You can grow new brain cells. Here's how | Sandrine Thuret | TED

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Can we, as adults, grow new nerve cells?

Možemo li mi, odrasli, uzgojiti nove neurone?

There's still some confusion about that question,

Još uvijek postoje nejasnoće oko tog pitanja

as this is a fairly new field of research.

jer to je novo područje istraživanja.

For example, I was talking to one of my colleagues, Robert,

Na primjer, razgovarala sam s jednim svojim kolegom, Robertom,

who is an oncologist,

koji je onkolog,

and he was telling me,

i rekao mi je,

"Sandrine, this is puzzling.

„Sandrine, ovo je zbunjujuće.

Some of my patients that have been told they are cured of their cancer

Neki od mojih pacijenata kojima je rečeno da su izliječeni od raka,

still develop symptoms of depression."

još uvijek imaju simptome depresije.“

And I responded to him,

Odgovorila sam mu

"Well, from my point of view that makes sense.

„Pa, kako ja to vidim ima smisla.

The drug you give to your patients that stops the cancer cells multiplying

Lijekovi koje dajete vašim pacijentima koje zaustavljaju množenje tumorskih stanica

also stops the newborn neurons being generated in their brain."

također zaustavljaju stvaranje novih neurona u njihovom mozgu.“

And then Robert looked at me like I was crazy and said,

I onda me Robert pogledao kao da sam luda i rekao

"But Sandrine, these are adult patients --

„Ali Sandrine, ovo su odrasli pacijenti --

adults do not grow new nerve cells."

odraslima ne rastu novi neuroni.“

And much to his surprise, I said, "Well actually, we do."

I na njegovo iznenađenje rekla sam „Zapravo rastu.“

And this is a phenomenon that we call neurogenesis.

I to je fenomen koji zovemo neurogeneza

[Neurogenesis]

[Neurogeneza]

Now Robert is not a neuroscientist,

Robert nije neuroznanstvenik

and when he went to medical school he was not taught what we know now --

i kada je pohađao medicinski fakultet nije učio ono što znamo sada --

that the adult brain can generate new nerve cells.

da mozak odrasle osobe stvara nove neurone.

So Robert, you know, being the good doctor that he is,

Stoga je Robert, znate, jer je dobar doktor,

wanted to come to my lab

htio doći u moj laboratorij

to understand the topic a little bit better.

kako bi razumio malo bolje.

And I took him for a tour

I povela sam ga u obilazak

of one of the most exciting parts of the brain

jednog od zanimljivijih dijelova mozga

when it comes to neurogenesis --

kada se radi o neurogenezi --

and this is the hippocampus.

a to je hipokampus.

So this is this gray structure in the center of the brain.

To je ova siva struktura u središtu mozga.

And what we've known already for very long,

I ono što znamo već dosta dugo

is that this is important for learning, memory, mood and emotion.

je da je on važan za učenje, memoriju, raspoloženje i emocije.

However, what we have learned more recently

Međutim, ono što smo nedavno naučili

is that this is one of the unique structures of the adult brain

je da je ovo jedinstveno mjesto u odraslom mozgu

where new neurons can be generated.

gdje se novi neuroni mogu stvarati.

And if we slice through the hippocampus

I ako presječemo hipokampus

and zoom in,

i zumiramo,

what you actually see here in blue

ono što ovdje vidite plavo

is a newborn neuron in an adult mouse brain.

je novonastali neuron u mozgu odralog miša.

So when it comes to the human brain --

Kada se radi o ljudskom mozgu --

my colleague Jonas Frisén from the Karolinska Institutet,

moj kolega Jonas Frisén s Karolinska instituta,

has estimated that we produce 700 new neurons per day

je procijenio da stvaramo 700 novih neurona po danu

in the hippocampus.

u hipokampusu.

You might think this is not much,

Možete misliti da to nije puno,

compared to the billions of neurons we have.

u usporedbi sa milijardama neurona koje imamo.

But by the time we turn 50,

Međutim, do vremena kada budemo napunili 50 godina,

we will have all exchanged the neurons we were born with in that structure

svi ćemo zamijeniti neurone s kojima smo se rodili u toj strukturi

with adult-born neurons.

s novim neuronima rođenim u odrasloj dobi.

