Nina Tandon: Caring for engineered tissue

37,636 views ใƒป 2011-07-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sujin Byeon ๊ฒ€ํ† : Juhyeon Kim
00:15
Good morning everybody.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
00:18
I work with really amazing,
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
00:20
little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.
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์ž‘๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:23
And let me tell you what it's like
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
00:25
to grow these cells in the lab.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:30
We plate them into dishes
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ ‘์‹œ๋ผ
00:32
that we sometimes call petri dishes.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋‹ด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
And we feed them -- sterilely of course --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์–‘์œกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฌด๊ท  ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์ฃ .
00:37
with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food --
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์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ
00:40
and we grow them in incubators.
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์ธํ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์–‘์œก์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Why do I do this?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
00:45
We observe the cells in a plate,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ ‘์‹œ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:47
and they're just on the surface.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:49
But what we're really trying to do in my lab
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ผ์€
00:52
is to engineer tissues out of them.
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์ƒ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
00:55
What does that even mean?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
00:57
Well it means growing an actual heart,
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
00:59
let's say,
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด
01:01
or grow a piece of bone
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๋ชธ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:03
that can be put into the body.
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๋ผˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:05
Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.
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๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š”
01:10
just really aren't enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
The cells are kind of homesick;
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์š”.
01:14
the dish doesn't feel like their home.
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๊ทธ ์ ‘์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:16
And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ
01:18
to get them to thrive.
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์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
We call this the biomimetic paradigm --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
copying nature in the lab.
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:25
Let's take the example of the heart,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:27
the topic of a lot of my research.
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์ œ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:29
What makes the heart unique?
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:31
Well, the heart beats,
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์Œ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ฐ•๋™์ด๋‚˜
01:33
rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.
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๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ง€์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:36
We copy this in the lab
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ• ๋•Œ๋Š”
01:38
by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ „๊ทน์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
These electrodes act like mini pacemakers
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์ด ์ „๊ทน๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
01:43
to get the cells to contract in the lab.
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋‚ด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
What else do we know about the heart?
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:48
Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์š•์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ์š”.
01:50
Nature feeds the heart cells in your body
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์›๋ž˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์•ˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
01:52
with a very, very dense blood supply.
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๋งค์šฐ๋งค์šฐ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
In the lab, we micro-pattern channels
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ
01:56
in the biomaterials
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ฌผ์งˆ ์œ„์—
01:58
on which we grow the cells,
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•ด์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฐฐ์ง€, ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์Œ์‹์„
02:03
through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells --
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:06
a lot like what you might expect
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
02:08
from a capillary bed in the heart.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:10
So this brings me to lesson number one:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ค€ ๊ตํ›ˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:13
life can do a lot with very little.
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์ธ์ƒ์€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ž๊ทน์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด
02:18
Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:22
On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue
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์™ผ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•œ
02:25
that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.
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๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:27
It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.
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์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉœ๋กœ์šฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
And after one week, it's beating.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„์—, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์ฃ .
02:31
You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:33
But don't worry if you can't see it so well.
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์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:35
It's amazing that these cells beat at all.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
But what's really amazing
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
02:40
is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
02:42
like with a pacemaker,
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์ „๊ธฐ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:44
that they beat so much more.
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๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋›ด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
02:46
But that brings me to lesson number two:
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ค€ ๊ตํ›ˆ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
02:48
cells do all the work.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here,
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์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:53
because structural engineers
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”
02:55
build bridges and big things,
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํฐ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
02:58
computer engineers, computers,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
03:00
but what we are doing
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์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
03:02
is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
What does this mean for us?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:07
Let's do something really simple.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ 
03:09
Let's remind ourselves
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
03:11
that cells are not an abstract concept.
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๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:14
Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„
03:17
in a very real way.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:19
"We are what we eat," could easily be described
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
03:22
as, "We are what our cells eat."
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
And in the case of the flora in our gut,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
03:26
these cells may not even be human.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
But it's also worth noting
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:32
that cells also mediate our experience of life.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell
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๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ฐ, ํ›„๊ฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š”
03:38
is a corresponding set of cells
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:40
that receive this information
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
03:42
and interpret it for us.
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ํ•ด์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
It begs the question:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
03:46
shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋„“ํ˜€
03:49
to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:52
I invite you to talk about this with me further,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉฐ,
03:54
and in the meantime, I wish you luck.
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๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ–‰์šด์„ ๋น•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
May none of your non-cancer cells
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์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
03:59
become endangered species.
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๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธธ ๋น•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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