One of the most difficult words to translate... - Krystian Aparta

2,007,646 views ・ 2016-09-06

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Montse Arjona Pérez Reviewer: Pilar Ciriquian Esguerra
00:09
Which is the hardest word to translate in this sentence?
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Quina és la paraula més complicada de traduir d’aquesta frase?
00:13
"Know" is easy to translate.
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“Know” és fàcil de traduir.
00:15
"Pep rally" doesn't have a direct analog in a lot of languages and cultures,
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“Pep rally” no té una correspondència directa a molts idiomes i cultures,
00:19
but can be approximated.
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però es pot fer una aproximació.
00:21
But the hardest word there is actually one of the smallest: "you."
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Però la paraula més complicada aquí és, de fet, una de les més curtes: “you”.
00:26
As simple as it seems,
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Per més senzill que sembli,
00:27
it's often impossible to accurately translate "you"
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sovint és impossible traduir amb precisió “you”
00:31
without knowing a lot more about the situation where it's being said.
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sense saber més sobre la situació en què es diu.
00:35
To start with, how familiar are you with the person you're talking to?
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Per començar, quin grau de familiaritat tens amb la persona amb qui parles?
00:40
Many cultures have different levels of formality.
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Moltes cultures tenen diferents nivells de formalitat.
00:44
A close friend,
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Un amic íntim,
00:45
someone much older or much younger,
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algú més gran o més jove,
00:47
a stranger,
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un estrany,
00:48
a boss.
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un cap.
00:49
These all may be slightly different "you's."
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Tots ells poden ser un “you” una mica diferent.
00:53
In many languages, the pronoun reflects these differences
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A molts idiomes, el pronom reflecteix aquestes diferències
00:56
through what's known as the T–V distinction.
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mitjançant el que es coneix com la distinció T-V.
01:00
In French, for example,
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En francès, per exemple,
01:01
you would say "tu" when talking to your friend at school,
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diries “tu” quan parlessis amb un amic de l’escola,
01:04
but "vous" when addressing your teacher.
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però “vous” quan t’adrecessis al mestre.
01:07
Even English once had something similar.
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Fins i tot l’anglès va tenir una vegada quelcom de semblant.
01:09
Remember the old-timey "thou?"
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Te’n recordes de l’antic “thou”?
01:12
Ironically, it was actually the informal pronoun
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Irònicament, era, en realitat, el pronom informal
01:15
for people you're close with,
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per la gent que t’és propera,
01:16
while "you" was the formal and polite version.
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mentre que “you” era la versió formal i educada.
01:20
That distinction was lost
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Aquesta distinció es va perdre
01:21
when the English decided to just be polite all the time.
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quan l’anglès va decidir ser educat en tot moment.
01:25
But the difficulty in translating "you" doesn't end there.
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Però la dificultat de traduir “you” no acaba aquí.
01:28
In languages like Hausa or Korana,
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A idiomes com el haussa o el korana
01:31
the "you" form depends on the listener's gender.
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la forma del “you” depèn del gènere del receptor.
01:34
In many more, it depends on whether they are one or many,
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A molts altres, depèn de si és una persona o més d’una,
01:37
such as with German "Du" or "ihr."
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com “Du” o “Ihr” en alemany.
01:40
Even in English,
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Fins i tot en anglès,
01:42
some dialects use words like "y'all" or "youse" the same way.
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alguns dialectes fan servir paraules com “y’all” o “youse” de la mateixa manera.
Algunes formes plurals, com el francès “vous”
01:47
Some plural forms, like the French "vous"
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01:49
and Russian "Вы"
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i el rus “Вы“,
01:50
are also used for a single person
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també es fan servir amb una sola persona
01:53
to show that the addressee is that much more important,
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per a mostrar que el destinatari és així d’important,
01:56
much like the royal "we."
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igual que el “we” majestàtic.
01:58
And a few languages even have a specific form
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I uns quants idiomes fins i tot tenen una forma concreta
02:01
for addressing exactly two people,
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d’adreçar-se exactament a dues persones,
02:04
like Slovenian "vidva."
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com l’eslovè “vidva”.
02:06
If that wasn't complicated enough,
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Per si no hi hagués prou,
02:08
formality, number, and gender can all come into play at the same time.
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la formalitat, el nombre i el gènere poden entrar en joc alhora.
02:13
In Spanish, "tú" is unisex informal singular,
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En espanyol, “tú” és unisex, informal i singular;
02:17
"usted" is unisex formal singular,
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“usted” és unisex, formal i singular;
02:20
"vosotros" is masculine informal plural,
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“vosotros” és masculí, informal i plural;
02:23
"vosotras" is feminine informal plural,
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“vosotras” és femení, informal i plural
02:26
and "ustedes" is the unisex formal plural.
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i “ustedes” és el plural formal unisex.
02:30
Phew!
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Uf!
02:31
After all that,
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Després d’aquest embolic,
02:32
it may come as a relief
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és un descans saber
02:34
that some languages often leave out the second person pronoun.
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que alguns idiomes sovint ometen el pronom de segona persona.
02:37
In languages like Romanian and Portuguese,
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A idiomes com el romanès i el portuguès,
02:40
the pronoun can be dropped from sentences
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es pot descartar el pronom de les frases
02:42
because it's clearly implied by the way the verbs are conjugated.
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perquè se sobreentén amb la conjugació dels verbs.
02:46
And in languages like Korean, Thai, and Chinese,
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I a idiomes com el coreà, el tailandès i el xinès,
02:50
pronouns can be dropped without any grammatical hints.
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els pronoms es poden descartar sense cap indici gramatical.
02:53
Speakers often would rather have
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Els emissors sovint s’estimen més
02:55
the listener guess the pronoun from context
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que el receptor dedueixi el pronom pel context
02:58
than use the wrong one and risk being seen as rude.
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que no pas fer servir un d’equivocat i arriscar-se a quedar malament.
03:02
So if you're ever working as a translator
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Així que si mai treballes de traductor
03:04
and come across this sentence without any context:
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i trobes aquesta frase sense cap context:
03:07
"You and you, no, not you,
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“You and you, no, not you, you”
03:09
you, your job is to translate 'you' for yourselves" ...
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la vostra tasca és traduir “you” vosaltres mateixos.
03:12
Well, good luck.
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En fi, bona sort.
03:14
And to the volunteer community who will be translating this video
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I a la comunitat de voluntaris que traduiran aquest vídeo
03:17
into multiple languages:
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a múltiples idiomes:
03:20
Sorry about that!
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Perdó!
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