Peter Norvig: The 100,000-student classroom

97,625 views ・ 2012-06-18

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Yuguo Zhang 校对人员: Ricki Xie
00:16
Everyone is both a learner
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每个人都既是学生
00:18
and a teacher.
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又是老师
00:19
This is me being inspired
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这就是我当时被我
00:22
by my first tutor,
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第一个导师所启蒙
00:23
my mom,
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我的妈妈
00:24
and this is me teaching
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而这是我教授的
00:27
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
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“人工智能入门”课程
00:29
to 200 students
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给200多名学生
00:30
at Stanford University.
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在斯坦福大学
00:31
Now the students and I
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学生和我都
00:33
enjoyed the class,
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非常享受这门课
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but it occurred to me
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但是我突然想到
00:35
that while the subject matter
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虽说这门课的主题内容
00:37
of the class is advanced
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是非常高级的
00:38
and modern,
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并且现代的
00:39
the teaching technology isn't.
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但是讲授方法却非如此
00:41
In fact, I use basically
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实际上,我基本上用了
00:43
the same technology as
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和14世纪教师
00:46
this 14th-century classroom.
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一样的方法来上课
00:48
Note the textbook,
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课本上的笔记
00:51
the sage on the stage,
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站在讲台上的智者
00:54
and the sleeping guy
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以及正在后面
00:56
in the back. (Laughter)
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睡觉的学生
00:57
Just like today.
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就跟今天一样
01:00
So my co-teacher,
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因此我的同科目老师
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Sebastian Thrun, and I thought,
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Sebastian Thrun和我认为
01:05
there must be a better way.
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一定有一种更好的方法(来传授知识)
01:06
We challenged ourselves
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我们挑战自我
01:08
to create an online class
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决心去创建一个在线网上课程
01:09
that would be equal or better
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这门课程将会和我们在
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in quality to our Stanford class,
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斯坦福的课程质量媲美甚至更好
01:13
but to bring it to anyone
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而且还能给来自世界各地的人们
01:16
in the world for free.
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免费学习的机会
01:17
We announced the class on July 29th,
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我们在7月29号宣布了这项课程
01:20
and within two weeks, 50,000 people
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在两周之类,50000个人
01:23
had signed up for it.
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已经报名参加了
01:24
And that grew to 160,000 students
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最后参加人数达到160,000个学生
01:28
from 209 countries.
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各自从209个国家而来
01:30
We were thrilled to have
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我们实在是非常激动
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that kind of audience,
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去拥有这样的观众
01:32
and just a bit terrified that we
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而且还有点害怕因为
01:35
hadn't finished preparing the class yet. (Laughter)
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我们还没准备好课程安排呢……(笑声)
01:37
So we got to work.
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因此我们加劲工作
01:39
We studied what others had done,
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我们研究了其他人已经做过的东西
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what we could copy and what we could change.
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计划了哪些东西该继承和哪些需要改变
01:43
Benjamin Bloom had showed
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Benjamin Bloom曾表明
01:46
that one-on-one tutoring works best,
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一对一的家教效果最好
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so that's what we tried to emulate,
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因此我们就准备这样模拟
01:50
like with me and my mom,
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就跟我和我妈妈一样
01:51
even though we knew
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虽然我们都知道这实际将是
01:53
it would be one-on-thousands.
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是一对数千人的课程
01:54
Here, an overhead video camera
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在这里,一个在头顶的摄像头
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is recording me as I'm talking
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正在录制我
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and drawing on a piece of paper.
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在纸上画画的方式讲课的过程
02:00
A student said, "This class felt
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一个学生说:“这门课
02:03
like sitting in a bar
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就像是在酒吧和一个
02:04
with a really smart friend
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很聪明的朋友坐着
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who's explaining something
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这个朋友还会向你解释一些
02:06
you haven't grasped, but are about to."
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你还不是很懂,但将要懂的东西
02:09
And that's exactly what we were aiming for.