So why are these new neurons important and what are their functions?

Zašto su ovi novi neuroni važni i koja je njihova funkcija?

First, we know that they're important for learning and memory.

Prvo, znamo da su bitni za učenje i memoriju.

And in the lab we have shown

U laboratoriju smo dokazali

that if we block the ability of the adult brain

da ako blokiramo sposobnost odraslog mozga

to produce new neurons in the hippocampus,

da stvara nove neurone u hipokampusu,

then we block certain memory abilities.

blokiramo određene mogućnosti memorije.

And this is especially new and true for spatial recognition --

I to pogotovo utječe na snalaženje u prostoru --

so like, how you navigate your way in the city.

poput, kako se snalazite prolazeći kroz grad.

We are still learning a lot,

Još puno toga otkrivamo,

and neurons are not only important for memory capacity,

i neuroni nisu zaslužni samo za kapacitet memorije

but also for the quality of the memory.

već i za kvalitetu memorije.

And they will have been helpful to add time to our memory

Oni nam pomažu oko vremena našeg sjećanja

and they will help differentiate very similar memories, like:

i kako razlikovati dvije slične memorije poput

how do you find your bike

kako pronaći vaš bicikl

that you park at the station every day in the same area,

koji parkirate na stanici svaki dan na istom području,

but in a slightly different position?

ali na malo drugom mjestu?

And more interesting to my colleague Robert

A još zanimljivije mom kolegi Robertu

is the research we have been doing on neurogenesis and depression.

je istraživanje koje smo radili o neurogenezi i depresiji.

So in an animal model of depression,

U životinjskom modelu depresije

we have seen that we have a lower level of neurogenesis.

vidjeli smo da imamo manju razinu neurogeneze.

And if we give antidepressants,

I ako damo antidepresive,

then we increase the production of these newborn neurons,

stvaranje novih neurona se povećava,

and we decrease the symptoms of depression,

i smanjuju se simptomi depresije,

establishing a clear link between neurogenesis and depression.

vidljivo povezujući neurogenezu i depresiju.

But moreover, if you just block neurogenesis,

Štoviše, ako blokirate neurogenezu,

then you block the efficacy of the antidepressant.

blokirate učinkovitost antidepresiva.

So by then, Robert had understood

Tada je Robert razumio

that very likely his patients were suffering from depression

da će njegovi pacijenti bolovati od depresije

even after being cured of their cancer,

čak i nakon što su izliječeni od tumora,

because the cancer drug had stopped newborn neurons from being generated.

jer su lijekovi protiv tumora zaustavili stvaranje novih neurona.

And it will take time to generate new neurons

I trebat će vremena da se stvore novi neuroni

that reach normal functions.

potrebni za normalnu funkciju.

So, collectively, now we think we have enough evidence

Mislimo da imamo dovoljno dokaza

to say that neurogenesis is a target of choice

da kažemo da je neurogeneza željeni cilj

if we want to improve memory formation or mood,

ako želimo poboljšati stvaranje memorije ili raspoloženje,

or even prevent the decline associated with aging,

ili zaustaviti promjene koje dolaze sa starenjem,

or associated with stress.

ili su povezane sa stresom.

So the next question is:

Sljedeće pitanje je:

can we control neurogenesis?

možemo li kontrolirati neurogenezu?

The answer is yes.

Odgovor je da.

And we are now going to do a little quiz.

I sad ćemo napraviti mali kviz.

I'm going to give you a set of behaviors and activities,

Dobit ćete skupinu ponašanja i aktivnosti,

and you tell me if you think they will increase neurogenesis

i reći ćete mi mislite li da povećavaju neurogenezu

or if they will decrease neurogenesis.

ili smanjuju neurogenezu.

Are we ready?

Jeste spremni?

OK, let's go.

Idemo.

So what about learning?

Što je s učenjem?

Increasing?

Povećava?

Yes.

Da.

Learning will increase the production of these new neurons.

Učenje povećava nastajanje novih neurona.

How about stress?

A stres?

Yes, stress will decrease the production of new neurons in the hippocampus.

