Nina Tandon: Caring for engineered tissue

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

Good morning everybody.

Dobro jutro svima.

I work with really amazing,

Ja radim sa zaista fascinantnim

little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.

malim stvorenjima koje zovemo ćelije.

And let me tell you what it's like

I ispričaću vam sada kako izgleda

to grow these cells in the lab.

uzgajati te ćelije u laboratoriji.

I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.

Ja radim u laboratoriji gde izolujemo ćelije iz njihove prirodne sredine.

We plate them into dishes

Zasadimo ih u sudove

that we sometimes call petri dishes.

koje ponekada zovemo Petri-šolje.

And we feed them -- sterilely of course --

I onda ih hranimo - u sterilnim uslovima naravno -

with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food --

nečim što zovemo ćelijski medijum, što je isto što i hrana za ćelije,

and we grow them in incubators.

a onda ih gajimo u inkubatorima.

Why do I do this?

Zašto ja to radim?

We observe the cells in a plate,

Mi posmatramo ćelije u kulturi

and they're just on the surface.

i one su na površini tog suda.

But what we're really trying to do in my lab

Ali ono što mi zaista pokušavamo da uradimo u mojoj laboratoriji

is to engineer tissues out of them.

jeste da napravimo tkiva od ćelija.

What does that even mean?

Šta to uopšte znači?

Well it means growing an actual heart,

Pa to znači napraviti pravo srce,

let's say,

na primer,

or grow a piece of bone

ili napraviti deo kosti

that can be put into the body.

koji se može usaditi u telo.

Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.

I ne samo to, već se ti organi mogu koristiti i kao modeli za ispitivanje bolesti.

And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques

I za ovakav cilj, tradicionalne tehinke uzgajanja ćelija

just really aren't enough.

jednostavno nisu dovoljne.

The cells are kind of homesick;

Ćelije su na neki način nostalgične,

the dish doesn't feel like their home.

petri-šolje nisu zaista njihov pravi dom.

And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment

Tako da je neophodno da unapredimo mogućnosti kopiranja njihovog prirodnog okruženja

to get them to thrive.

kako bi ćelije bolje napredovale.

We call this the biomimetic paradigm --

Ovaj proces nazivamo biomimetička paradigma -

copying nature in the lab.

kopiranje prirodnog okruženja u laboratoriji.

Let's take the example of the heart,

Hajde da posmatramo srce kao primer,

the topic of a lot of my research.

čime se moje istraživanje uglavnom bavi.

What makes the heart unique?

Šta čini srce jedinstvenim?

Well, the heart beats,

Pa, srce kuca,

rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.

u ritmu, bez odmora, i odano.

We copy this in the lab

Mi kopiramo taj proces u laboratoriji

by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.

tako što stimulišemo ćelije u kulturi elektrodama.

These electrodes act like mini pacemakers

Ove elektrode funkcionišu kao mini-pejsmejkeri

to get the cells to contract in the lab.

koje stimulišu kontrakciju ćelija u labratorijskim uslovima.

What else do we know about the heart?

Šta još znamo o srcu?

Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.

Pa, ćelije srca su poprlično pohlepne.

Nature feeds the heart cells in your body

Priroda hrani ćelije srca u našem telu

with a very, very dense blood supply.

pomoću veoma, veoma guste mreže krvnih sudova.

In the lab, we micro-pattern channels

U laboratoriji, mi uspotavljamo mikro šeme kanala

in the biomaterials

u biomaterijalima

on which we grow the cells,

na kojima uzgajamo ćelije.

and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food,

I to nam dozvoljava da uspostavimo protok medijuma za ćelije, tj. hrane za ćelije,

through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells --

kroz mreže na kojima ćelije rastu -

a lot like what you might expect

proces koji izgleda onako kako očekujete

from a capillary bed in the heart.

da izgleda mreža kapilara u srcu.

So this brings me to lesson number one:

Tako da sada dolazimo do lekcije broj jedan:

life can do a lot with very little.

život može učiniti veoma mnogo sa malo ponuđenih resursa.

Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.

Uzmimo primer električne stimulacije.

Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.

Hajde da pogledamo koliko je moćan samo jedan od osnovnih elemenata.

On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue

Na levom delu ekrana, možete uočiti delić tkiva srca koje otkucava

that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.

koji sam ja napravila od ćelija pacova u laboratoriji.

It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.

Veličine je klikera.

And after one week, it's beating.

I nakon jedne nedelje, ono otkucava.

You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.

To možete uočiti u gornjem levom uglu slajda.

But don't worry if you can't see it so well.

Ali ne brinite ukoliko ne možete da uočite to veoma dobro.

It's amazing that these cells beat at all.

Potpuno je fascinantno da ove ćelije uopšte pulsiraju.

But what's really amazing

Ali ono što je zaista zapanjujuće

is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them,

jeste da ove ćelije, kada ih stimulišemo elktricitetom

like with a pacemaker,

kao pejsmejkerom,

that they beat so much more.

otkucavaju mnogo brže.

But that brings me to lesson number two:

Ovo nsd dovodi do lekcije broj dva:

cells do all the work.

ćelije rade sav posao.

In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here,

U tom smislu, inženjeri tkiva doživljavaju krizu identiteta,

because structural engineers

s' obzirom da inženjeri građevine,

build bridges and big things,

grade mostove i velike tvorevine,

computer engineers, computers,

kompjuterski inženjeri, računare,

but what we are doing

ali ono što mi radimo

is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.

u prinicpu se svodi na stvaranje tehonologija koje ćelije već same koriste.

What does this mean for us?

Šta to znači za nas?

Let's do something really simple.

Hajde da uradimo nešto veoma jednostavno.

Let's remind ourselves

Hajde da se podsetimo

that cells are not an abstract concept.

da ćelije nisu neki apstraktni koncept.

Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives

Podsetimo se da ćelije održavaju naše živote

in a very real way.

na veoma realan način.

"We are what we eat," could easily be described

"Mi smo ono sto mi jedemo" može biti lako opisano

as, "We are what our cells eat."

kao, "mi smo ono što naše ćelije jedu."

And in the case of the flora in our gut,

I u slučaju flore u našem probavnom traktu,

these cells may not even be human.

ove ćelije čak ne moraju biti ljudske.

But it's also worth noting

Ali je vredno pomena i to

that cells also mediate our experience of life.

da ćelije takođe prenose naš doživljaj života.

Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell

Iza svakog zvuka, vizuelnog doživaljaja, dodira, ukusa i mirisa

is a corresponding set of cells

postoji odeređeni skup ćelija

that receive this information

koji prima tu informaciju

and interpret it for us.

i tumači je za nas.

It begs the question:

Stoga se javlja pitanje:

shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship

da li treba da proširimo naš pogled na služenje životnoj sredini

to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?

kako bismo uključili tu i ekosistem naših samih tela?

I invite you to talk about this with me further,

Ja vas pozivam da diskutujete o ovoj temi sa mnom i dalje,

and in the meantime, I wish you luck.

a do tada, želim vam sreću.

May none of your non-cancer cells

I želim vam da nijedna od vaših ne-kancerogenih ćelija

become endangered species.

postane ugrožena vrsta.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)