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而这个效果就是我们想要达到的
02:11
Now, from Khan Academy, we saw
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现在,我们可以在Khan Academy看到
02:14
that short 10-minute videos
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这些短短10分钟的视频
02:15
worked much better than trying
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这些东西比那些在一个小屏幕
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to record an hour-long lecture
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播放足足一小时的视频讲座
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and put it on the small-format screen.
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效果要好多了
02:22
We decided to go even shorter
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我们决定了把他们弄得再短些
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and more interactive.
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更有互动性
02:26
Our typical video is two minutes,
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我们的视频一般来说大约2分钟长度
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sometimes shorter, never more
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有时候更短,有时候比6分钟
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than six, and then we pause for
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长一点,然后我们暂停,
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a quiz question, to make it
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出一道小问答题,使它变得像
02:34
feel like one-on-one tutoring.
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一对一的家教
02:35
Here, I'm explaining how a computer uses
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在这,我在解释一个电脑如何
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the grammar of English
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理解英语语法
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to parse sentences, and here,
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去解析一个句子,而在这儿呢
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there's a pause and the student
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这里有一个暂停让学生来
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has to reflect, understand what's going on
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回忆,理解刚才讲的是什么
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and check the right boxes
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然后在回到课程之前
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before they can continue.
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选择正确的答案
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Students learn best when
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学生在积极主动参与时
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they're actively practicing.
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获得的学习效果最好
02:52
We wanted to engage them, to have them grapple
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我们想让他们参与其中,让他们消除
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with ambiguity and guide them to synthesize
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迷惑并且使他们去自己
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the key ideas themselves.
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总结这些关键的理念
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We mostly avoid questions
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像“这有个公式,现在
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like, "Here's a formula, now
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告诉当X是2的时候
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tell me the value of Y
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Y值是多少”
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when X is equal to two."
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我们通常不出这种问题
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We preferred open-ended questions.
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我们更喜欢开放性的问题
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One student wrote, "Now I'm seeing
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一个学生写到:“我总能看见
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Bayes networks and examples of
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贝叶斯网络和博弈论的例子
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game theory everywhere I look."
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到处都是。”
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And I like that kind of response.
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我很喜欢那样的回馈
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That's just what we were going for.
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这正是我们所想实现的
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We didn't want students to memorize the formulas;
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我们不想要学生去背公式
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we wanted to change the way
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我们想去改变他们
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they looked at the world.
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看待世界的方式
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And we succeeded.
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最后我们成功了
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Or, I should say, the students succeeded.
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或者我应该说,学生们成功了
03:25
And it's a little bit ironic
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不过有点讽刺的是,
03:27
that we set about to disrupt traditional education,
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我们差点就破坏了传统式的教育
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and in doing so, we ended up
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因为这原因,我们最后
03:32
making our online class
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将我们的在线课程做了调整
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much more like a traditional college class
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比起其他的在线课程来说,
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than other online classes.
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这更像一个传统大学的课程
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Most online classes, the videos are always available.
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大多数在线课程的视频都是
03:41
You can watch them any time you want.
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可以随便看的
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But if you can do it any time,
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但是如果你可以随时看,
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that means you can do it tomorrow,
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那就以为你可以明天再看
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and if you can do it tomorrow,
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而如果你可以明天看,
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well, you may not ever
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嗯…那你估计说不定
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get around to it. (Laughter)
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就不看了
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So we brought back the innovation
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因此呢我们带来的革新方式
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of having due dates. (Laughter)
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就是有截止日期。(笑声)
03:56
You could watch the videos
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你可以观看这些视频
03:58
any time you wanted during the week,
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在这周的任何时候
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but at the end of the week,
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但是在周末之前,
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you had to get the homework done.
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你必须得完成你的作业
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This motivated the students to keep going, and it also
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这就会激励学生去不断地去学习,
04:04
meant that everybody was working
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这还意味着每个人都在
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on the same thing at the same time,
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在相同的时间内学习相同的内容
04:09
so if you went into a discussion forum,
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当你进入一个讨论区的时候
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you could get an answer from a peer within minutes.
