Moral behavior in animals | Frans de Waal

1,941,601 views ใƒป 2012-04-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Coslovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I was born in Den Bosch,
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ื•ืก,
00:17
where the painter Hieronymus Bosch named himself after.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ืžืฅ ื›ืฉืžื•.
00:20
And I've always been very fond of this painter
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉื—ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-15.
00:23
who lived and worked in the 15th century.
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00:25
And what is interesting about him in relation to morality
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื
ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื ื—ืœืฉื”,
00:28
is that he lived at a time where religion's influence was waning,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืชื”ื”
00:31
and he was sort of wondering, I think,
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
00:33
what would happen with society if there was no religion
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ืื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืช ืื• ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืช.
00:36
or if there was less religion.
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00:37
And so he painted this famous painting, "The Garden of Earthly Delights,"
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื–ื”, "ื’ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื,"
ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ืžืชืืจ
00:41
which some have interpreted as being humanity before the Fall,
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ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ,
00:44
or being humanity without any Fall at all.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:48
And so it makes you wonder,
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00:49
what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื•ืœื ื˜ืขืžื ื• ืžืคืจื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช,
ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•?
00:53
and what kind of morality would we have.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
00:56
Much later, as a student, I went to a very different garden,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“,
00:59
a zoological garden in Arnhem where we keep chimpanzees.
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ืœื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืืจื ื”ื
ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
01:04
This is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:07
(Laughter)
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ืฉื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
01:10
And I discovered there
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01:11
that the chimpanzees are very power-hungry and wrote a book about it.
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ื”ื ืžืื“ ืชืื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืกืคืจ.
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”
01:15
And at that time the focus in a lot of animal research
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01:17
was on aggression and competition.
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ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:20
I painted a whole picture of the animal kingdom
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ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”,
01:22
and humanity included, was that deep down we are competitors, we are aggressive,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
01:27
we are all out for our own profit, basically.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:30
This is the launch of my book.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:32
I'm not sure how well the chimpanzees read it,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื•.
01:35
but they surely seemed interested in the book.
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01:37
(Laughter)
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01:39
Now in the process of doing all this work
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:42
on power and dominance and aggression and so on,
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ื•ืขืœ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
01:45
I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžืชืคื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ืœื—ืžื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
01:49
And so what you see here is two males who have had a fight.
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01:51
They ended up in a tree, and one of them holds out a hand to the other.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฅ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™.
ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืžื–ืœื’ ื”ืขืฅ,
01:55
And about a second after I took the picture,
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01:57
they came together in the fork of the tree
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืงื• ื•ื ื™ืฉืงื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
01:59
and kissed and embraced each other.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:01
And this is very interesting
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
02:02
because at the time, everything was about competition and aggression,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:05
so it wouldn't make any sense.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื ืชื ืฆื— ืื• ืชืคืกื™ื“.
02:07
The only thing that matters is that you win or you lose.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืœื”ืชืคื™ื™ืก ืื—ืจื™ ืงืจื‘?
02:09
But why reconcile after a fight? That doesn't make any sense.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:12
This is the way bonobos do it. Bonobos do everything with sex.
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ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
02:15
And so they also reconcile with sex.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืžืชืคื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
02:17
But the principle is exactly the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื”.
02:19
The principle is that you have a valuable relationship
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš
02:23
that is damaged by conflict, so you need to do something about it.
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ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
02:27
So my whole picture of the animal kingdom, and including humans also,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื”,
ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:32
started to change at that time.
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ืื– ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:34
So we have this image in political science, economics, the humanities,
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:38
the philosophy for that matter, that man is a wolf to man.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืื‘.
ื•ืฉืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื‘ื–ื™ .
02:42
And so deep down, our nature is actually nasty.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœื–ืื‘ ืขื•ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:45
I think it's a very unfair image for the wolf.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื–ืื‘
02:48
The wolf is, after all, a very cooperative animal.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืžืื“.
02:51
And that's why many of you have a dog at home,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
02:53
which has all these characteristics also.
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ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื’ื ืขื•ื•ืœ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
02:56
And it's really unfair to humanity,
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02:57
because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ืช
03:01
than given credit for.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”.
03:03
So I started getting interested in those issues
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:05
and studying that in other animals.
