What does it mean to be a refugee? - Benedetta Berti and Evelien Borgman

Šta znači biti izbeglica? - Benedeta Berti i Evelin Borgman

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Around the globe,

Širom sveta

there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes

ima otprilike 60 miliona ljudi koji su primorani da napuste svoje domove

to escape war, violence, and persecution.

kako bi pobegli od rata, nasilja i progona.

The majority of them have become internally displaced persons,

Većina njih su postali raseljene osobe u unutrašnjosti,

which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries.

što znači da su napustili domove, ali su i dalje unutar svojih država.

Others have crossed a border and sought shelter outside of their own countries.

Drugi su prešli granicu i potražili sklonište van svojih država.

They are commonly referred to as refugees.

Zajednički naziv za njih je izbeglice.

But what exactly does that term mean?

Ali šta tačno taj termin znači?

The world has known refugees for millennia,

Izbeglice već milenijumima postoje na svetu,

but the modern definition was drafted in the UN's 1951 Convention

ali je moderna definicija skovana na UN konvenciji iz 1951,

relating to the status of refugees

koja se odnosi na status izbeglica,

in response to mass persecutions and displacements of the Second World War.

kao odgovor na masovne progone i raseljavanja u Drugom svetskom ratu.

It defines a refugee as someone who is outside their country of nationality,

Izbeglica je definisan kao neko ko je van svoje nacionalne države

and is unable to return to their home country

i ne može da se vrati u svoju domovinu

because of well-founded fears of being persecuted.

zbog osnovanog straha da će da bude progonjen.

That persecution may be due to their race, religion, nationality,

Progoni mogu da budu zbog rase, religije, nacionalnosti,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion,

pripadnosti određenoj društvenoj grupi ili političkom mišljenju

and is often related to war and violence.

i često su u vezi sa ratom i nasiljem.

Today, roughly half the world's refugees are children,

Trenutno, polovina svetskih izbeglica su deca,

some of them unaccompanied by an adult,

neka od njih bez pratnje odrasle osobe,

a situation that makes them especially vulnerable to child labor

to je situacija zbog koje su naročito podložni dečjem radu

or sexual exploitation.

ili seksualnom izrabljivanju.

Each refugee's story is different,

Priča svakog izbeglice je različita

and many must undergo dangerous journeys with uncertain outcomes.

i mnogi moraju da krenu na opasna putovanja s neizvesnim rezultatima.

But before we get to what their journeys involve,

No pre nego stignemo do toga šta ta putovanja obuhvataju,

let's clear one thing up.

razjasnimo nešto.

There's a lot of confusion regarding the difference between the terms

Mnogo je zabune oko razlike između termina

"migrant" and "refugee."

"migrant" i "izbeglica".

"Migrants" usually refers to people who leave their country

"Migrant" se obično odnosi na ljude koji napuštaju svoju zemlju

for reasons not related to persecution,

iz razloga koji nemaju veze s progonom,

such as searching for better economic opportunities

poput traganja za boljim ekonomskim prilikama

or leaving drought-stricken areas in search of better circumstances.

ili napuštanja područja pogođenih sušom u potrazi za boljim okolnostima.

There are many people around the world who have been displaced

Mnogo ljudi širom sveta je raseljeno

because of natural disasters,

zbog prirodnih katastrofa,

food insecurities,

nesigurnosti u vezi s hranom

and other hardships,

i drugih tegoba,

but international law, rightly or wrongly,

ali međunarodno pravo, s pravom ili ne,

only recognizes those fleeing conflict and violence as refugees.

jedino kao izbeglice prepoznaje one koji beže od rata i nasilja.

So what happens when someone flees their country?

Pa, šta se dešava kad neko beži iz svoje zemlje?

Most refugee journeys are long and perilous

Mnoga putovanja izbeglica su duga i opasna

with limited access to shelter, water, or food.

s ograničenim pristupom skloništu, vodi ili hrani.

Since the departure can be sudden and unexpected,

Kako odlazak može da bude iznenadan i neočekivan,

belongings might be left behind,

mogu da ostave svojinu za sobom,

and people who are evading conflict often do not have the required documents,

a ljudi koji beže od rata često nemaju potrebna dokumenta,

like visas, to board airplanes and legally enter other countries.

poput viza, da bi se ukrcali na avione i legalno ušli u druge zemlje.

Financial and political factors can also prevent them from traveling

Finansijski i politički faktori ih takođe mogu sprečiti da putuju

by standard routes.

standardnim rutama.

