One of the most difficult words to translate... - Krystian Aparta

Jedna od najtežih reči za prevođenje - Kristijan Aparta (Krystian Aparta)

2,001,156 views

2016-09-06 ・ TED-Ed


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One of the most difficult words to translate... - Krystian Aparta

Jedna od najtežih reči za prevođenje - Kristijan Aparta (Krystian Aparta)

2,001,156 views ・ 2016-09-06

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mirjana Čutura Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:09
Which is the hardest word to translate in this sentence?
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Koju reč je najteže prevesti u ovoj rečenici?
00:13
"Know" is easy to translate.
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„Know“ je lako prevesti.
00:15
"Pep rally" doesn't have a direct analog in a lot of languages and cultures,
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„Pep rally“ nema direktan ekvivalent u mnogim jezicima i kulturama,
00:19
but can be approximated.
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ali se može približno prevesti.
00:21
But the hardest word there is actually one of the smallest: "you."
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Ali najteža reč ovde je, u stvari, jedna od najkraćih: „you“.
00:26
As simple as it seems,
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Koliko god jednostavno izgledalo, često je nemoguće precizno prevesti „you“
00:27
it's often impossible to accurately translate "you"
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00:31
without knowing a lot more about the situation where it's being said.
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ako ne znamo mnogo više o situaciji gde se izgovara.
00:35
To start with, how familiar are you with the person you're talking to?
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Za početak, koliko dobro poznajete osobu sa kojom pričate?
00:40
Many cultures have different levels of formality.
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Mnoge kulture imaju različite stepene formalnosti.
00:44
A close friend,
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Blizak prijatelj,
00:45
someone much older or much younger,
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neko mnogo stariji ili mnogo mlađi,
00:47
a stranger,
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stranac,
00:48
a boss.
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šef.
00:49
These all may be slightly different "you's."
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Svi ovi mogu biti malo drugačije vrste zamenice „you“.
00:53
In many languages, the pronoun reflects these differences
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U mnogim jezicima, zamenica oslikava ove razlike
00:56
through what's known as the T–V distinction.
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kroz razliku koja je poznata kao T–V razlika.
01:00
In French, for example,
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U francuskom, na primer,
01:01
you would say "tu" when talking to your friend at school,
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rekli biste „tu“ kada pričate sa drugom u školi,
01:04
but "vous" when addressing your teacher.
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ali „vous“ kada se obraćate nastavniku.
01:07
Even English once had something similar.
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Čak je i engleski nekada imao nešto slično.
01:09
Remember the old-timey "thou?"
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Sećate se starinskog „thou“?
01:12
Ironically, it was actually the informal pronoun
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Ironično, bila je to, u stvari, neformalna zamenica
01:15
for people you're close with,
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za ljude sa kojima ste bliski,
01:16
while "you" was the formal and polite version.
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a „you“ je bila formalna i učtiva verzija.
01:20
That distinction was lost
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Ta razlika je bila izgubljena
01:21
when the English decided to just be polite all the time.
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kada su Englezi odlučili da sve vreme budu jedino učtivi.
01:25
But the difficulty in translating "you" doesn't end there.
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Međutim, poteškoća u prevođenju reči „you“ se tu ne završava.
01:28
In languages like Hausa or Korana,
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U jezicima kao što su hausa ili korana,
01:31
the "you" form depends on the listener's gender.
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oblik zamenice „you“ zavisi od pola slušaoca.
01:34
In many more, it depends on whether they are one or many,
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U mnogim drugim jezicima, zavisi od toga da li ih ima jedan ili više,
01:37
such as with German "Du" or "ihr."
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kao sa nemačkim „Du“ ili „ihr“.
01:40
Even in English,
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Čak i u engleskom,
01:42
some dialects use words like "y'all" or "youse" the same way.
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neki dijalekti koriste reči kao što su „y'all“ ili „youse“ na isti način.
01:47
Some plural forms, like the French "vous"
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Neki oblici u množini, kao „vous“ u francuskom
01:49
and Russian "Вы"
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i „Вы“ u ruskom
01:50
are also used for a single person
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se takođe koriste za jednu osobu
01:53
to show that the addressee is that much more important,
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da se pokaže da je sagovornik veoma važan,
01:56
much like the royal "we."
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baš kao i kraljevsko „we“.
01:58
And a few languages even have a specific form
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Neki jezici čak imaju poseban oblik
02:01
for addressing exactly two people,
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za obraćanje tačno dvoma ljudima,
02:04
like Slovenian "vidva."
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kao „vidva“ u slovenačkom.
02:06
If that wasn't complicated enough,
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Ako to nije dovoljno komplikovano,
02:08
formality, number, and gender can all come into play at the same time.
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formalnost, broj i rod se mogu zajedno upotrebljavati u isto vreme.
02:13
In Spanish, "tú" is unisex informal singular,
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U španskom, „tú“ je neformalna jednina za oba pola,
02:17
"usted" is unisex formal singular,
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„usted“ je formalna jednina za oba pola,
02:20
"vosotros" is masculine informal plural,
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„vosotros“ je neformalna množina muškog roda,
02:23
"vosotras" is feminine informal plural,
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„vosotras“ je neformalna množina ženskog roda,
02:26
and "ustedes" is the unisex formal plural.
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a „ustedes“ je formalna množina za oba pola.
02:30
Phew!
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Uh!
02:31
After all that,
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Posle svega toga, možda će doći kao olakšanje
02:32
it may come as a relief
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da neki jezici često izostavljaju zamenicu drugog lica.
02:34
that some languages often leave out the second person pronoun.
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02:37
In languages like Romanian and Portuguese,
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U jezicima kao što su rumunski i portugalski,
02:40
the pronoun can be dropped from sentences
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ta zamenica se može izostaviti iz rečenica
02:42
because it's clearly implied by the way the verbs are conjugated.
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zato što se jasno podrazumeva načinom na koji se glagoli menjaju.
02:46
And in languages like Korean, Thai, and Chinese,
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A u jezicima kao što su korejski, tajlandski i kineski,
02:50
pronouns can be dropped without any grammatical hints.
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zamenice se mogu izostaviti bez ikakvih gramatičkih nagoveštaja.
02:53
Speakers often would rather have
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Govornici bi radije prepustili slušaocu da nasluti zamenicu iz konteksta
02:55
the listener guess the pronoun from context
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nego da upotrebe pogrešnu i rizikuju da ispadnu nepristojni.
02:58
than use the wrong one and risk being seen as rude.
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03:02
So if you're ever working as a translator
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Ako ikada radite kao prevodilac
03:04
and come across this sentence without any context:
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i naiđete na ovu rečenicu bez ikakvog konteksta:
03:07
"You and you, no, not you,
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„You and you, no, not you,
03:09
you, your job is to translate 'you' for yourselves" ...
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you, your job is to translate 'you' for yourselves“...
03:12
Well, good luck.
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srećno.
03:14
And to the volunteer community who will be translating this video
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A volonterskoj zajednici koja će prevoditi ovaj video na mnoge jezike:
03:17
into multiple languages:
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„Izvinite zbog toga.“
03:20
Sorry about that!
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