Da, stres će smanjiti stvaranje novih neurona u hipokampusu

How about sleep deprivation?

A manjak sna?

Indeed, it will decrease neurogenesis.

Da, smanjit će neurogenezu.

How about sex?

A seks?

Oh, wow!

O, vau!

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Yes, you are right, it will increase the production of new neurons.

Da, u pravu ste, to će povećati proizvodnju novih neurona.

However, it's all about balance here.

Iako, ovdje je potrebna ravnoteža.

We don't want to fall in a situation --

Ne želimo doći u situaciju --

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

about too much sex leading to sleep deprivation.

gdje previše seksa dovodi do nedostatka sna.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

How about getting older?

A što je sa starenjem?

So the neurogenesis rate will decrease as we get older,

Razina neurogeneze opada kako postajemo stariji,

but it is still occurring.

ali se i dalje događa.

And then finally, how about running?

I na kraju, što je s trčanjem?

I will let you judge that one by yourself.

Ostavit ću vam to da sami prosudite.

So this is one of the first studies

Ovo je jedna od prvih studija

that was carried out by one of my mentors, Rusty Gage from the Salk Institute,

koju je proveo jedan od mojih mentora, Rusty Gage iz Salk instituta,

showing that the environment can have an impact

pokazujući da okolina ima utjecaja na

on the production of new neurons.

stvaranje novih neurona.

And here you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse

I ovdje možete vidjeti presjek hipokampusa miša

that had no running wheel in its cage.

Koji nije trčao u točku u svom kavezu.

And the little black dots you see are actually newborn neurons-to-be.

Ove male crne točke koje vidite su zapravo neuroni u nastanku.

And now, you see a section of the hippocampus of a mouse

A sad, vidite presjek hipokampusa miša

that had a running wheel in its cage.

koji je trčao u svom kavezu.

So you see the massive increase

Vidite veliko povećanje

of the black dots representing the new neurons-to-be.

Ovih crnih točaka koje prikazuju neurone u nastanku.

So activity impacts neurogenesis, but that's not all.

Aktivnost utječe na neurogenezu, ali to nije sve.

What you eat will have an effect

Ono što jedete će imati utjecaj

on the production of new neurons in the hippocampus.

na stvaranje novih neurona u hipokampusu.

So here we have a sample of diet --

Imamo primjer dijete

of nutrients that have been shown to have efficacy.

nutrijentima koji su pokazali da imaju učinak

And I'm just going to point a few out to you:

I samo ću vam ukazati na par njih:

Calorie restriction of 20 to 30 percent will increase neurogenesis.

Ograničenje kalorija od 20 do 30 posto će povećati neurogenezu.

Intermittent fasting -- spacing the time between your meals --

Povremeni post – produljenje vremena između obroka --

will increase neurogenesis.

će povećati neurogenezu.

Intake of flavonoids,

Unos flavonoida,

which are contained in dark chocolate or blueberries,

koji se nalaze u tamnoj čokoladi ili borovnicama,

will increase neurogenesis.

će povećati neurogenezu.

Omega-3 fatty acids,

Omega-3 masne kiseline,

present in fatty fish, like salmon,

koje se nalaze u ribljim mastima,

will increase the production of these new neurons.

povećat će stvaranje novih neurona.

Conversely, a diet rich in high saturated fat

Suprotno, dijeta s puno visoko zasićenih masti

will have a negative impact on neurogenesis.

imat će negativan učinak na neurogenezu

Ethanol -- intake of alcohol -- will decrease neurogenesis.

Etanol – unos alkohola – će smanjiti neurogenezu.

However, not everything is lost;

Iako, nije sve izgubljeno;

resveratrol, which is contained in red wine,

resveratrol, koji se nalazi u crvenome vinu,

has been shown to promote the survival of these new neurons.

potiče preživljenje novih neurona

So next time you are at a dinner party,

Sljedeći put kad ste pozvani na večeru,

you might want to reach for this possibly "neurogenesis-neutral" drink.

možete uzeti u obzir ovo „neutralno za neurogenezu“ piće.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And then finally, let me point out the last one --

I na kraju, htjela bih naglasiti zadnji --

a quirky one.

jedan čudan.