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
ื›ืš ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
03:08
So these are the pillars of morality.
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03:09
If you ask anyone, "What is morality based on?"
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ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, "ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช?"
03:13
these are the two factors that always come out.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื.
03:15
One is reciprocity,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช,
03:17
and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness.
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ื•ืœื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช.
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื”.
03:21
And the other one is empathy and compassion.
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ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
03:23
And human morality is more than this, but if you would remove these two pillars,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ืืœื”,
03:27
there would be not much remaining, I think.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:29
So they're absolutely essential.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:31
So let me give you a few examples here.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
03:33
This is a very old video from the Yerkes Primate Center,
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ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ืจืงืก
ืฉื ื”ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:36
where they trained chimpanzees to cooperate.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
03:39
So this is already about a hundred years ago
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03:41
that we were doing experiments on cooperation.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:44
What you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื”ื ืงื•ืคืกื
ืืš ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•.
03:48
and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ.
03:51
And of course, there's food on the box.
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
03:53
Otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so hard.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:55
And so they're bringing in the box.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:57
And you can see that they're synchronized.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:59
You can see that they work together, they pull at the same moment.
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ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:02
It's already a big advance over many other animals
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš.
04:05
who wouldn't be able to do that.
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04:06
Now you're going to get a more interesting picture,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
04:09
because now one of the two chimps has been fed.
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04:11
So one of the two is not really interested in the task anymore.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:35
(Laughter)
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04:38
[- and sometimes appears to convey its wishes and meanings by gestures.]
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:51
Now look at what happens at the very end of this.
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04:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:07
He takes basically everything.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
05:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:12
There are two interesting parts about this.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
05:14
One is that the chimp on the right
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
05:16
has a full understanding he needs the partner --
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื• -
05:18
so a full understanding of the need for cooperation.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
05:21
The second one is that the partner is willing to work
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05:23
even though he's not interested in the food.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
05:25
Why would that be?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
05:27
Well, that probably has to do with reciprocity.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:29
There's actually a lot of evidence in primates and other animals
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ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:32
that they return favors.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
05:33
He will get a return favor at some point in the future.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
05:36
And so that's how this all operates.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขื ืคื™ืœื™ื.
05:39
We do the same task with elephants.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคื™ืœื™ื... ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืคื™ืœื™ื.
05:41
Now, it's very dangerous to work with elephants.
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื ืคื™ืœื™ื
05:44
Another problem with elephants is that you cannot make an apparatus
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชืงืŸ
05:47
that is too heavy for a single elephant.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืื—ื“.
05:49
Now you can probably make it,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
05:51
but it's going to be a pretty clumsy apparatus, I think.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” -
05:54
And so what we did in that case --
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05:55
we do these studies in Thailand for Josh Plotnik --
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ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืฉ ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง -
05:58
is we have an apparatus around which there is a rope, a single rope.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืœ. ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ื•ืื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ,
06:02
And if you pull on this side of the rope, the rope disappears on the other side.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืขืœื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš.
06:06
So two elephants need to pick it up at exactly the same time, and pull.
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ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ
06:09
Otherwise nothing is going to happen and the rope disappears.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืขืœื.
06:12
The first tape you're going to see
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ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
06:14
is two elephants who are released together arrive at the apparatus.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืชืงืŸ.
06:18
The apparatus is on the left, with food on it.
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ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœ.
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
06:22
And so they come together, they arrive together,
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ื”ื ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:25
they pick it up together, and they pull together.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
06:27
So it's actually fairly simple for them.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื.
06:31
There they are.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื”ื.
06:40
So that's how they bring it in.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืงืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:42
But now we're going to make it more difficult.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:44
Because the purpose of this experiment
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ื”ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:46
is to see how well they understand cooperation.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื?
06:48
Do they understand that as well as the chimps, for example?
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื
06:51
What we do in the next step is we release one elephant before the other
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:54
and that elephant needs to be smart enough
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:56
to stay there and wait and not pull at the rope --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ -
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ื ืขืœื ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
06:59
because if he pulls at the rope, it disappears and the whole test is over.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™
07:02
Now this elephant does something illegal that we did not teach it.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
07:05
But it shows the understanding he has,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•,
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ,
07:08
because he puts his big foot on the rope,
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07:10
stands on the rope and waits there for the other,
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ื ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ, ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื ืœืฉื ื™,
ื•ืื– ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
07:13
and then the other is going to do all the work for him.
