You can grow new brain cells. Here's how | Sandrine Thuret | TED

8,098,566 views ใƒป 2015-10-30

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:13
Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
00:19
There's still some confusion about that question,
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ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ,
00:22
as this is a fairly new field of research.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
00:25
For example, I was talking to one of my colleagues, Robert,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™,
00:28
who is an oncologist,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’,
00:30
and he was telling me,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™:
00:32
"Sandrine, this is puzzling.
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"ืกื ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:33
Some of my patients that have been told they are cured of their cancer
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืืฃ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื• ืžื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
00:38
still develop symptoms of depression."
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ"
00:41
And I responded to him,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืชื™:
00:42
"Well, from my point of view that makes sense.
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"ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
00:45
The drug you give to your patients that stops the cancer cells multiplying
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœืš, ืฉืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
00:49
also stops the newborn neurons being generated in their brain."
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ืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—."
00:55
And then Robert looked at me like I was crazy and said,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ื•ืืžืจ:
00:58
"But Sandrine, these are adult patients --
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"ืื‘ืœ ืกื ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื --
01:00
adults do not grow new nerve cells."
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ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื."
01:04
And much to his surprise, I said, "Well actually, we do."
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ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื• ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™: "ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ."
01:09
And this is a phenomenon that we call neurogenesis.
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ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
01:13
[Neurogenesis]
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[ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”]
01:15
Now Robert is not a neuroscientist,
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื—,
01:18
and when he went to medical school he was not taught what we know now --
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื --
01:23
that the adult brain can generate new nerve cells.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:29
So Robert, you know, being the good doctor that he is,
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจื•ืคื ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:33
wanted to come to my lab
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
01:35
to understand the topic a little bit better.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
01:38
And I took him for a tour
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืกื™ื•ืจ
01:41
of one of the most exciting parts of the brain
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:44
when it comes to neurogenesis --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
01:46
and this is the hippocampus.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
01:49
So this is this gray structure in the center of the brain.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:53
And what we've known already for very long,
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ื•ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:56
is that this is important for learning, memory, mood and emotion.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
02:01
However, what we have learned more recently
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ืืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ืœืžื“ื ื•
02:04
is that this is one of the unique structures of the adult brain
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
02:09
where new neurons can be generated.
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ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:12
And if we slice through the hippocampus
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ื•ืื ื ื‘ืฆืข ื—ืชืš ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก
02:14
and zoom in,
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
02:16
what you actually see here in blue
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ
02:18
is a newborn neuron in an adult mouse brain.
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ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
02:24
So when it comes to the human brain --
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ --
02:27
my colleague Jonas Frisรฉn from the Karolinska Institutet,
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ื™ื•ื ืืก ืคืจื™ื–ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ืกืงื”,
02:31
has estimated that we produce 700 new neurons per day
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ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื 700 ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
02:37
in the hippocampus.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
02:39
You might think this is not much,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:40
compared to the billions of neurons we have.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื™ืœืืจื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
02:43
But by the time we turn 50,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 50
02:46
we will have all exchanged the neurons we were born with in that structure
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ื›ืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก, ืื™ืชื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•
02:51
with adult-born neurons.
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02:55
So why are these new neurons important and what are their functions?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื?
03:01
First, we know that they're important for learning and memory.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:05
And in the lab we have shown
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ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื ื•
03:06
that if we block the ability of the adult brain
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ืฉืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
03:09
to produce new neurons in the hippocampus,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก
03:12
then we block certain memory abilities.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:15
And this is especially new and true for spatial recognition --
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ --
03:22
so like, how you navigate your way in the city.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื›ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
03:26
We are still learning a lot,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:27
and neurons are not only important for memory capacity,
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ื•ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื ืคื— ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:30
but also for the quality of the memory.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืชื•.
03:33
And they will have been helpful to add time to our memory
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
03:37
and they will help differentiate very similar memories, like:
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื•:
03:42
how do you find your bike
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ืื™ืš ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:44
that you park at the station every day in the same area,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื ื”,
03:48
but in a slightly different position?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”?
