Four billion years of evolution in six minutes | Prosanta Chakrabarty

457,175 views ใƒป 2018-07-06

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Theodore Asada ๆ กๆญฃ: Masaki Yanagishita
00:13
If we evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?
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ไบบ้–“ใŒ็Œฟใ‹ใ‚‰้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใชใ‚‰ ใชใœใพใ ็ŒฟใŒๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:17
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
00:18
Well, because we're not monkeys,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็Œฟใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
00:20
we're fish.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ้ญšใงใ™
00:22
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
00:23
Now, knowing you're a fish and not a monkey
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ไบบ้–“ใฏ็Œฟใงใฏใชใ้ญšใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใจใ„ใ†็†่งฃใŒ
00:26
is actually really important to understanding where we came from.
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ไบบ้–“ใฎ่ตทๆบใฎ็†่งฃใซใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™
00:30
I teach one of the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US,
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็งใฏใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใงใ‚‚ๆœ€ๅคง็ดšใฎ ้€ฒๅŒ–็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใฎ่ฌ›็พฉใ‚’ๆ‹…ๅฝ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:34
and when my students finally understand why I call them fish all the time,
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็งใŒใชใœๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ใ€Œ้ญšใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใ‹ ใ‚„ใฃใจ็†่งฃใงใใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใŸๆ™‚
00:38
then I know I'm getting my job done.
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ๆ•™ๆŽˆใจใ—ใฆๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸใจๅฎŸๆ„Ÿใ—ใพใ™
00:40
But I always have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwired myths,
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่ฌ›็พฉใฏ่ชค่งฃใ‚’่งฃใใจใ“ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅง‹ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:45
because without really knowing it, many of us were taught evolution wrong.
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่ชค่งฃใฏ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
00:50
For instance, we're taught to say "the theory of evolution."
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€Œ๏ผˆๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ๏ผ‰้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ€ใจๅญฆใณใพใ™ใŒ
00:54
There are actually many theories, and just like the process itself,
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎ่ชฌใŒใ‚ใฃใฆ ้€ฒๅŒ–่‡ชไฝ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
00:58
the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive to this day.
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ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใซไธ€่‡ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‘ใŒ ็พๅœจ็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:03
The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection.
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ใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒณใฎ่‡ช็„ถ้ธๆŠž่ชฌใŒ ไธ€็•ช็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
01:06
That's the process by which organisms that best fit an environment
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็’ฐๅขƒใซไธ€็•ช้ฉใ—ใŸ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿใๆฎ‹ใ‚Š
01:10
survive and get to reproduce,
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็นๆฎ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†้Ž็จ‹ใงใ™
01:13
while those that are less fit slowly die off.
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ไธ€ๆ–น ้ฉๅฟœๅŠ›ใฎๅŠฃใ‚‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ ๅพใ€…ใซๆญปๆป…ใ—ใพใ™
01:16
And that's it.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
01:17
Evolution is as simple as that, and it's a fact.
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใจใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใซใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใใ—ใฆ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™
01:21
Evolution is a fact as much as the "theory of gravity."
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฏ้‡ๅŠ›็†่ซ–ใจๅŒใ˜ใ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ™
01:26
You can prove it just as easily.
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่จผๆ˜Žใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™
01:28
You just need to look at your bellybutton
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ใธใใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:30
that you share with other placental mammals,
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ไป–ใฎๆœ‰่ƒŽ็›ค้กžใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™
01:32
or your backbone that you share with other vertebrates,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ƒŒ้ชจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ไป–ใฎ่„ŠๆคŽๅ‹•็‰ฉใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™
01:35
or your DNA that you share with all other life on earth.
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DNAใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚‚ ๅœฐ็ƒไธŠใ™ในใฆใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™
01:39
Those traits didn't pop up in humans.
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ใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†็‰นๅพดใฏไบบ้–“ใซ ็ชๅฆ‚็พใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:41
They were passed down from different ancestors
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ใ„ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใช็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใŒๆฎ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใง
01:44
to all their descendants, not just us.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใ ใ‘ใงใชใ ๅ…จใฆใฎๅญๅญซใŒๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸ
01:47
But that's not really how we learn biology early on, is it?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใงใฏ ใใ†ใฏ็ฟ’ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใญ
01:51
We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things,
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ๆค็‰ฉใ‚„็ดฐ่ŒใŒ ๅŽŸๅง‹็š„ใง
01:54
and fish give rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals,
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้ญšใŒไธก็”Ÿ้กžใซใชใ‚Š ็ˆฌ่™ซ้กžใ‚„ๅ“บไนณ้กžใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œ
01:57
and then you get you,
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช
01:59
this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line.
