Could We Cure HIV with Lasers? | Patience Mthunzi | TED Talks

190,509 views ใƒป 2015-08-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
0
12793
2310
ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
1
15832
1662
ืืชื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ.
00:18
But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is,
2
18247
4323
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื›ื, ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ืื‘,
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.
3
22594
5377
ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืขื™ ื•ืื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering
4
28947
5122
ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื›ืื‘ ืœืืกืคืงืช
00:34
any medication in the body.
5
34093
2002
ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.
6
37452
4976
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ืขืช ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื™ืœื•ืœ.
00:43
And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients.
7
43134
5625
ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ HIV.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
8
48783
3153
ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ื” HIV ืฉืœื”ื,
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood,
9
51960
4066
ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื“ื,
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
10
56050
2219
ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ืชืื™ ื” CD4.
00:58
But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects,
11
58618
4365
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood,
12
63007
5493
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจืขื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื“ื,
01:08
and worse, by the time they get to the sites
13
68524
2877
ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
01:11
where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.
14
71425
5462
ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”: ืœืชื•ืš ืžืื’ืจื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื” HIV.
01:17
These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes,
15
77751
4523
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ - ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”,
01:22
the nervous system, as well as the lungs --
16
82298
2885
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช --
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
17
85207
2504
ืฉื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืจื“ื•ื,
01:27
and will not readily get delivered in the blood
18
87735
3208
ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื
01:30
of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
19
90967
5027
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ืชืจืคื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ื“ืช HIV ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
20
96502
3686
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื”,
01:40
the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.
21
100212
3657
ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment,
22
104728
6585
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ HIV ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื,
01:51
which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.
23
111337
4034
ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
24
115395
2371
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites,
25
117790
5737
"ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ HIV ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืื’ืจ,
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
26
123551
2577
ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืœื•ืœ?"
02:06
As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes:
27
126525
4593
ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™:
02:11
Lasers, of course.
28
131142
1810
ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
29
132976
2864
ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
30
135864
2851
ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืžืกื•ื›ืจืช ื•ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
31
138739
2705
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช,
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
32
141468
3264
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืชืื™ื.
02:25
As a matter of fact, we are currently using laser pulses
33
145403
5230
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
34
150657
3629
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืงื•ืจ ืื• ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:34
which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells,
35
154310
4912
ืฉื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ HIV,
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
36
159246
2270
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
37
162380
2088
"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?" ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam
38
165119
6333
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืงืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ืื•ื‘ืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื”
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
39
171476
3804
ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ HIV
02:55
while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.
40
175304
4051
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug
41
180395
4858
ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžื ืงื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื‘ื•ืœืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
42
185277
1838
ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:07
Before you even know it,
43
187446
1572
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
03:09
the induced hole becomes immediately repaired.
44
189042
3024
ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes
45
193246
4420
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื•ืช
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
46
197690
1507
ืื• ื‘ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™,
03:19
but the goal is to get this technology in the human body,
47
199221
4336
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:23
apply it in the human body.
48
203581
1658
ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
49
205928
1883
"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?" ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
03:28
Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.
50
208422
4180
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืชืœืช ืจืืฉื™.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
51
213506
2922
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:36
we will make an incision in the site of infection.
52
216452
3157
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืชืš ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
53
220498
2628
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœืžื”,
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
54
223150
2227
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
03:45
Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
55
225813
4767
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื˜ืจื” ืžืคื–ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื”,
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection,
56
230604
3007
ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
03:53
while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.
57
233635
4101
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:58
Well, this might not seem like much right now.
58
238815
3230
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืจื’ืข.
04:02
But one day, if successful, this technology can lead
59
242680
5063
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
04:07
to complete eradication of HIV in the body.
60
247767
3229
ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ HIV ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
61
251401
2365
ื›ืŸ. ืžืจืคื ืœ HIV.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
62
254147
2914
ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ HIV --
04:17
in our case, a cure led by lasers.
63
257085
3527
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
04:20
Thank you.
64
260636
1153
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:21
(Applause)
65
261813
1935
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7