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07:15
So it's what we call freeloading.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื ื.
07:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื.
07:21
But it shows the intelligence that the elephants have.
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ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
07:24
They developed several of these alternative techniques
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07:26
that we did not approve of, necessarily.
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ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
07:28
(Laughter)
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07:29
So the other elephant is now coming ...
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืืœื™ื”ื.
07:35
and is going to pull it in.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
07:54
Now look at the other; it doesn't forget to eat, of course.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:57
(Laughter)
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08:00
This was the cooperation and reciprocity part.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื”.
08:03
Now something on empathy.
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08:04
Empathy is my main topic at the moment, of research.
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ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืจื’ืข.
08:06
And empathy has two qualities:
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ืœื—ืžืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ.
08:08
One is the understanding part of it.
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”:
08:10
This is just a regular definition:
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
08:12
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื’ืฉื™.
08:14
And the emotional part.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื—ืžืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืืคื™ืงื™ื.
08:16
Empathy has basically two channels: One is the body channel,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
08:19
If you talk with a sad person,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืฆื•ื‘,
08:21
you're going to adopt a sad expression and a sad posture,
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ืืชื ืชืืžืฆื• ื”ื‘ืขื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”,
08:24
and before you know it, you feel sad.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:26
And that's sort of the body channel of emotional empathy,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืืคื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
08:30
which many animals have.
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ืœื›ืœื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื.
08:32
Your average dog has that also.
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08:33
That's why people keep mammals in the home
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื
08:35
and not turtles or snakes or something like that,
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ื•ืœื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:38
who don't have that kind of empathy.
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08:39
And then there's a cognitive channel,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืง ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
08:41
which is more that you can take the perspective of somebody else.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
08:44
And that's more limited.
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08:45
Very few animals, I think elephants and apes, can do that kind of thing.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื - ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื” -
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
08:51
So synchronization,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืœื”,
08:53
which is part of that whole empathy mechanism,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื..
08:55
is a very old one in the animal kingdom.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืืช
08:57
In humans, of course, we can study that with yawn contagion.
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ืขื ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื.
09:00
Humans yawn when others yawn.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืคื”ืงื™ื ื›ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคื”ืงื™ื.
09:02
And it's related to empathy.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืœื”.
09:04
It activates the same areas in the brain.
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:06
Also, we know that people who have a lot of yawn contagion
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืคื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
ื”ื ืžืื“ ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื.
09:09
are highly empathic.
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09:10
People who have problems with empathy, such as autistic children,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ืžืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
ืื™ื ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืคื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื.
09:13
they don't have yawn contagion.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:15
So it is connected.
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09:16
And we study that in our chimpanzees by presenting them with an animated head.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื ืจืืฉ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืจ.
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ,
09:20
So that's what you see on the upper-left, an animated head that yawns.
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ืจืืฉ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžืคื”ืง.
ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ,
09:24
And there's a chimpanzee watching,
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09:25
an actual real chimpanzee watching a computer screen
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืžื—ืฉื‘
09:28
on which we play these animations.
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ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:36
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืคื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื
09:38
So yawn contagion that you're probably all familiar with --
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื -
09:41
and maybe you're going to start yawning soon now --
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคื”ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข -
09:44
is something that we share with other animals.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:47
And that's related to that whole body channel of synchronization
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืคื™ืง ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
09:50
that underlies empathy,
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”
09:52
and that is universal in the mammals, basically.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
09:55
We also study more complex expressions -- This is consolation.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื.
09:58
This is a male chimpanzee who has lost a fight and he's screaming,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื—,
10:01
and a juvenile comes over and puts an arm around him
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•
ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื•.
10:04
and calms him down.
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10:05
That's consolation.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
10:06
It's very similar to human consolation.
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10:08
And consolation behavior --
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ื•ื”ืชื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื
10:10
(Laughter)
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžืœื”.
10:12
it's empathy driven.