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ๆœ€็ต‚ๅœฐ็‚นใซ้”ใ— ๅฎŒ็’งใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใŸ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใซใชใฃใŸใจๅญฆใณใพใ™
02:03
But life doesn't evolve in a line,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—้€ฒๅŒ–ใฏไธ€็ญ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:05
and it doesn't end with us.
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็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€็ต‚ๅœฐ็‚นใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:08
But we're always shown evolution portrayed something like this,
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้€ฒๅŒ–ใจใฏใ‚ˆใ ใ“ใ†ใ ใจๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
02:12
a monkey and a chimpanzee,
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็Œฟใจใƒใƒณใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ธใƒผ
02:14
some extinct humans,
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็ตถๆป…ใ—ใŸใƒ’ใƒˆ
02:15
all on a forward and steady march to becoming us.
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ใฟใ‚“ใชๅ‰้€ฒใ—ใฆไบบ้–“ใซใชใ‚‹
02:19
But they don't become us any more than we would become them.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆˆ‘ใ€…ใซใชใฃใŸ่จณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:23
We're also not the goal of evolution.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎใ‚ดใƒผใƒซใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
02:27
But why does it matter?
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ใชใœใใ‚ŒใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:28
Why do we need to understand evolution the right way?
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ใชใœ้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:32
Well, misunderstanding evolution has led to many problems,
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฎ่ชค่งฃใฏ ๅคšใใฎๅ•้กŒใซ็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:36
but you can't ask that age-old question,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œไบบ้กžใฏใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
02:40
"Where are we from?"
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ๅคใใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฏ
02:42
without understanding evolution the right way.
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใงใใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
02:45
Misunderstanding it has led to many convoluted and corrupted views
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้€ฒๅŒ–่ซ–ใฎ่ชค่งฃใ‹ใ‚‰ ่พผใฟๅ…ฅใฃใฆ่ชคใฃใŸ่€ƒใˆใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
02:50
of how we should treat other life on earth,
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ใใ‚Œใฏไป–ใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฎๆ‰ฑใ„ๆ–นใ‚„
02:53
and how we should treat each other
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็•ฐๆ€งใ‚„็•ฐไบบ็จฎใชใฉใฎ
02:55
in terms of race and gender.
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ไป–ไบบใฎๆ‰ฑใ„ๆ–นใชใฉใงใ™
02:59
So let's go back four billion years.
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40ๅ„„ๅนดใ‚’้€†ๆˆปใ‚Šใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:02
This is the single-celled organism we all came from.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฎ็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใฎๅ˜็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใงใ™
03:06
At first, it gave rise to other single-celled life,
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ใพใšใฏไป–ใฎๅ˜็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ™
03:09
but these are still evolving to this day,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็พๅœจใงใ‚‚้€ฒๅŒ–ไธญใงใ™
03:11
and some would say the Archaea and Bacteria
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ๅ˜็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฎๅคงๅŠใ‚’ๅ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅค็ดฐ่Œใ‚„็ดฐ่ŒใŒ
03:14
that make up most of this group
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ๅœฐ็ƒใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็”Ÿ็‰ฉใ ใจ ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™
03:16
is the most successful on the planet.
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03:18
They are certainly going to be here well after us.
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็ขบใ‹ใซไบบ้กžใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆฐธใๅญ˜็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:21
About three billion years ago, multicellularity evolved.
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็ด„30ๅ„„ๅนดๅ‰ ๅคš็ดฐ่ƒž็”Ÿ็‰ฉใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
03:25
This includes your fungi and your plants and your animals.
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่Œ้กž ๆค็‰ฉ ๅ‹•็‰ฉใชใฉใงใ™
03:29
The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes.
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ๅˆใ‚ใซ่ƒŒ้ชจใ‚’ๆŒใฃใŸใฎใฏ้ญšใงใ™
03:33
So technically, all vertebrates are fishes,
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ่„ŠๆคŽๅ‹•็‰ฉใฏๅ…จใฆ้ญšใงใ™ใญ
03:37
so technically, you and I are fish.
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็งใ‚‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚‚ ้ญšใงใ™
03:40
So don't say I didn't warn you.
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่จ€ใฃใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ
03:43
One fish lineage came onto land
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้ญšใฎไธ€็ณป็ตฑใŒไธŠ้™ธใ—
03:45
and gave rise to, among other things, the mammals and reptiles.
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ๅ“บไนณ้กžใ‚„็ˆฌ่™ซ้กžใชใฉใธ ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
03:49
Some reptiles become birds, some mammals become primates,
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็ˆฌ่™ซ้กžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏ้ณฅใซใชใ‚Š ๅ“บไนณ้กžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏ้œŠ้•ท้กžใซใชใ‚Š
03:53
some primates become monkeys with tails,
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้œŠ้•ท้กžใฎไธ€้ƒจใฏๅฐปๅฐพใฎใคใ„ใŸ็Œฟใซใชใ‚Š
03:56
and others become the great apes, including a variety of human species.
