Four billion years of evolution in six minutes | Prosanta Chakrabarty

457,175 views ・ 2018-07-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Kyo young Chu κ²€ν† : Young You
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›μˆ­μ΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ§„ν™”ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄, μ™œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:17
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
we're fish.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish and not a monkey
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λΌλŠ” 사싀을 μ•„λŠ” 것은
00:26
is actually really important to understanding where we came from.
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우리의 λΏŒλ¦¬κ°€ 어디인지 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
I teach one of the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US,
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μ €λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 규λͺ¨μ˜ 진화생물학 κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
and when my students finally understand why I call them fish all the time,
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μ œκ°€ 학생듀을 물고기라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 이유λ₯Ό λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 그듀이 μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
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μ €λŠ” μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό μ™„μˆ˜ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
But I always have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwired myths,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ 항상 μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•Œ 였래된 미신을 νƒ€νŒŒμ‹œμΌœμ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜μ£ .
00:45
because without really knowing it, many of us were taught evolution wrong.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ 진화λ₯Ό 잘λͺ» λ°°μ› κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
For instance, we're taught to say "the theory of evolution."
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 배운 "진화둠"이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
There are actually many theories, and just like the process itself,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ§Žμ€ 이둠듀이 있고, κ·Έ 이둠 자체의 진화 κ³Όμ •μ²˜λŸΌ
00:58
the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive to this day.
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데이터에 κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ§žμ•„ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ 살아남은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 잘 μ•„λŠ” 것은 λ‹€μœˆμ˜ μžμ—° μ„ νƒμ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
That's the process by which organisms that best fit an environment
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이 이둠이 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 진화 과정은
ν™˜κ²½μ— κ°€μž₯ 잘 μ μ‘ν•˜λŠ” κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•„μ„œ λ²ˆμ‹μ„ ν•˜κ³ 
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
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01:13
while those that are less fit slowly die off.
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그렇지 λͺ»ν•œ κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ 점차 μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
And that's it.
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그게 μ „λΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Evolution is as simple as that, and it's a fact.
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μ§„ν™”λž€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 것이며 μ΄λŠ” λͺ…ν™•ν•œ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Evolution is a fact as much as the "theory of gravity."
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μ§„ν™”λŠ” "쀑λ ₯이둠"κ³Ό 같은 μ •λ„μ˜ μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ 증λͺ…ν•  수 있죠.
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
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λ‹€λ₯Έ νƒœλ°˜ 포유λ₯˜λ„ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”
배꼽만 봐도 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
that you share with other placental mammals,
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01:32
or your backbone that you share with other vertebrates,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 척좔동물도 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ²™μΆ”λ‚˜
01:35
or your DNA that you share with all other life on earth.
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…체가 가지고 μžˆλŠ” DNA도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ€ 인λ₯˜λ§Œ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
They were passed down from different ancestors
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우리뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‘°μƒμ—μ„œ
01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
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κ·Έ μžμ†μœΌλ‘œ 이어져 λ‚΄λ €μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
But that's not really how we learn biology early on, is it?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생물을 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μš°μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 배운 것은 식물과 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” μ›μ‹œμ μΈ 것이고
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals,
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μ–΄λ₯˜μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ–‘μ„œλ₯˜κ°€ λ‚˜μ™”κ³ , 이후에 파좩λ₯˜μ™€ 포유λ₯˜κ°€ 생겨났고
01:57
and then you get you,
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κ·Έ νλ¦„μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ—μ„œ
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line.
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν•œ 인간이 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 생λͺ…은 λ‹¨νŽΈμ μΈ νλ¦„μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°
02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
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인λ₯˜κ°€ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 진화도 아닐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
But we're always shown evolution portrayed something like this,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°°μ›Œμ˜¨ μ§„ν™”λŠ” 이런 κ·Έλ¦Όμ΄μ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
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μ›μˆ­μ΄μ™€ μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€
02:14
some extinct humans,
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λ©Έμ’…ν•œ 인λ₯˜λ“€μ΄
02:15
all on a forward and steady march to becoming us.
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ν˜„μž¬ 인λ₯˜κ°€ 될 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ κ±Έμ–΄μ˜€λŠ” λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œμš”.
02:19
But they don't become us any more than we would become them.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그듀이 될 수 없듯이, 그듀도 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 될 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
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그리고 μ§„ν™”μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλ„ 인λ₯˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ μš”.
02:27
But why does it matter?
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이게 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
02:28
Why do we need to understand evolution the right way?
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진화λ₯Ό μ˜³μ€ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μ›Œμ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ” λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution has led to many problems,
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진화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜€ν•΄λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 문제λ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
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진화λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ°”λ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€
02:40
"Where are we from?"
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"인λ₯˜λŠ” μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ™”μ„κΉŒ?"λΌλŠ”
02:42
without understanding evolution the right way.
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이 였래된 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜μ§€ λ§μ•„μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led to many convoluted and corrupted views
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진화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜€ν•΄λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” 방법과
02:50
of how we should treat other life on earth,
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인쒅과 μ„±λ³„μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•œ
02:53
and how we should treat each other
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 잘λͺ»λœ 관점을 μ‹¬μ–΄μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
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02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
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그럼 이제 40μ–΅ 년을 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ£ .
03:02
This is the single-celled organism we all came from.