So Japanese groups are fascinated with food textures,

Skupine Japanaca su fascinirani s teksturom hrane,

and they have shown that actually soft diet impairs neurogenesis,

i pokazalo se da zapravo meka dijeta ometa neurogenezu,

as opposed to food that requires mastication -- chewing -- or crunchy food.

Suprotno hrani koja zahtjeva mastikaciju – žvakanje – ili hrskavu hranu.

So all of this data,

Svi ovi podatci

where we need to look at the cellular level,

gdje trebamo gledati na staničnoj razini,

has been generated using animal models.

prikupljeni su koristeći životinjske modele.

But this diet has also been given to human participants,

Ali ova dijeta je također dana ljudskim učesnicima,

and what we could see is that the diet modulates memory and mood

i ono što smo vidjeli je da je dijeta promijenila pamćenje i raspoloženje

in the same direction as it modulates neurogenesis,

isto kako mijenja i neurogenezu,

such as: calorie restriction will improve memory capacity,

poput: smanjenje kalorija će poboljšati memoriju,

whereas a high-fat diet will exacerbate symptoms of depression --

a dijete s puno masti će pogoršati simptome depresije --

as opposed to omega-3 fatty acids, which increase neurogenesis,

nasuprot omega-3 masnim kiselinama koje potiču neurogenezu,

and also help to decrease the symptoms of depression.

i pomažu u ublažavanju simptoma depresije.

So we think that the effect of diet

Mislimo da učinak dijete

on mental health, on memory and mood,

na mentalno zdravlje, pamćenje i raspoloženje,

is actually mediated by the production of the new neurons in the hippocampus.

je učinak stvaranja novih neurona u hipokampusu.

And it's not only what you eat,

I ne radi se samo o tome što jedete,

but it's also the texture of the food, when you eat it

već i o teksturi hrane kada ju jedete

and how much of it you eat.

koliko je jedete.

On our side -- neuroscientists interested in neurogenesis --

S naše strane – neuroznanstvenici koje zanima neurogeneza –

we need to understand better the function of these new neurons,

moramo razumjeti bolje funkciju tih novih neurona,

and how we can control their survival and their production.

i kako da kontroliramo njihovo preživljenje i proizvodnju.

We also need to find a way to protect the neurogenesis of Robert's patients.

Trebamo pronaći način da zaštitimo neurogenezu kod Robertovih pacijenata

And on your side --

A što se vas tiče –

I leave you in charge of your neurogenesis.

ostavljam vas odgovornima za vašu neurogenezu.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Margaret Heffernan: Fantastic research, Sandrine.

Margaret Heffernan: Odlično istraživanje, Sandrine

Now, I told you you changed my life --

Rekla sam ti da sam promjenila svoj život –

I now eat a lot of blueberries.

sad jedem puno borovnica.

Sandrine Thuret: Very good.

Sandrine Thuret: Vrlo dobro.

MH: I'm really interested in the running thing.

MH: I zanima me ovo s trčanjem.

Do I have to run?

Moram li trčati?

Or is it really just about aerobic exercise,

Ili se radi samo o aerobnim vježbama,

getting oxygen to the brain?

dovođenje kisika do mozga?

Could it be any kind of vigorous exercise?

Može li biti bilo koja od napornih vježbi?

ST: So for the moment,

ST: Zasad,

we can't really say if it's just the running itself,

ne možemo reći radi li se samo o trčanju,

but we think that anything that indeed will increase the production --

ali mislimo da bi bilo što zapravo potaknulo stvaranje –

or moving the blood flow to the brain,

ili protjecanje krvi kroz mozak,

should be beneficial.

bi bilo korisno.

MH: So I don't have to get a running wheel in my office?

MH: Znači ne moram nabaviti točak za trčanje u uredu?

ST: No, you don't!

ST: Ne, ne moraš!

MH: Oh, what a relief! That's wonderful.

MH: OH, koje olakšanje! To je super.

Sandrine Thuret, thank you so much.

Sandrine Thuret, hvala ti puno.

ST: Thank you, Margaret.

ST: Hvala tebi, Margaret.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)