Could We Cure HIV with Lasers? | Patience Mthunzi | TED Talks

189,103 views ใƒป 2015-08-14

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sumin Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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๋‘ํ†ต์ด ์žˆ์„๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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์•„์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฐ์„ ์‚ผํ‚ค์ฃ .
00:18
But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด ์•ฝ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.
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์œ„์™€ ์žฅ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering
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์•ฝ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ†ต์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
any medication in the body.
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์•ฝ์„ ๋‹น์‹  ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์š”.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€ ์•ฝ์„ ์‚ผํ‚ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์„ ํฌ์„์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ HIVํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ-HIV์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood,
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๊ทธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CD4 ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•…๋ช…์ด ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ,
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ์„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ์•ˆ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
and worse, by the time they get to the sites
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๋” ์•ˆ์ข‹์€๊ฑด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
01:11
where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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HIV ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ
01:17
These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes,
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๋ชธ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์ธ --๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ,
01:22
the nervous system, as well as the lungs --
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€--
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ
01:27
and will not readily get delivered in the blood
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ•ญ HIV์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋Š”์š”.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ
01:40
the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment,
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์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HIV๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.
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๊ทธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites,
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"ํ•ญHIV์„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ,
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํฌ์„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์—†์ด๋„?"
02:06
As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes:
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๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ, ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์น˜์˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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๋‹น๋‡จ์„ฑ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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์ƒ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
02:25
As a matter of fact, we are currently using laser pulses
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŒŒ๋™์„
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:34
which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค์€ HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋‹ซ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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"๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ค ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋น”์„
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง‰์— ๋น„์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:55
while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋‹ด๊ถˆ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—์š”.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์„ ์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ดˆ ์•ˆ์—์š”.
03:07
Before you even know it,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—,
03:09
the induced hole becomes immediately repaired.
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์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์ด๋‚˜
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
but the goal is to get this technology in the human body,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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"๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 3ํ—ค๋“œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋“œ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ
03:36
we will make an incision in the site of infection.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋“œ์ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋“œ์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์Šคํ”„๋งํด๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.
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๋ ˆ์ด์ ธ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์—ด๊ฒŒ๋” ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—์š”.
03:58
Well, this might not seem like much right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
But one day, if successful, this technology can lead
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
04:07
to complete eradication of HIV in the body.
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์ฒด๋‚ด HIV์˜ ๊ทผ์ ˆ์„ ์ด๋Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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๋„ค, HIV์˜ ์น˜์œ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  HIV์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ฉฐ--
04:17
in our case, a cure led by lasers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์น˜์œ ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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