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10:13
Actually, the way to study empathy in human children
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
10:16
is to instruct a family member to act distressed,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
ื•ืื– ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
10:19
and then to see what young children do.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืžืœื”,
10:21
And so it is related to empathy,
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ื•ืืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื.
10:23
and that's the kind of expressions we look at.
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10:25
We also recently published an experiment you may have heard about.
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืคืจืกืžื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื.
10:28
It's on altruism and chimpanzees,
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
10:30
where the question is: Do chimpanzees care about the welfare of somebody else?
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
10:35
And for decades it had been assumed that only humans can do that,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
ืฉืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
10:39
that only humans worry about the welfare of somebody else.
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ืฉืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
10:42
Now we did a very simple experiment.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืจื ืกื•ื•ื™ืœ,
10:45
We do that on chimpanzees that live in Lawrenceville,
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ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืจืงืก.
10:48
in the field station of Yerkes.
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10:49
And so that's how they live.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:51
And we call them into a room and do experiments with them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:54
In this case, we put two chimpanzees side-by-side,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืžื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”,
10:56
and one has a bucket full of tokens, and the tokens have different meanings.
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืกืœ ืžืœื ืืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ,
11:00
One kind of token feeds only the partner who chooses,
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11:02
the other one feeds both of them.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
11:04
So this is a study we did with Vicki Horner.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ ื”ื•ืจื ืจ.
11:08
And here, you have the two color tokens.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืœื™ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ื.
11:11
So they have a whole bucket full of them.
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
11:13
And they have to pick one of the two colors.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš.
11:16
You will see how that goes.
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ืื– ืื ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช,
11:19
So if this chimp makes the selfish choice,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
11:22
which is the red token in this case,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื•.
11:25
he needs to give it to us,
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11:26
we pick it up, we put it on a table where there's two food rewards,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืชืžื•ืจื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
11:30
but in this case, only the one on the right gets food.
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11:32
The one on the left walks away because she knows already
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ื–ื• ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช
ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืคืขื.
11:35
that this is not a good test for her.
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11:37
Then the next one is the pro-social token.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื–ื” ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™.
ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ - ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ -
11:40
So the one who makes the choices -- that's the interesting part here --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
11:43
for the one who makes the choices, it doesn't really matter.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื”.
11:46
So she gives us now a pro-social token and both chimps get fed.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ.
11:49
So the one who makes the choices always gets a reward.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื•ืจื”.
11:52
So it doesn't matter whatsoever.
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ืœื” ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
11:53
And she should actually be choosing blindly.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
11:57
But what we find is that they prefer the pro-social token.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™.
12:00
So this is the 50 percent line, that's the random expectation.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงื• 50 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
12:03
And especially if the partner draws attention to itself, they choose more.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžื•ืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”ื -
12:07
And if the partner puts pressure on them --
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12:09
so if the partner starts spitting water and intimidating them --
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ืื– ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื -
12:12
then the choices go down.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช.
12:14
(Laughter)
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12:15
It's as if they're saying,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
12:17
"If you're not behaving, I'm not going to be pro-social today."
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"ืื ืœื ืชืชื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื."
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืฃ,
12:20
And this is what happens without a partner,
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ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื”.
12:22
when there's no partner sitting there.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื›ืคืช
12:24
So we found that the chimpanzees do care about the well-being of somebody else --
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ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื -
12:27
especially, these are other members of their own group.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื.
ืื– ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื
12:31
So the final experiment that I want to mention to you
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:34
is our fairness study.
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12:35
And so this became a very famous study.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืจืกื.
12:38
And there are now many more,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•,
12:40
because after we did this about 10 years ago,
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ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื,
12:42
it became very well-known.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืื•ื“.
12:44
And we did that originally with Capuchin monkeys.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ.
ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
12:47
And I'm going to show you the first experiment that we did.
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12:49
It has now been done with dogs and with birds
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ืžืื– ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
12:52
and with chimpanzees.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
12:54
But with Sarah Brosnan, we started out with Capuchin monkeys.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
12:59
So what we did is we put two Capuchin monkeys side-by-side.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:02
Again, these animals, live in a group, they know each other.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
13:05
We take them out of the group, put them in a test chamber.
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข
13:09
And there's a very simple task that they need to do.