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ไป–ใฏไบบ้กžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅคงๅฝข้กžไบบ็Œฟใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
04:01
So you see, we didn't evolve from monkeys,
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ใคใพใ‚Šๆˆ‘ใ‚‰ใฏ ็Œฟใ‹ใ‚‰็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใŸใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
04:03
but we do share a common ancestor with them.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—็ŒฟใจๅŒใ˜็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ™
04:06
All the while, life around us kept evolving:
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่บซใฎๅ›žใ‚Šใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ ๅธธใซ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:09
more bacteria, more fungi, lots of fish, fish, fish.
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็ดฐ่Œใ‚„่Œ้กžใฏๅข—ใˆ ้ญšใ‚‚ ใ„ใฃใฑใ„
04:13
If you couldn't tell -- yes, they're my favorite group.
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ใกใชใฟใซ็งใฏ้ญš้กžใŒไธ€็•ชๅฅฝใใงใ™
04:16
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
04:17
As life evolves, it also goes extinct.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฏ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใคใค ็ตถๆป…ใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
04:20
Most species just last for a few million years.
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ๅคงๅŠใฎ็จฎใฎๅญ˜็ถšๆœŸ้–“ใฏ ๆ•ฐ็™พไธ‡ๅนดใซ้ŽใŽใพใ›ใ‚“
04:23
So you see, most life on earth that we see around us today
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ็พๅœจ ่บซใฎๅ›žใ‚Šใฎ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใฏ
04:26
are about the same age as our species.
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ไบบ้กžใจใปใผๅŒใ˜ๅญ˜็ถšๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™
04:28
So it's hubris, it's self-centered to think,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๆค็‰ฉใ‚„็ดฐ่ŒใฏๅŽŸๅง‹็š„ใง
04:32
"Oh, plants and bacteria are primitive,
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ๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„ๆ–ฐ็จฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบ้กžใŒ
04:34
and we've been here for an evolutionary minute,
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็‰นๅˆฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆใฏ
04:37
so we're somehow special."
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ใจใฆใ‚‚่‡ชๅทฑไธญๅฟƒ็š„ใงใ™ใญ
04:39
Think of life as being this book, an unfinished book for sure.
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็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใ‚’ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆœฌใซไพ‹ใˆใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ๆœชๅฎŒๆˆใฎๆœฌใงใ™
04:44
We're just seeing the last few pages of each chapter.
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ๅ„็ซ ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ•ฐใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ—ใ‹ ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“
04:48
If you look out on the eight million species
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ใ“ใฎไธ–็•Œใซไฝใ‚€
04:50
that we share this planet with,
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๏ผ˜็™พไธ‡็จฎใฎ็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏ
04:52
think of them all being four billion years of evolution.
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ใ™ในใฆ40ๅ„„ๅนดใฎ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎ็”ฃ็‰ฉใงใ™
04:56
They're all the product of that.
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04:59
Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life,
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็š† ็”Ÿๅ‘ฝใจใ„ใ† ๅคไปฃใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๅทจๆœจใฎ่‹ฅ่‘‰ใงใ™
05:04
all of us connected by invisible branches not just to each other,
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š† ่ฆ‹ใˆใชใ„ๆžใง็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:08
but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors.
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ใใ—ใฆ็ตถๆป…ใ—ใŸ่ฆชๆˆšใ‚„ ็ฅ–ๅ…ˆใจใ‚‚็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:12
As a biologist, I'm still trying to learn, with others,
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็งใฏ ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ่€…ใจใ—ใฆ ๅŒๅƒšใจๅ…ฑใซ
05:15
how everyone's related to each other, who is related to whom.
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ๅคš็จฎ้กžใŒใฉใ†็น‹ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:20
Perhaps it's better still
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ใŸใถใ‚“ ใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:23
to think of us as a little fish out of water.
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏ็š† ๆฐดใ‹ใ‚‰ไธŠใŒใฃใŸๅฐ้ญšใง
05:26
Yes, one that learned to walk and talk,
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ๆญฉใ„ใŸใ‚Š่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šๅ‡บๆฅใ‚‹ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉ
05:29
but one that still has a lot of learning to do
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ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใŒใฉใ†ใ„ใ†็”Ÿใ็‰ฉใชใฎใ‹
05:32
about who we are and where we came from.
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ใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใ‹ ใพใ ็ฟ’ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจ
05:35
Thank you.
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ๆœ‰ใ‚Š้›ฃใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
05:36
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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