03:52
And more interesting to my colleague Robert
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜
03:54
is the research we have been doing on neurogenesis and depression.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
04:00
So in an animal model of depression,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:01
we have seen that we have a lower level of neurogenesis.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
04:06
And if we give antidepressants,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
04:08
then we increase the production of these newborn neurons,
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ืขื•ืœื” ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:12
and we decrease the symptoms of depression,
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ื•ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
04:15
establishing a clear link between neurogenesis and depression.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ืกืก ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
04:21
But moreover, if you just block neurogenesis,
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ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
04:25
then you block the efficacy of the antidepressant.
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ื ื—ืกืžืช ื’ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
04:29
So by then, Robert had understood
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:31
that very likely his patients were suffering from depression
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ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
04:35
even after being cured of their cancer,
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ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืจืคืื• ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:37
because the cancer drug had stopped newborn neurons from being generated.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื ืขื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:42
And it will take time to generate new neurons
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ื•ื™ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
04:45
that reach normal functions.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
04:49
So, collectively, now we think we have enough evidence
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ืืกืคื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืื™ื•ืช
04:54
to say that neurogenesis is a target of choice
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
04:57
if we want to improve memory formation or mood,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—,
05:01
or even prevent the decline associated with aging,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ื™ืงื ื”,
05:05
or associated with stress.
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ืื• ื–ืืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ.
05:08
So the next question is:
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื:
05:10
can we control neurogenesis?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”?
05:13
The answer is yes.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
05:14
And we are now going to do a little quiz.
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ื•ื ืขืจื•ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
05:18
I'm going to give you a set of behaviors and activities,
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:21
and you tell me if you think they will increase neurogenesis
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ื•ืืชื ืชืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
05:26
or if they will decrease neurogenesis.
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ืื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
05:28
Are we ready?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
05:30
OK, let's go.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
05:32
So what about learning?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”?
05:34
Increasing?
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื”?
05:35
Yes.
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ื›ืŸ.
05:36
Learning will increase the production of these new neurons.
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
05:40
How about stress?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ?
05:43
Yes, stress will decrease the production of new neurons in the hippocampus.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื—ืฅ ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
05:48
How about sleep deprivation?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื”?
05:51
Indeed, it will decrease neurogenesis.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
05:54
How about sex?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกืงืก?
05:56
Oh, wow!
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ืื•, ื•ื•ืื•!
05:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:58
Yes, you are right, it will increase the production of new neurons.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืกืงืก ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:02
However, it's all about balance here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
06:04
We don't want to fall in a situation --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ --
06:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:09
about too much sex leading to sleep deprivation.
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ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืกืงืก ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืกืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”.
06:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:14
How about getting older?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช?
06:19
So the neurogenesis rate will decrease as we get older,
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
06:23
but it is still occurring.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
06:26
And then finally, how about running?
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื™ืฆื”?
06:29
I will let you judge that one by yourself.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
06:33
So this is one of the first studies
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
06:35
that was carried out by one of my mentors, Rusty Gage from the Salk Institute,
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ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืข"ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืจืืกื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื’' ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืืœืง,
06:39
showing that the environment can have an impact
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ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”
06:42
on the production of new neurons.
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ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:44
And here you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื˜ืข ืžื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ
06:48
that had no running wheel in its cage.
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื’ืœ ืจื™ืฆื”.
06:50
And the little black dots you see are actually newborn neurons-to-be.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:55
And now, you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื˜ืข ืžื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ
07:00
that had a running wheel in its cage.
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœื’ืœ ืจื™ืฆื”.
07:03
So you see the massive increase
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
07:04
of the black dots representing the new neurons-to-be.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
07:08
So activity impacts neurogenesis, but that's not all.
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ืื– ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“.
07:13
What you eat will have an effect
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ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”
07:16
on the production of new neurons in the hippocampus.
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ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
07:19
So here we have a sample of diet --
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื“ื’ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ --
07:22
of nutrients that have been shown to have efficacy.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื.
07:25
And I'm just going to point a few out to you:
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ื•ืืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื:
07:28
Calorie restriction of 20 to 30 percent will increase neurogenesis.
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ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ 20-30% ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
07:34
Intermittent fasting -- spacing the time between your meals --
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ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื -- ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช --
07:37
will increase neurogenesis.
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ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
07:39
Intake of flavonoids,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื‘ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
07:41
which are contained in dark chocolate or blueberries,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
07:44
will increase neurogenesis.
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ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
07:46
Omega-3 fatty acids,
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื•ืžื’ื” 3,
07:47
present in fatty fish, like salmon,
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
07:50
will increase the production of these new neurons.