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你可以在几分钟内从你的同学中得到解答
04:13
Now, I'll show you some of the forums, most of which
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现在,我要给你看几个这样的论坛,
04:16
were self-organized by the students themselves.
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大多数的这些讨论都是学生们自己组织的
04:19
From Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng, we learned
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从Daphne Koller和Andrew Ng这里,我们学习到
04:22
the concept of "flipping" the classroom.
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关于如何“贯通”课程的的方法
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Students watched the videos
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学生们先自己观看这些视频
04:25
on their own, and then they
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然后他们再
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come together to discuss them.
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聚集到一起进行讨论
04:28
From Eric Mazur, I learned about peer instruction,
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从Eric Mazur,我了解到了关于同学指导的观点
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that peers can be the best teachers,
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同伴可以成为最好的老师
04:34
because they're the ones
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因为他们了解类似处境的人
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that remember what it's like to not understand.
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的遇到困难时是什么样子的
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Sebastian and I have forgotten some of that.
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有些东西Sebastian和我都快忘记了
04:41
Of course, we couldn't have
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不过当然,我们没法
04:43
a classroom discussion with
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和成千上万的学生进行
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tens of thousands of students,
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课堂讨论
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so we encouraged and nurtured these online forums.
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因此我们便鼓励和培养这些在线的讨论模式
04:50
And finally, from Teach For America,
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最后,从“Teach For America(为美国而执教)”这个项目中
04:53
I learned that a class is not
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我学习到了上课不光是为了
04:55
primarily about information.
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知识的传授
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More important is motivation and determination.
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更重要的培养积极性和决心
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It was crucial that the students see
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学生们应当理解到
05:01
that we're working hard for them and
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我们在为他们努力而且他们自己
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they're all supporting each other.
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也在相互支持,这是很关键的
05:04
Now, the class ran 10 weeks,
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到目前为止,这个课程已经进行了10周了,
05:07
and in the end, about half of the 160,000 students watched
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最后,一万六个学生中的一半都会
05:11
at least one video each week,
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至少在每周看一个视频
05:12
and over 20,000 finished all the homework,
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而且超过两万人完成了他们的作业
05:15
putting in 50 to 100 hours.
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投入了50-100个小时
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They got this statement of accomplishment.
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他们最后收获到了这个结业证明
05:18
So what have we learned?
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那么我们又学到了什么呢?
05:21
Well, we tried some old ideas
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我们用了一些旧的观念
05:23
and some new and put them together,
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和一些新的想法并且把他们结合在了一起
05:25
but there are more ideas to try.
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不过将来还有很多想法可以去尝试
05:27
Sebastian's teaching another class now.
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Sebastian正在教授另一个课程
05:29
I'll do one in the fall.
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我在秋季也准备教授一个
05:30
Stanford Coursera, Udacity, MITx
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斯坦福的Coursera,Udacity,以及麻省理工的MITx
05:34
and others have more classes coming.
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还有很多其他的课程也要推出
05:36
It's a really exciting time.
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这真的非常激动人心
05:38
But to me, the most exciting
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不过对我来说,最激动人心的就是
05:39
part of it is the data that we're gathering.
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是那些我们收集到的数据
05:42
We're gathering thousands
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我们收集了
05:45
of interactions per student per class,
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上千次的互动记录,还有每个学生在每堂课中
05:47
billions of interactions altogether,
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共数十亿次的交流
05:49
and now we can start analyzing that,
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我们现在可以开始分析这些数据
05:51
and when we learn from that,
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而当我们能从中探索到什么
05:53
do experimentations,
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并做些尝试时
05:54
that's when the real revolution will come.
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真正的变革就会发生
05:56
And you'll be able to see the results from
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你就能够看到从新一代学生
05:59
a new generation of amazing students.
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身上的精湛成果
06:01
(Applause)
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(鼓掌喝彩)
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