
74
246824
2920
ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—:
04:09
more bacteria, more fungi, lots of fish, fish, fish.
75
249768
3942
ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื.
04:13
If you couldn't tell -- yes, they're my favorite group.
76
253734
2587
ืื ื˜ืจื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ -- ื›ืŸ, ื–ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™.
04:16
(Laughter)
77
256345
1001
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
78
257370
2937
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
04:20
Most species just last for a few million years.
79
260331
3287
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื”.
04:23
So you see, most life on earth that we see around us today
80
263642
2753
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
81
266419
2195
ื’ื™ืœื ื›ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:28
So it's hubris, it's self-centered to think,
82
268958
3302
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ื™ื•ื”ืจื”, ื–ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ:
04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
83
272284
2571
"ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
04:34
and we've been here for an evolutionary minute,
84
274879
2238
"ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
"ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื."
04:37
so we're somehow special."
85
277141
1443
04:39
Think of life as being this book, an unfinished book for sure.
86
279172
4317
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืกืคืจ, ืกืคืจ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘.
04:44
We're just seeing the last few pages of each chapter.
87
284085
3333
ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจืง.
04:48
If you look out on the eight million species
88
288386
2262
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
04:50
that we share this planet with,
89
290672
1625
ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”,
04:52
think of them all being four billion years of evolution.
90
292321
4518
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
04:56
They're all the product of that.
91
296863
1719
ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
04:59
Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
92
299386
4832
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื”,
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches not just to each other,
93
304242
4301
ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
05:08
but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors.
94
308567
3286
ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื• ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื.
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still trying to learn, with others,
95
312499
3357
ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœืฆื“ ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:15
how everyone's related to each other, who is related to whom.
96
315880
3195
ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™.
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
97
320831
2278
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
05:23
to think of us as a little fish out of water.
98
323133
3696
ื›ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื,
05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
99
326853
2920
ื›ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
05:29
but one that still has a lot of learning to do
100
329797
2349
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
101
332170
2671
ืžื™ ืื ื• ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•.
05:35
Thank you.
102
335348
1151
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:36
(Applause)
103
336523
3978
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7