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ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:53
Conversely, a diet rich in high saturated fat
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ื•ื™
07:57
will have a negative impact on neurogenesis.
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ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
08:01
Ethanol -- intake of alcohol -- will decrease neurogenesis.
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ืืชื ื•ืœ -- ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ -- ืชืคื—ื™ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
08:05
However, not everything is lost;
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“,
08:08
resveratrol, which is contained in red wine,
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ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืจืกื‘ืจื˜ืจื•ืœ, ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื,
08:11
has been shown to promote the survival of these new neurons.
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ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:15
So next time you are at a dinner party,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”,
08:17
you might want to reach for this possibly "neurogenesis-neutral" drink.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืงื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”.
08:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:24
And then finally, let me point out the last one --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ --
08:26
a quirky one.
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ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
08:27
So Japanese groups are fascinated with food textures,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
08:31
and they have shown that actually soft diet impairs neurogenesis,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
08:37
as opposed to food that requires mastication -- chewing -- or crunchy food.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืขื™ืกื”, ื’ืจื™ืกื” ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”.
08:42
So all of this data,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:44
where we need to look at the cellular level,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืชื,
08:47
has been generated using animal models.
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ื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:50
But this diet has also been given to human participants,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื’ื ืœื ื—ืงืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
08:54
and what we could see is that the diet modulates memory and mood
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื—
09:01
in the same direction as it modulates neurogenesis,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
09:04
such as: calorie restriction will improve memory capacity,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ืช ืชืฉืคืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
09:09
whereas a high-fat diet will exacerbate symptoms of depression --
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืชื—ืžื™ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ --
09:14
as opposed to omega-3 fatty acids, which increase neurogenesis,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื•ืžื’ื” 3, ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื”,
09:18
and also help to decrease the symptoms of depression.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
09:23
So we think that the effect of diet
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”
09:28
on mental health, on memory and mood,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—,
09:32
is actually mediated by the production of the new neurons in the hippocampus.
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ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
09:36
And it's not only what you eat,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
09:38
but it's also the texture of the food, when you eat it
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืจืงื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”
09:42
and how much of it you eat.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
09:45
On our side -- neuroscientists interested in neurogenesis --
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ืื ื—ื ื• -- ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” --
09:49
we need to understand better the function of these new neurons,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:53
and how we can control their survival and their production.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื.
09:57
We also need to find a way to protect the neurogenesis of Robert's patients.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜.
10:03
And on your side --
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ื•ืืชื --
10:04
I leave you in charge of your neurogenesis.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
10:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:14
Margaret Heffernan: Fantastic research, Sandrine.
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื”ืคืจื ืŸ: ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืกื ื“ืจื™ืŸ.
10:17
Now, I told you you changed my life --
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ --
10:19
I now eat a lot of blueberries.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืœื ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
10:21
Sandrine Thuret: Very good.
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ืกื ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืช'ื•ืจื”: ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
10:23
MH: I'm really interested in the running thing.
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ืž"ื”: ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฆื”.
10:26
Do I have to run?
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืจื•ืฅ?
10:29
Or is it really just about aerobic exercise,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช,
10:32
getting oxygen to the brain?
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ื”ืžื–ืจื™ืžื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื•ื—?
10:33
Could it be any kind of vigorous exercise?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช?
10:36
ST: So for the moment,
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ืก"ืช: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”,
10:37
we can't really say if it's just the running itself,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”,
10:41
but we think that anything that indeed will increase the production --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ --
10:46
or moving the blood flow to the brain,
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ืื• ื™ื ื™ืข ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืžื•ื—,
10:49
should be beneficial.
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ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
10:51
MH: So I don't have to get a running wheel in my office?
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ืž"ื”: ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื’ืœื’ืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“?
10:54
ST: No, you don't!
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ืก"ืช: ืžืžืฉ ืœื!
10:55
MH: Oh, what a relief! That's wonderful.
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ืž"ื”: ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืงืœื”, ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
10:57
Sandrine Thuret, thank you so much.
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ืกื ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืช'ื•ืจืช, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
10:59
ST: Thank you, Margaret.
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ืก"ืช: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืžืจื’ืจื˜.
11:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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