Could We Cure HIV with Lasers? | Patience Mthunzi | TED Talks

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

What do you do when you have a headache?

Šta radite kada imate glavobolju?

You swallow an aspirin.

Popijete aspirin.

But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is,

Ali da bi ova pilula došla do vaše glave, gde se nalazi bol,

it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.

ona prvo prolazi kroz vaš stomak, creva i razne druge organe.

Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering

Gutanje pilula je najefikasniji i najbezbolniji način da se bilo koji lek

any medication in the body.

dostavi u telo.

The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.

Negativna strana je to što gutanje bilo kog leka dovodi do razblaživanja.

And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients.

Ovo je veliki problem, naročito kod pacijenata s HIV-om.

When they take their anti-HIV drugs,

Kada uzmu svoje lekove protiv HIV-a,

these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood,

ovi lekovi su dobri za smanjivanje virusa u krvi

and increasing the CD4 cell counts.

i povećavanje broja CD4 ćelija.

But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects,

Ali takođe su ozloglašeni zbog svojih nuspojava,

but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood,

uglavnom zato što se razblaže dok ne dođu do krvi,

and worse, by the time they get to the sites

i što je još gore, dok dođu

where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.

do najbitnijih mesta: unutar viralnih HIV rezervoara.

These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes,

Ova područja u telu, poput limfnih čvorova,

the nervous system, as well as the lungs --

nervnog sistema i pluća -

where the virus is sleeping,

gde virus spava

and will not readily get delivered in the blood

i tu se lekovi neće dostaviti u krvi

of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.

pacijenata koji su pod stalnom terapijom uz lekove protiv HIV-a.

However, upon discontinuation of therapy,

Ipak, nakon prekida terapije,

the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.

virus može da probudi nove ćelije u krvi i zarazi ih.

Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment,

Ovo sve je veliki problem za lečenje HIV-a sa trenutnim lekovima,

which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.

za doživotni tretman lekovima koje pacijenti moraju da gutaju.

One day, I sat and thought,

Jednog dana, sela sam i pomislila:

"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites,

"Možemo li da lekove protiv HIV-a dostavimo direktno u rezervoare,

without the risk of drug dilution?"

bez rizika od razređivanja lekova?"

As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes:

Kao naučniku za lasere, odgovor je bio preda mnom:

Lasers, of course.

laseri, naravno.

If they can be used for dentistry,

Ako mogu da se koriste u zubarstvu,

for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,

za operacije i lečenje rana dijabetičara,

they can be used for anything imaginable,

mogu se koristiti za bilo šta drugo,

including transporting drugs into cells.

uključujući i prenošenje leka do ćelija.

As a matter of fact, we are currently using laser pulses

Zapravo, trenutno koristimo laserski puls

to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,

za probijanje i bušenje veoma malih rupa

which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells,

koje se otvaraju i zatvaraju skoro odmah u ćelijama zaraženim HIV-om,

in order to deliver drugs within them.

kako bi se dotle doveo lek.

"How is that possible?" you may ask.

Možda ćete pitati, kako je to moguće?

Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam

Uperimo veoma moćan, ali sićušan laserski zrak

onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells

na membranu ćelija zaraženih HIV-om

while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.

dok su ove ćelije spuštene u tečnost koja sadrži lek.

The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug

Laser buši ćeliju, dok ćelija guta lek

in a matter of microseconds.

za nekoliko mikrosekundi,

Before you even know it,

Pre nego što trepnete,

the induced hole becomes immediately repaired.

nastala rupa se momentalno popravi.

Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes

Ovu tehnologiju trenutno testiramo u epruvetama

or in Petri dishes,

ili Petrijevim šoljama,

but the goal is to get this technology in the human body,

ali cilj je da se ova tehnologija dovede do ljudskog tela

apply it in the human body.

i da se tu primeni.

"How is that possible?" you may ask.

Pitaćete, kako je to moguće?

Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.

Odgovor je: uz pomoć naprave sa tri glave.

Using the first head, which is our laser,

Koristeći prvu glavu, koja predstavlja laser,

we will make an incision in the site of infection.

napravićemo rez na mestu infekcije.

Using the second head, which is a camera,

Koristeći drugu glavu, koja predstavlja kameru,

we meander to the site of infection.

dolazimo do mesta infekcije.

Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,

Konačno, koristeći treću glavu, koja predstavlja prskalicu s lekom,

we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection,

lek dostavljamo direktno na mesto infekcije,

while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.

a laser se ponovo koristi kako bi se otvorile te ćelije.

Well, this might not seem like much right now.

Ovo možda trenutno ne izgleda kao nešto naročito.

But one day, if successful, this technology can lead

Ali ukoliko budemo imali uspeha, ova tehnologija jednog dana može dovesti

to complete eradication of HIV in the body.

do potpunog istrebljenja HIV-a iz tela.

Yes. A cure for HIV.

Da, lek za HIV.

This is every HIV researcher's dream --

Ovo je san svakog istraživača HIV-a -

in our case, a cure led by lasers.

u našem slučaju, to je lek kojeg pokreću laseri.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)