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ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“.
13:11
And if you give both of them cucumber for the task,
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ื•ืื ืชื™ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”,
ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
13:15
the two monkeys side-by-side,
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13:16
they're perfectly willing to do this 25 times in a row.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช 25 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ.
ืื– ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ, (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืกืชื ืžื™ื),
13:19
So cucumber, even though it's only really water in my opinion,
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13:22
but cucumber is perfectly fine for them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืชื™ืชื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืขื ื‘ื™ื --
13:26
Now if you give the partner grapes --
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13:28
the food preferences of my Capuchin monkeys
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ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™
13:30
correspond exactly with the prices in the supermarket --
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ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ,
13:33
and so if you give them grapes -- it's a far better food --
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื --
ืื– ืชื™ืฆืจื• ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
13:37
then you create inequity between them.
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13:39
So that's the experiment we did.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
13:41
Recently, we videotaped it with new monkeys
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
13:43
who'd never done the task,
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง,
13:45
thinking that maybe they would have a stronger reaction,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:47
and that turned out to be right.
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ื”ืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ.
13:49
The one on the left is the monkey who gets cucumber.
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ื–ืืช ืฉืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื.
13:52
The one on the right is the one who gets grapes.
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ื–ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ,
13:54
The one who gets cucumber --
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13:55
note that the first piece of cucumber is perfectly fine.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
ืืช ื”ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœืช.
13:58
The first piece she eats.
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14:00
Then she sees the other one getting grape, and you will see what happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื ื‘, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืื‘ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
14:04
So she gives a rock to us. That's the task.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื” ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœืช ืื•ืชื•.
14:07
And we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืื‘ืŸ.
14:10
The other one needs to give a rock to us.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
14:13
And that's what she does.
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14:15
And she gets a grape ...
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขื ื‘ ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช ืื•ืชื•.
14:18
and eats it.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”.
14:20
The other one sees that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืื‘ืŸ,
14:21
She gives a rock to us now,
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14:22
gets, again, cucumber.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:41
(Laughter ends)
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
14:43
She tests a rock now against the wall.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
14:46
She needs to give it to us.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ.
14:48
And she gets cucumber again.
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14:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืขื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™".
14:59
So this is basically the Wall Street protest that you see here.
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15:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื...
15:09
I still have two minutes left --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:11
let me tell you a funny story about this.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžืื“
15:13
This study became very famous and we got a lot of comments,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื,
15:17
especially anthropologists, economists, philosophers.
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื.
15:20
They didn't like this at all.
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ื”ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
15:22
Because they had decided in their minds, I believe,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
15:24
that fairness is a very complex issue, and that animals cannot have it.
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ืฉื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:29
And so one philosopher even wrote us
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ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ื•
15:31
that it was impossible that monkeys had a sense of fairness
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช
15:34
because fairness was invented during the French Revolution.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
15:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืคืจืง ืฉืœื
15:40
And another one wrote a whole chapter
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15:42
saying that he would believe it had something to do with fairness,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช
15:46
if the one who got grapes would refuse the grapes.
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ืื ื–ื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืจื‘ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื.
15:48
Now the funny thing is that Sarah Brosnan, who's been doing this with chimpanzees,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื ืŸ,
ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
15:52
had a couple of combinations of chimpanzees
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
15:54
where, indeed, the one who would get the grape
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ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื•
15:57
would refuse the grape until the other guy also got a grape.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื—ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื ื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช
16:00
So we're getting very close to the human sense of fairness.
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16:02
And I think philosophers need to rethink their philosophy for a while.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
16:06
So let me summarize.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกื›ื.
16:08
I believe there's an evolved morality.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
16:10
I think morality is much more than what I've been talking about,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
16:13
but it would be impossible without these ingredients
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ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
16:16
that we find in other primates,
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16:17
which are empathy and consolation,
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื,
16:19
pro-social tendencies and reciprocity and a sense of fairness.
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ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
16:23
And so we work on these particular issues
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16:25
to see if we can create a morality from the bottom up, so to speak,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื,
16:28
without necessarily god and religion involved,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื“ืช,
ื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
16:31
and to see how we can get to an evolved morality.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
16:34
And I thank you for your attention.
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16:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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