This means they can usually only travel by land or sea,

To znači da obično mogu da putuju jedino kopnom ili morem

and may need to entrust their lives to smugglers

i možda moraju da povere svoje živote krijumčarima

to help them cross borders.

kako bi im pomogli da pređu granice.

Whereas some people seek safety with their families,

Dok neki ljudi traže sigurnost sa svojim porodicama,

others attempt passage alone and leave their loved ones behind

drugi kreću na put sami i ostavljaju voljene za sobom,

with the hopes of being reunited later.

uz nadu da će se kasnije spojiti.

This separation can be traumatic and unbearably long.

Ovo razdvajanje može da bude traumatično i nepodnošljivo dugo.

While more than half the world's refugees are in cities,

Dok je više od polovine svetskih izbeglica u gradovima,

sometimes the first stop for a person fleeing conflict is a refugee camp,

ponekad je prva stanica za osobu koja beži od rata, kamp za izbeglice,

usually run by the United Nations Refugee Agency or local governments.

kojim obično upravlja predstavništvo UN-a za izbeglice ili lokalna vlada.

Refugee camps are intended to be temporary structures,

Kampovi za izbeglice bi trebalo da budu privremene strukture,

offering short-term shelter until inhabitants can safely return home,

koje nude kratkoročno sklonište dok se korisnici vrate bezbedno domovima,

be integrated to the host country,

budu integrisani u zemlji domaćina

or resettle in another country.

ili premešteni u drugu zemlju.

But resettlement and long-term integration options are often limited.

No opcije premeštanja i dugoročne integracije su često ograničene.

So many refugees are left with no choice but to remain in camps for years

Pa mnoge izbeglice nemaju izbor, već godinama ostaju u kampovima,

and sometimes even decades.

a ponekad čak i decenijama.

Once in a new country, the first legal step for a displaced person

Kad stignu u novu državu, prvi pravni korak za raseljenu osobu

is to apply for asylum.

je da se prijavi za azil.

At this point, they are an asylum seeker

U ovoj tački, oni su tražioci azila

and not officially recognized as a refugee until the application has been accepted.

i nisu zvanično prepoznati kao izbeglice, sve dok im prihvate molbu.

While countries by and large agree on one definition of refugee,

Dok se države naširoko slažu kod jedne definicije izbeglica,

every host country is responsible for examining all requests for asylum

svaka država domaćin je odgovorna da istraži sve zahteve za azil

and deciding whether applicants can be granted the status of refugee.

i da odluči da li moliocima može da bude dodeljen status izbeglice.

Different countries guidelines can vary substantially.

Direktive različitih država mogu značajno da variraju.

Host countries have several duties

Države domaćini imaju više obaveza

towards people they have recognized as refugees,

prema ljudima koje su prepoznale kao izbeglice,

like the guarantee of a minimum standard of treatment and non-discrimination.

poput garancije minimalnog standarda ophođenja i nediskriminacije.

The most basic obligation towards refugees is non-refoulement,

Najosnovnija obaveza prema izbeglicama je neisključenje,

a principle preventing a nation from sending an individual

princip sprečavanja nacije da pošalje pojedinca

to a country where their life and freedom are threatened.

u državu u kojoj su njen život i sloboda ugroženi.

In reality, however, refugees are frequently the victims

U stvarnosti, pak, izbeglice su često žrtve

of inconsistent and discriminatory treatment.

nepostojanog i diskriminatornog ophođenja.

They're increasingly obliged to rebuild their lives in the face of xenophobia

Sve češće su primorani da nanovo grade svoje živote suočeni sa ksenofobijom

and racism.

i rasizmom.

And all too often, they aren't permitted to enter the work force

I suviše često im nije dozvoljeno da budu deo radne snage

and are fully dependent on humanitarian aid.

te u potpunosti zavise od humanitarne pomoći.

In addition, far too many refugee children are out of school

Uz sve to, isuviše mnogo dece izbeglica ne ide u školu

due to lack of funding for education programs.

zbog nedostatka finansiranja obrazovnih programa.

If you go back in your own family history,

Kad biste se vratili kroz sopstvenu porodičnu istoriju,

chances are you will discover that at a certain point,

sve su prilike da biste otkrili da su u određenom momentu

your ancestors were forced from their homes,

vaši preci bili oterani iz svojih domova,

either escaping a war or fleeing discrimination and persecution.

bilo da su bežali od rata ili su bežali od diskriminacije i progona.

It would be good of us to remember their stories

Bilo bi lepo od nas kad bismo se setili njihovih priča

when we hear of refugees currently displaced,

kad čujemo za izbeglice koje su trenutno raseljene

searching for a new home.

i tragaju za novim domom.