Nina Tandon: Caring for engineered tissue

37,543 views ใƒป 2011-07-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:15
Good morning everybody.
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
00:18
I work with really amazing,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
00:20
little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.
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ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ื.
00:23
And let me tell you what it's like
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื”
00:25
to grow these cells in the lab.
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ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
00:27
I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:30
We plate them into dishes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
00:32
that we sometimes call petri dishes.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™.
00:34
And we feed them -- sterilely of course --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื -- ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ --
00:37
with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food --
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืื™ื -- ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื --
00:40
and we grow them in incubators.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
00:43
Why do I do this?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช?
00:45
We observe the cells in a plate,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช,
00:47
and they're just on the surface.
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ื•ื”ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
00:49
But what we're really trying to do in my lab
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
00:52
is to engineer tissues out of them.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืžื”ื ืจืงืžื•ืช.
00:55
What does that even mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจ?
00:57
Well it means growing an actual heart,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืœื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™,
00:59
let's say,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:01
or grow a piece of bone
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ืื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืขืฆื
01:03
that can be put into the body.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
01:05
Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉื’ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
01:08
And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques
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ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืื™ื
01:10
just really aren't enough.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช.
01:12
The cells are kind of homesick;
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”;
01:14
the dish doesn't feel like their home.
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ื”ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
01:16
And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:18
to get them to thrive.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
01:20
We call this the biomimetic paradigm --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืช --
01:22
copying nature in the lab.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:25
Let's take the example of the heart,
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘,
01:27
the topic of a lot of my research.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:29
What makes the heart unique?
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ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื‘?
01:31
Well, the heart beats,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื‘ ืคื•ืขื,
01:33
rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.
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ื‘ืžืงืฆื‘, ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”, ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
01:36
We copy this in the lab
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
01:38
by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
01:41
These electrodes act like mini pacemakers
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ
01:43
to get the cells to contract in the lab.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:46
What else do we know about the heart?
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘?
01:48
Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืชืื™ ืœื‘ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืžื“ื ื™ื.
01:50
Nature feeds the heart cells in your body
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
01:52
with a very, very dense blood supply.
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ืขื ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื”.
01:54
In the lab, we micro-pattern channels
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื
01:56
in the biomaterials
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
01:58
on which we grow the cells,
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
02:00
and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื,
02:03
through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells --
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื --
02:06
a lot like what you might expect
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ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืชืฆืคื•
02:08
from a capillary bed in the heart.
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ืžืžืฆืข ื ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘.
02:10
So this brings me to lesson number one:
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ:
02:13
life can do a lot with very little.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื˜.
02:16
Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
02:18
Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.
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ื”ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:22
On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue
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ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ืœื‘ ืคื•ืขืžืช
02:25
that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.
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ืฉื”ื ื“ืกืชื™ ืžืชืื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:27
It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืจืฉืžืœื•.
02:29
And after one week, it's beating.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ืคื•ืขื.
02:31
You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
02:33
But don't worry if you can't see it so well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื• ืื ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:35
It's amazing that these cells beat at all.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:38
But what's really amazing
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
02:40
is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช
02:42
like with a pacemaker,
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ื›ืžื• ืขื ืงื•ืฆื‘ ืœื‘,
02:44
that they beat so much more.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืขืžื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:46
But that brings me to lesson number two:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™:
02:48
cells do all the work.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:50
In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื”,
02:53
because structural engineers
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื
02:55
build bridges and big things,
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:58
computer engineers, computers,
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
03:00
but what we are doing
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
03:02
is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
03:05
What does this mean for us?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•?
03:07
Let's do something really simple.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:09
Let's remind ourselves
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
03:11
that cells are not an abstract concept.
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื.
03:14
Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
03:17
in a very real way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืช.
03:19
"We are what we eat," could easily be described
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื," ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ื
03:22
as, "We are what our cells eat."
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ืœ, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื."
03:24
And in the case of the flora in our gut,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:26
these cells may not even be human.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:30
But it's also worth noting
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ
03:32
that cells also mediate our experience of life.
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ืฉืชืื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:35
Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœ, ืžืจืื”, ืžื’ืข, ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—
03:38
is a corresponding set of cells
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ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืชืื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื
03:40
that receive this information
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ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:42
and interpret it for us.
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ื•ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
03:44
It begs the question:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืืœื”:
03:46
shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship
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ื”ืื ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
03:49
to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•?
03:52
I invite you to talk about this with me further,
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืชื›ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”,
03:54
and in the meantime, I wish you luck.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœืช ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:57
May none of your non-cancer cells
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ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœื-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:59
become endangered species.
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ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“.
04:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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