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이것은 우리의 기원이 λ˜λŠ” 단세포 μƒλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
At first, it gave rise to other single-celled life,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 단세포 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
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이듀은 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ§„ν™”ν•˜κ³  있고
03:11
and some would say the Archaea and Bacteria
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ”
03:14
that make up most of this group
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κ³ μ„Έκ· (Archaea)κ³Ό λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
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μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 성곡적인 생λͺ…체라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
They are certainly going to be here well after us.
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이듀은 인λ₯˜κ°€ λ©Έμ’…ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ„œλ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‘΄μž¬ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
About three billion years ago, multicellularity evolved.
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30μ–΅ λ…„ μ „μ―€, 닀세포 생물이 처음으둜 λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
This includes your fungi and your plants and your animals.
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닀세포 생물은 버섯, 식물, 그리고 동물을 ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes.
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처음으둜 μ²™μΆ”λ₯Ό 가진 생물은 μ–΄λ₯˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
So technically, all vertebrates are fishes,
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μ—„λ°€νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄ λͺ¨λ“  척좔동물은 μ–΄λ₯˜μ΄κ³ 
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
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ν•™μˆ μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό 저도 μ–΄λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
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μ „ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ²˜μŒμ— λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
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물고기의 ν•œ ν˜ˆν†΅μ΄ μœ‘μ§€λ‘œ μ™”κ³ 
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things, the mammals and reptiles.
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파좩λ₯˜μ™€ μ–‘μ„œλ₯˜μ™€ 같은 쒅이 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Some reptiles become birds, some mammals become primates,
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파좩λ₯˜μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ‘°λ₯˜κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 일뢀 포유λ₯˜λŠ” μœ μΈμ›μ΄ 되고
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
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μœ μΈμ› 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” 꼬리 달린 μ›μˆ­μ΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
03:56
and others become the great apes, including a variety of human species.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인λ₯˜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 영μž₯λ₯˜κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 졜초 μ›μˆ­μ΄μ—μ„œ μ§„ν™”λœ 게 μ•„λ‹Œ
04:03
but we do share a common ancestor with them.
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μ’€ 더 μƒμœ„μ—λŠ” λ™μΌν•œ 쑰상을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
All the while, life around us kept evolving:
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ©΄μ„œλ„ 우리 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 생λͺ…체듀은 진화λ₯Ό κ±°λ“­ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
more bacteria, more fungi, lots of fish, fish, fish.
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더 λ§Žμ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„, κ· λ₯˜κ°€ 생겼고 μ–΄λ₯˜λ„ 계속 μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
If you couldn't tell -- yes, they're my favorite group.
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λ„€, μ–΄λ₯˜λŠ” μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ’… κ·Έλ£Ήμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
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생λͺ…μ²΄λŠ” 진화λ₯Ό ν•˜λ“―μ΄ λ©Έμ’…ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
Most species just last for a few million years.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 쒅은 수백만 년밖에 μ‘΄μ†ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
So you see, most life on earth that we see around us today
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ν˜„μž¬ μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 살아남은 쒅은
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
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인λ₯˜μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ •λ„μ˜ 역사λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
So it's hubris, it's self-centered to think,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ±°λ§Œν•˜κ³  μžκΈ°μ€‘μ‹¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•΄μ„œ
04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
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"였, 식물과 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” μ›μ‹œμ’…μ΄κ³ 
04:34
and we've been here for an evolutionary minute,
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μ§„ν™”μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μˆœκ°„μ— μžˆλŠ” μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•΄."라고 ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
so we're somehow special."
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04:39
Think of life as being this book, an unfinished book for sure.
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생λͺ…을 책이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”. 아직 λ‹€ 읽지 λͺ»ν•œ μ±…μ΄λΌκ³ μš”.
04:44
We're just seeing the last few pages of each chapter.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € 각 μž₯의 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μΌλΆ€λ§Œ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
If you look out on the eight million species
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€κ³  μžˆλŠ”
04:50
that we share this planet with,
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λͺ¨λ“  8백만 κ°€μ§€μ˜ 생λͺ…체λ₯Ό
04:52
think of them all being four billion years of evolution.
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40μ–΅ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 진화라고 μ—¬κΈ°μ‹œκΈΈ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
They're all the product of that.
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이 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” κ·Έ λΆ€μ‚°λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό 였래되고 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 생λͺ…μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ μƒˆμ‹Ήμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches not just to each other,
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우리 μ„œλ‘œλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ©Έμ’…λœ μ’…μ΄λ‚˜ 진화둠적 선쑰듀도
05:08
but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors.
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μ„œλ‘œκ°€ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still trying to learn, with others,
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ μ €λŠ” λ™λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜
05:15
how everyone's related to each other, who is related to whom.
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λͺ¨λ“  생λͺ…체가 μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 우리 슀슀둜λ₯Ό
05:23
to think of us as a little fish out of water.
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λ¬Ό 밖에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ μž‘μ€ 물고기라고 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” 게 더 λ‚˜μ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
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λ§žμ•„μš”. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ±·λŠ” 법과 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 법을 λ°°μ› μ§€λ§Œ
05:29
but one that still has a lot of learning to do
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μ΄λ©° μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ™”λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
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λ°°μ›Œμ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬λΌκ³ μš”.
05:35
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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